Conference Session

Fundamental: Home, Parents, and Other Out-of-School Issues Related to K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamecia R. Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Christine Andrews Paulsen, Concord Evaluation Group; Marisa Wolsky, WGBH Educational Foundation

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #13327Informal Pathways to Engineering: Middle-School-Aged Homeschool Stu-dents’ Experiences with Engineering (Fundamental)Tamecia R Jones, Purdue University, West Lafayette Tamecia Jones is currently a doctoral student in the Engineering Education department at Purdue Uni- versity with a research focus on K-12 engineering education, assessment, and informal and formal learn- ing environments. She is a graduate of Johns Hopkins and Stanford University. Originally trained as a biomedical engineer, she spent years in the middle school classroom, teaching math and science, and consulting with nonprofits, museums

Conference Session

Interactive Panel on Perspectives and Practical Skills for Men as Advocates for Gender Equity

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence J. Genalo, Iowa State University; Roger A. Green, North Dakota State University; Beth M Holloway, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Archie L Holmes Jr., University of Virginia; Brian P Kirkmeyer, Miami University; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Daniel Lopresti, Lehigh University; Adrienne Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division, Minorities in Engineering, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering, Women in Engineering

Page 26.1006.8perceived by others. I have been incorrectly called out before by others who feel that I amsimply being politically-correct and not really a believer in equity issues. Because I have lookeddeep within myself and assessed my words and actions, I have been able to readily counter thoseclaims.Dr. Kokini: Some of the barriers to individual-level advocacy are bias, culture, and a lack ofunderstanding on the part of the majority on how it feels to be part of an underrepresented group.Dr. Lopresti: Engineers and scientists often behave as though we exist in a perfect meritocracy,and hence we should not have to worry about discrimination or gender equity. An unwillingnessto acknowledge reality is part of the problem. Also, what passes as

Conference Session

Research on Diversification & Inclusion

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Brewer, University of Georgia; Nicola Sochacka, University of Georgia; Joachim Walther, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, New Engineering Educators, Student, Women in Engineering

emotionally satisfying career choice [25]; while a much smaller set of voices [26; 27; 28] contend that the burdens and opportunities for change also fall to engineering educators.In considering the process and findings from an NPA study, it is important to clarify that the“policy” in NPA does not imply the analysis of policy documents. Rather, Roe[13] argues that thestories that underpin, inform, and drive our efforts to solve complex, uncertain, and polarizedproblems are “a force in themselves and must be considered explicitly in assessing policyoptions” (p. 2). In this paper we build on our prior work and conceptualize this “force” as theautopoietic function of stories

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

to then go shape into pots. She also spent hours in the backyardgarden with her father, who came up with creative ways to maintain the health of the garden andits produce without using expensive fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides. For example, sheremembered building a mesh contraption out of things they found in his shop in order to filterout the Bermuda grass in the garden.After assessing the availability of materials, Julie then considers the physical constraints ofwhere the actual system or artifact is going to be built, and how those impact the people doingthe work, installation, and maintenance. In her senior design team, she was the most attentive inher group to thinking about the risks their home design posed to the people doing

Conference Session

Reflective & Critical Pedagogies

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prashant Rajan, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First-year Experiences

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lizabeth T. Schlemer, California Polytechnic State University; Kylie Hensley, SUSTAIN SLO; Rachel Pittman; Jada Golland, SUSTAIN SLO

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

to beactive and involved in their learning. And there is much evidence that these techniques producegains in students’ learning1, engagement2, and sense of meaning3. In addition, these activities arealso immensely fulfilling for the educators involved. This paper is an example of both asignificant learning experience and an assessment method that can provide additional insight intogains for students beyond quantifiable institutional measures. Page 26.1448.2The paper begins by explaining the learning initiative in some detail to provide a clear contextfor the later discussion of students’ learning outcomes. Then a discussion of the theory

Conference Session

Engineering Physics & Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Eric Kuo, Stanford University; Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Michael M. Hull, Wayne State College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

Conference Session

Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Specking, University of Arkansas; Patricia E Kirkwood, University of Arkansas; Lihua Yang, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

-college student’sperceptions of engineers or engineering as a career. Most of the research is based onsurveys completed by students or interviews with smaller sets of students. One wellknown tool used with first year engineers is the Pittsburgh Freshman EngineeringAttitude Survey.1 ASSESS Engineering Education states the PFEAS is an attitude surveythat gathers information about incoming students’ attitudes about “how engineerscontribute to society” and “the work engineers do.”2 However, the questions do not askfor specifics about tasks but more general questions about how respectable the field isand if the work of engineers has a positive impact on society. Specific tasks andengineering disciplines are not discussed.Most studies that ask students

