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Displaying results 661 - 690 of 957 in total
Conference Session
FPD and DEEDs Joint Postcard Sessions
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jessica Daniels; Sophia T. Santillan, Duke University; Ann Saterbak, Duke University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education, First-Year Programs
engineering projects course at theUniversity of Colorado at Boulder, Knight et al. found that students who took the coursedemonstrated increased retention when compared with their peers who did not take the course [3].When Knight et al. discussed possible explanations for this increased retention, they attributed itto “the impact of active hands-on pedagogy, creation of student learning communities, an earlyexperience on the human side of engineering, self-directed acquisition of knowledge by students,instructor mentoring, and the success orientation of the course” [3]. It has been shown that ifstudents have a strong, positive conviction about their knowledge in engineering, then they aremore likely to succeed academically in the specific subject, as
Conference Session
Capstone Design Practices
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Jonathan Kralick P.E., United States Military Academy; Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
focus in engineering and science educa- tion. Founder of the Design Entrepreneuring Studio: Barbara helps teams generate creative environments. Companies that she has worked with renew their commitment to innovation. She also helps students an- swer these questions when she teaches some of these methods to engineering, design, business, medicine, and law students. Her courses use active storytelling and self-reflective observation as one form to help student and industry leaders traverse across the iterative stages of a project- from the early, inspirational stages to prototyping and then to delivery. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020Implementing Abbreviated Personas into
Conference Session
Design Tools & Methodology I
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bill Crockford P.E., Sam Houston State University; Bruce Hamby, The Hamby Law Firm
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
entrepreneurship to hard core engineering. Some resourcesavailable to the faculty are heavy on the business side of the problem and somewhat lighter onthe technological and engineering side. To more effectively balance these topics, tweaking ofavailable resources must be done. In general, these types of courses involve a project thatproduces a 3D solid computer model of the product, or a physical prototype. An inevitableconsequence of this is that either existing products must be designed (actually copied) for theproject, or intellectual property must be considered. This paper discusses three areas ofrefinement to commonly available resources, two of which are technical in nature and one ofwhich is entrepreneurial. They are: (1) enhancement of engineering
Conference Session
Design Pedagogy
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Alexander Pagano, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
process models, as reviewed by Wynn and Clarkson [7], where it isdescribed as; problem definition [8], clarifying the client’s requirements [9], statement of theproblem [10], clarifying the task and product planning [11], [12], preparation of problemassignment [13], functional requirements [14]. In software engineering design, the whole processis referred to as Requirements Engineering (RE), though RE is rooted in systems engineering andapplies more broadly than just software-intensive projects [15]. In Human-Centered Design andDesign Thinking, requirements development is intrinsically tied to the Understand (Empathize)and Synthesize (Define) phases where unmet needs are explored [16], [17] though requirementsare not necessarily discussed
Conference Session
Making, Hacking, and Extracurricular Design
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Megan Tomko, Georgia Institute of Technology; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University; James Deverell Watkins; Melissa Wood Aleman, James Madison University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Communication Studies at James Madison University and has published research using qualitative interviewing, ethnographic and rhetorical methods to examine communication in diverse contexts ranging from aging families to university campus cultures. She has advised undergraduate and graduate students in ethnographic and qualitative interview projects on a wide-range of topics, has taught research methods at the introductory, advanced, and graduate levels, and has trained research assistants in diverse forms of data collection and analysis. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Negotiating Tensions of Independence and Connection in Makerspace Cultures: A Qualitative
Conference Session
Student Empathy and Human-Centered Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lexie Mitchell, Colorado School of Mines; Leslie Light, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Design from Stanford University and an MBA from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in Entrepreneurial Management. Prior to joining Mines she spent 20 years as a designer, project manager, and portfolio manager in Fortune 500 companies and smaller firms in the Silicon Valley and abroad. She is passionate about bringing the user-centered de- sign principles she learned at Stanford and in her career to Mines’ open-ended problem solving program, and is working with others on campus to establish a broader integrated context for innovation and design. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Increasing Student Empathy Through Immersive Stakeholder
Conference Session
Design Methodology and Evaluation 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vimal Kumar Viswanathan, Georgia Institute of Technology; Julie S Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
) providingsuitable warnings to novice designers can help them in avoiding design fixation. Thesehypotheses are tested using a quasi-experiment conducted during a freshmen class project.Students complete their projects in three different experimental groups. One group receives afixating example with an undesirable feature. The feature negatively influences the functionalityof the design. The second group receives the same fixating example with warnings about theundesirable feature. The third group completes the project without the help of an example(control). Students are instructed to build and test their designs. The designs are photographedbefore and after testing. The occurrence of the flawed example feature in each design is studied.The results show