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Minichiello, Utah State University; Ted Campbell, Utah State University; Jim Dorward, Utah State University; Sherry Marx, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

conferencing22. Duringthe TUES project, the research team gathers mixed-method data to assess achievement andaffective outcomes among students who did and did not have access to the online intervention. As the TUES project recently moved into its third year, the members of the research teamnoted a process of teacher change occurring as a result of project activities. Periodic reflectiveinterviews with the MI, as well as informal discussions in research team meetings, suggested thatthe MI is doing more than simply implementing a prescribed instructional innovation. Rather,the research team witnessed as the MI moved from a state of reluctance to one of enthusiasticadoption of the online intervention. Sensing this deep attitudinal shift on the part

Conference Session

Interest and Movitation: Formulating New Paradigms to Increase URM Participation in Engineering

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dina Verdin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Jennifer Lynne Morazes, Brandeis University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Conference Session

Research to Practice: STRAND 4 – K-12 Engineering Resources: Best Practices in Curriculum Design (Part 1)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Mike Ryan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeffrey H Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jayma Koval, Georgia Institute of Technology; Sabrina Grossman, CEISMC: Georgia Tech; Nancy Anna Newsome, CEISMC - Georgia Tech; Marcela Nicole Moreno, CEISMC

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

working on curriculum development and research on authentic STEM instruction and directing the state’s FIRST LEGO League competi- tion program. Mr. Rosen has authored or co-authored papers and book chapters that address issues of underrepresented populations participation in engineering programs and the integration of robotics and engineering into classroom instruction.Jayma Koval, Georgia Institute of Technology Jayma Koval is a Teacher in Residence at Georgia Tech’s Center for Education Integrating Science, Math- ematics and Computing (CEISMC). In this role she has developed middle school science curriculum and assessments for NSF funded projects. Previously, Jayma was a middle school science teacher for 10 years

Conference Session

Examining "Big" Data

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Loraine Lowder, Southern Polytechnic State University; Adeel Khalid, Southern Polytechnic College of Engineering & Engineering Technology; Daniel R Ferreira, Southern Polytechnic State University; Jeanne Law Bohannon, Southern Polytechnic State University ; Beth Stutzmann, Southern Polytechnic State University & Fulton County Schools; Mir M. Atiqullah, Kennesaw State University; Rajnish Singh, Southern polytechnic state university; Tien Yee, Southern Polytechnic State University; Keshav Raj Acharya, Southern Polytechnic State University; Craig A Chin, Southern Polytechnic College of Engr and Engr Tech; M. A. Karim P.E., Southern Polytechnic College of Engr and Engr Tech; Robert Shegiharu Keyser, Southern Polytechnic State University; Donna Colebeck

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

stay on track or that the presence of an attendance policybenefits only some students in these courses but not the majority. The School of engineeringfaculty do not believe that an attendance policy is beneficial, even in lower level courses.As shown in Figure 4.5, an overall assessment of all schools and the perception of attendancepolicies on student learning indicates that, in lower level courses, faculty members reportinsignificant difference in whether an attendance policy has a benefit or not. The percentage offaculty who feel that the attendance policy is beneficial is almost equal to the number of facultymembers who believe an attendance policy is not beneficial. However, in 4000 level courses, it isvery clear, across disciplines, that

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ruth Rodríguez-Gallegos, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM); Rafael Ernesto Bourguet-Diaz, Tecnologico de Monterrey (ITESM)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

InternationalStudent Assessment (PISA) [1] states the need to train people with the future skills such asmathematical literacy. PISA [1] defines mathematical literacy as the capacity to identify, tounderstand, and to engage in mathematics and to make well-founded judgments about the rolethat mathematics plays, as needed for an individual’s current and future private life, occupationallife, social life with peers and relatives, and life as a constructive, concerned, and reflectivecitizen. Subsequently, more specific studies [2] [3] aimed at a very specific population, futureengineers, have made explicit the prevailing need for the basic individual education taking intoaccount the fact that they should develop generic skills that complement and reinforce the

Conference Session

Non-Canonical Canons of Engineering Ethics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna M Riley, Virginia Tech; Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society, Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

systems of power that promote and perpetuate injustice. From this perspective, thesocial good of an international bridge expansion, or a new line of cars, or the delivery of drinkingwater to a large metropolitan area cannot be assessed, and certainly cannot be celebrated as amodern social feat, without taking into account the following: a) whose interests are served fromthe improved vehicle access to the customs plaza, or the determination of insufficient evidence toconduct an investigation into driver complaints, or the invalidation of high lead-in-watermeasurements, b) what the self-defined needs are of individuals who are excluded from thedecision-making table but are suffering from asthma, or experiencing their car engine shut downin the