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Warren F. Smith, UNSW, Canberra, Australia; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #9046The Development of Competencies in a Design Course from a Student Per-spectiveDr. Warren F Smith, UNSW, Canberra, Australia Warren Smith is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of NSW, Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy. He joined the University in 1998 after spending 20 years as a practicing Naval Architect with the Australian Department of Defence. He is also an Affiliate Research Scholar at the University of Oklahoma. He is passionate about project-based authentic and immersive learning in engineering design education, believing design is
Conference Session
Teamwork and Student Learning in Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nikolaos E. Vitoroulis Jr, Stevens Institute of Technology; Changhong Zhang; Kishore Pochiraju, Stevens Institute of Technology
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
separate designvectors, and to demonstrate the behavior in a physical test or application. The activities will alsoshowcase different modes of failure of mechanical components, and the uncertainty that lieswithin the material itself or within the process of manufacturing. Focusing the activities in a self-learning group environment, students’ learning experience will be greatly improved in tandemwith their soft skills: reporting, communications, and planning [2].To promote a better interest in the overall learning outcomes, the series of activities arestructured to combine their knowledge and culminate to a final project competition for the designof a planar-truss. A competition can bolster the intellectual maturity of students who begin torealize
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division: Postcard and Student Essays
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lee Allen Dosse, University of Pittsburgh; Irene B. Mena, University of Pittsburgh; William W. Clark, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
spaceshad a positive impact on many attributes vital to engineering, such as design and analyticalabilities, design self-efficacy, communication skills, management skills, and working effectivelyas a team [6], [8], [9], [10].About the MakerspaceThe makerspace being studied is relatively new, having only opened in 2016. The space isapproximately 1700 sq. ft. and is divided into several distinct areas. The front of the room closeto the entrance has a dual-function whiteboard/table, a couch, and a 60” monitor. It is setup formeetings, training for new users, lectures, planning, and if desired, relaxing. The middle of theroom has several large tables and is designed for testing out ideas and assembling small tomedium sized projects. The area can also
Conference Session
DEED Postcard Poster Session
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Corey T Schimpf, The Concord Consoritum; Rob Sleezer, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Charles Xie
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #21933Work in Progress: Visualizing Design Team Analytics for Representing andUnderstanding Design Teams’ ProcessDr. Corey T Schimpf, The Concord Consoritum Corey Schimpf is a Learning Analytics Scientist with interest in design research, learning analytics, re- search methods and under-representation in engineering, A major strand of his work focuses on develop- ing and analyzing learning analytics that model students’ cognitive states or strategies through fine-grained computer-logged data from open-ended technology-centered science and engineering projects. His disser- tation research explored the use of
Conference Session
Assessing Design Coursework
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Steven Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Denny Davis, Washington State University; Phillip Thompson, Seattle University; Michael Trevisan, Washington State University; Olakunle Harrison, Tuskegee University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
design instructors indicates that most use a collectionof custom-designed, single-purpose assessments that are not well-integrated with one anotherand are largely untested for reliability or validity11. This led participants in the TransferableIntegrated Design Engineering Education (TIDEE) consortium to shift their focus fromarticulation between 2-year and 4-year programs12,13,14 to capstone course assessment15,16. In2004, TIDEE received a National Science Foundation grant to develop transferable assessmentfor capstone engineering design courses. This research project responds to the need for a deeper,richer, more rigorous definition of the knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes that are important toengineering practice.The assessment framework
Conference Session
Capstone Design Pedagogy II
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
M. Reza Emami, University of Toronto; Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
AC 2010-1374: AN OUTLINE OF EDESIGNM. Reza Emami, University of Toronto M. Reza Emami, Ph.D. in robotics and mechatronics from the University of Toronto, worked in the industry as a project manager in 1997-2001. He is a professional engineer and has been a faculty member at U. Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies since 2001. He is currently the Director of Space Mechatronics group and Coordinator of the Aerospace and Design Laboratories at the University of Toronto.Michael G. Helander, University of Toronto Michael G. Helander received the B.A.Sc. in engineering science from the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, in 2007. He is currently working towards the M.A.Sc. in
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Potpourri
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Oscar Nespoli, University of Waterloo; William Owen, University of Waterloo; Colin Campbell, University of Waterloo; Steve Lambert, University of Waterloo
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Engineering Education, 2009 Engineering Case Study Implementation: Observations, Results and PerspectivesAbstractWaterloo Cases in Design Engineering (WCDE) at the University of Waterloo (UW) is a newprogram to enhance design education through the development and implementation of designcases from student co-op work term and capstone project reports.This paper summarizes the results of an implementation of the same engineering design casegiven to three separate engineering classes during the same academic term. The engineeringdesign case was written from a student capstone design project report, and was developed tohighlight the engineering design process. The case was developed as a so called
Conference Session
Early Engineering Design Experiences
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Shawn S Jordan, Purdue University; Nielsen Pereira, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
EngineersAbstract Hands-on learning experiences and interactive learning environments can be effective inteaching K-12 students. Design, in essence, is an interactive, hands-on experience. Engineeringdesign can be taught in the classroom using innovative hands-on projects, such as designing andbuilding serve to teach design, promote creativity, and provide opportunities for hands-onproblem solving, in addition to giving students experience working in cooperative teams. In turn,these experiences could encourage students to consider future careers in engineering and science. This paper explores findings from data collected during the authors’ recent experienceteaching a group of fifteen 4th – 6th grade students enrolled in a 6-week Saturday
Conference Session
Design for Society and the Environment
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Melissa Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; David Torick, University of Pittsburgh; Joe Marriott, University of Pittsburgh; Amy Landis, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. During the course, students will interact with two different local partners where theylearn about the organization and discuss potential DfE challenges with the partner through a fieldtrip to the partners’ facilities and a lab experience developed with the partner. The field trip willbe utilized to introduce students to the organization and to brainstorm potential projects with theorganization.Multidisciplinary E-Teams will be assembled (approximately 3 to 4 students per team) from theclass members; the E-Teams will be challenged to identify a sustainability-related problem withone of the industry/organization partners and to propose a DfE solution that is both practical andsustainable. Throughout the semester, the teams will develop a plan and
Conference Session
Design Cognition
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Eric Pappas
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
subject to sustainability criteriawe developed for student projects. All our students are trained in the use of design tools, bothelectronic programs as well as hand tools and power tools. More specifically, following a general introduction to the foundations of cognitiveprocesses found in psychology, and creative process found in two- and three-dimensional artinstruction, we offer developmental instruction in the following areas: Metacognition and thinking processes—students engage in activities that requirethem to plan, reflect upon, and modify their own thinking processes and strategies, as well asadapt these methodologies to meet the needs of a specific design problem. Structured and unstructured thinking
Conference Session
Understanding Student Development in Design
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Corey T. Schimpf, The Concord Consoritum; Charles Xie, The Concord Consortium
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Paper ID #19293Characterizing Students’ Micro-Iterations Strategies through Data-LoggedDesign ActionsDr. Corey T. Schimpf, The Concord Consoritum Corey Schimpf is a Learning Analytics Scientist at the non-for-profit Concord Consortium, which de- velops technology and curriculum for STEM learning in K-12. One avenue of his work focuses on the development and analysis of learning analytics that model students’ cognitive states or strategies from fine-grained computer-logged data from students participating in open-ended technology-centered science and engineering projects. In another avenue of his work he develops assistive
Conference Session
Maker Spaces within the University
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jenifer Blacklock, Colorado School of Mines; Stephanie Ann Claussen, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
. She obtained her B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2005. Her Ph.D. work at Stan- ford University focused on optoelectronics, and she continues that work in her position at the Colorado School of Mines, primarily with the involvement of undergraduate researchers. In her role as an Associate Teaching Professor, she is primarily tasked with the education of undergraduate engineers. In her courses, she employs active learning techniques and project-based learning. Her previous education research, also at Stanford, focused on the role of cultural capital in science education. Her current interests include en- gineering students’ development of social responsibility and the
Conference Session
Professional Skills development in Design
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Deininger, University of Michigan; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jennifer Chen Lee, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
, students often lack the background and are not provided with the necessaryguidance for using expert prototyping techniques to maximize project outcomes6,7. Today’sengineering design curricula commonly view prototyping as a phase, a singular activity thatoccurs only once after performing engineering analysis8. This limited use may contribute tostudents' underutilization of prototypes. As a result, students may be missing out on the greaterpotential of prototypes that professional designers benefit from9,10. This untapped potentialcannot only have a negative impact on the creation of new products and services; it can also limithow universities prepare students for professional careers and competitiveness in today’seconomy.An increased focus on
Conference Session
Multinational and International Design
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Craig Somerton, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
ovens.This will paper will address how such a design project was undertaken including detailsof the modeling and easing analysis, the manufacturing process, and the lessons learnedin taking a taking a group of engineering students to Africa. Page 13.340.2
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nausheen Pasha-Zaidi, The Petroleum Institute; Jaby Mohammed, The Petroleum Institute
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
practice and project management. The General Studies department at thePI offers a sequence of two design courses known as STEPS (Strategies for Team-basedEngineering Problem Solving) which stress team learning and skills development. InSTEPS courses students integrate their knowledge of science, mathematics andcommunications within a framework that emphasizes teamwork and project managementtools to build a working prototype of a useful machine.Communication and Teamwork in the UAEStudent demographics at the PI reflect an Arab majority with Emirati students playing akey role. Arab communities display some common features which may differentiate themfrom their Western counterparts. This includes an emphasis on collectivism, honor, andsocial status