Conference Session

Women in Engineering Division: Faculty and Gender Issues

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Turrentine, VentureWell

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, these studies indicate that external factors, such astraining and possibly gender discrimination, are influencing women faculty’s entrepreneurialself-efficacy and intentions.RISK AVERSIONIt is safe to say that research shows that women appear to be more risk averse, especially when itcomes to finances. Charness and Gneezy pulled together 15 separate investment gameexperiments, including experiments done with graduate business students.45 Overall, andspecifically in the case of the business students, it was shown that men engage in more risktaking than women. Another study assessing the differences in risk taking between men andwomen recruited at the Pittsburgh Experimental Economics Laboratory, matched the participantsby ability. These

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Capstone Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jared David Berezin, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Jane Kokernak, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Conference Session

Research on Diversification, Inclusion, and Empathy II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna K. Garner, Old Dominion University; Michael Alley, Pennsylvania State University - University Park; Christine Haas, Engineering Ambassadors Network; Avi Kaplan, Temple University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Conference Session

Tips of the Trade: Best Practices, Expanded Advice, and Strategies for Implementable Course Improvement

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Thomas Quigley, University of Washington; Mania Orand, Human Centered Design and Engineering ; Kathryn Elizabeth Shroyer, University of Washington; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington; Cynthia J. Atman, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Reflection in Engineering Education (CPREE), funded by a $4.4 million grant from the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. She was director of the NSF-funded Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE), a national research center that was funded from 2003-2010. Dr. Atman is the author or co-author on over 115 archival publications. She has been invited to give many keynote addresses, including a Distinguished Lecture at the American Society of Engineering Education (ASEE) 2014 Annual Conference. Dr. Atman joined the UW in 1998 after seven years on the faculty at the University of Pittsburgh. Her research focuses on engineering education pedagogy, engineering design learning, assessing the consid

Conference Session

Diversity in Community Engagement Implementation II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ziyu Long, Colorado State University; Sean Eddington, Purdue University; Jessica Pauly; Linda Hughes-Kirchubel, Purdue University; Klod Kokini, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Patrice Marie Buzzanell, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

community, socialization, proactive behaviors, career success, mixed methods, engineeringIntroduction Engineering faculty form a crucial community in engineering education as facultymembers’ goals and values, outreach and engagement, scholarly achievement, teaching successas well as their own wellbeing can shape the development of engineering as a discipline, thehigher institutions that they work for, and their day-to-day interactions with students,organizations, and local communities both at home and abroad. The current research viewsengineering faculty as a highly diverse and internal university community and crucial assets thatshould be nurtured, developed, and fully utilized. It also assesses and explores connectionsbetween community

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

varied experiences of engineers employed in aerospace businesses. Oneattribute is called bracketing, where the researcher makes no hypothesis of how participantsperceive the phenomenon such that a fuller description of each participant’s experience can besolicited. A second attribute is logical relationships among categories of experience, typicallyexpressed as hierarchies, which imply a progression of learning and can easily be converted to ascale to create an assessment strategy in the classroom. A third attribute is the assumption ofhaving a few categories of variation of experience, which is more readily accessible than highlynuanced taxonomies for education purposes. This theoretical framework is just one of severalqualitative methods that

Conference Session

Maker Spaces within the University

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Joseph Zinter III, Yale University; Larry Wilen, Yale University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

, material selection, engineering standards, projectplanning and ethics, as well as the engineering practices of analysis and experimentation (tocollect data for making design decisions). While these objectives span each of the three designprocess steps, the deliverables are only assigned (and retained for assessment purposes) atspecific stages of the design process. The deliverables include physical artifacts of concepts,prototypes, and final designs, as well as oral and written reports. The collected portfolio is arecord of the design process. Figure 5. Demonstration of Proficiency within Capstone DesignAs examples of the scope of projects pursued, students have designed and constructed amotorcycle-powered dynamometer (and the

Conference Session

Student Empathy and Human-Centered Design

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benedikt von Unold, Stanford University; Annette Isabel Böhmer, Laboratory for Product Development and Lightweight Design; Tua A. Björklund, Aalto University Design Factory; Nicolas Ledl, Stanford University; Udo Lindemann, Laboratory for Product Development and Lightweight Design; George Toye, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

peopleness. Here, problems that hindered the integration and influences that fosteredthe integration were extracted.From past projects, the design reports were analyzed. As these projects were alreadycompleted, their results could be assessed and enabled conclusions on the efficacy of usedpractices. These practices, divided into methods and strategies, provide a glimpse in how thedesigners achieved more peopleness. Polar cases – successful and less successful cases – wereselected from the past projects as recommended by Eisenhardt [10] and Yin [11] to drawconclusions and build theory from success and failure.2.2 Case SelectionCases were chosen based on the extent of peopleness and for past projects, their success inaddressing peopleness. The

Conference Session

Elementary Students: Computational Thinking, Reasoning, and Troubleshooting

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily M. Haluschak, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Michelle L. Stevens, Lafayette School Corporation; Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kristina Maruyama Tank, Iowa State University; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Morgan M. Hynes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Elizabeth Gajdzik, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

as a Natural Science teacher in High School where he, as a scholarly teacher, constantly assessed his performance to design better learning environments that pro- mote students’ conceptual understanding. In 2015, Ruben earned the M.S in Chemical Engineering at Universidad de los Andes in Colombia where he also received the title of Chemical Engineer in 2012. His research interests include cognition and metacognition in the engineering curriculum. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Initial Problem Scoping in K-2 Classrooms (Fundamental)The use of engineering design as “the glue” to integrate science, mathematics, and

Conference Session

Makerspaces

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hoda Ehsan, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tikyna Dandridge, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

described by a variety of frameworks andmodels. These frameworks have some differences and similarities in the ways CT cognitiveprocesses are called, categorized and defined. For example, Google education introduced CT bydefining 11 mental processes including Abstraction, Algorithm Design, Automation, DataAnalysis, Data Collection, Data Representation, Decomposition, Parallelization, PatternGeneralization, Pattern Recognition and Simulation. Whereas, BBC education discussed fourkey techniques for computational thinking which are Abstraction, Algorithm, Decomposition andPattern Recognition [17]. The Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [18]identified five competencies for CT comprising of Abstraction, Algorithm, Data Analysis

Conference Session

Dynamic Pedagogies for Engineering Dynamics

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven C. Zemke, Whitworth University; Diane L Zemke

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

., Leeuw, N., Chiu, M., & LaVancher, C. (1994). Eliciting self‐explanations improves understanding. Cognitive science, 18(3), 439-477.12. Lang, J. (2016). Small teaching: every day lessons from the science of learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass.13. Babbie, E. (2007). The Practice of Social Science Research (11th ed). Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth.14. Leydens, J., Moskal, B., & Pavelich, M. (2004). Qualitative methods used in the assessment of engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 93(1), 65-72.15. Glesne, C. (2006) Becoming Qualitative Researchers (3rd ed). San Francisco, CA: Pearson Education.16. Merriam (S). and associates (2002). Qualitative Research in Practice. San Francisco: Jossey

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tony Andrew Lowe, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Ann Gelles, Utah State University; Idalis Villanueva, Utah State University; Marialuisa Di Stefano, Utah State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Conference Session

Accreditation and the BOK

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Paper ID #21160Perceptions of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge Outcomes by SeniorStudents: Effect of Activities, Internships, and Career GoalsDr. Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder Angela Bielefeldt is a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder in the Department of Civil, Envi- ronmental, and Architectural Engineering (CEAE). She serves as the ABET assessment coordinator for her department. Bielefeldt is also a licensed P.E. Professor Bielefeldt’s research interests in engineering education include service-learning, sustainable engineering, social responsibility, ethics, and diversity

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Green, Utah State University - Engineering Education; Angela Minichiello P.E., Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University, Teacher Education and Leadership

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

our first steps in assessing, once we few times. What’s it take to get an A on had that test procedure, of whether a test? What percent do you have to get we were getting uniform data from right? each motor to where we thought we Interviewer: 94%. were testing it accurately. Because Brady: So, what if we got 94% of these the idea was, you know, each motor details right? under the same test should Interviewer: You could still kill essentially produce the same result. somebody

Conference Session

Expanding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Engineering Cultures from a Theoretical Perspective

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brianna Benedict McIntyre, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Dina Verdín, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Rachel Ann Baker; Allison Godwin, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Thaddeus Milton

Tagged Topics

ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity

. Hawley, “Support, belonging, motivation, and engagement in the college classroom: A mixed method study,” Instr. Sci., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 661–684, 2014.[18] A. Bandura, Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1986.[19] J. S. Eccles and A. Wigfield, “Motivational Beliefs, Values, and Goals,” Annu. Rev. Psychol, vol. 53, pp. 109–32, 2002.[20] E. Seymour and N. Hewitt, Talking about leaving: Why undergraduates leave the sciences. Boulder: Westview Press, 1997.[21] R. Marra, B. Bogue, D. Shen, and K. Rodger, “Those that leave: Assessing why students