Conference Session
Capstone Design
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Valerie Vanessa Bracho Perez, Florida International University; Anilegna Nuñez Abreu, Florida International University; Ameen Anwar Khan, Florida International University; Luis Enrique Guardia, Florida International University; Indhira María Hasbún, Florida International University; Alexandra Coso Strong, Florida International University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
senior design. In addition, correlations between the courses mentioned andthe skills students considered important for design or were confident in using in design illustratedinfluential components of the curriculum. Some of these skills included: written communication,programming, hands-on building, teamwork, project management, using machine shop tools, andoral communication. Students’ resulting perceptions of which skills are “very important” andwhich they are “very confident in” design suggest the need to explore alternative assessmentmethods. Alternatively, these results may illustrate gaps in the existing curriculum aroundparticular skill development and areas where faculty may want to foster students’ understandingof and the skills
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jackson Lyall Autrey, University of Oklahoma; Jennifer M. Sieber, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
by managing uncertainty and complexity. The key question he is investigating is what are the principles underlying rapid and robust concept exploration when the analysis models are incomplete and possibly inaccurate? His quest for answers to the key question are anchored in three projects, namely, Integrated Realization of Robust, Resilient and Flexible Networks Integrated Realization of Engineered Materials and Products Managing Organized and Disorganized Complexity: Exploration of the Solution Space His current education focus is on creating and implementing, in partnership with industry, a curriculum for educating strategic engineers—those who have developed the competencies to create value through the
Conference Session
Studies in Engineering Design
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jackson Lyall Autrey, University of Oklahoma; Shalaka Subhash Ghaisas, University of Oklahoma; Xun Ge, University of Oklahoma; Zahed Siddique, University of Oklahoma; Farrokh Mistree, University of Oklahoma
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
Chair ofthe Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering at Georgia Tech – Savannah. He was also the FoundingDirector of the Systems Realization Laboratory at Georgia Tech.Farrokh’s current research focus is the model-based realization of complex systems by managing uncer-tainty and complexity. The key question he is investigating is what are the principles underlying rapid androbust concept exploration when the analysis models are incomplete and possibly inaccurate? His questfor answers to the key question is anchored in three projects, namely,Integrated Realization of Robust, Resilient and Flexible NetworksIntegrated Realization of Engineered Materials and ProductsManaging Organized and Disorganized Complexity: Exploration of the Solution
Conference Session
Empathy and Human-centered Design 1
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Elizabeth Rose Pollack, Michigan State University ; Gavan Alexander Sarrafian, Michigan State University; Michele J. Grimm, Michigan State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
engineering.This career may vary drastically from their peers in terms of industry, specialization, project scope, orexpectations. The purpose of this study is to analyze the breadth of job responsibilities within a wide range ofmechanical engineering positions in order to gain an understanding of the typical activities a mechanicalengineer is expected to complete in the field.This study analyzed 923 job postings collected through the job search and posting site “Indeed.com”, duringa one-week period in the summer of 2020. The jobs represent various industries, geographic locations, andposition titles. Design activities were used as a guiding framework to develop an ontology of engineeringactivities. This study developed an increased understanding of the
Conference Session
Design Pedagogy and Curriculum 1
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William A Kline, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Cory A. Hixson, Virginia Tech; Thomas W. Mason, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Patricia Brackin, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Robert M. Bunch, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Kay C Dee, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Glen A. Livesay, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
customers. An“innovation stage” project starts with a concept, an invention, or intellectual property but theproject often lacks a detailed specification for development. The challenge is to evaluate avariety of design concepts and implement the best result in practical and innovative ways thatmoves the concept toward commercialization. Kline et al.40 captured eight best practices ofinnovation from managing innovation stage projects in a technology commercialization program.These best practices include focusing on speed, teamwork, allowing project scopes to creep, andcracking the tough problems first. They are applicable for the individual or the organizationwanting to be more innovative. Further, in The Innovators DNA, Dyer et al.21 identify
Conference Session
Maker Spaces in Design Education
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Chieloka Mbaezue, Stanford University; Eric Reynolds Brubaker, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
members may engage in more central activities. ● Participation refers to engagement with the people and in the activities of a community.Several elements of legitimate peripheral participation can help to frame makerspaces as learningenvironments. First, consider the idea of partial participation. Newcomers in a MCoP engage inpartial participation through scaffolding such as tutorials and structured labs. These initialactivities or projects are typically more scaffolded, less complex, and more peripheral to thecommunity than, for example, a full design-build project at the bleeding edge of the MCoP’scapabilities. Thus, partial participation allows newcomers opportunities to not just learn how todesign or make a particular object but to make
Conference Session
The BEST InDEED
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Kristen Clapper Bergsman, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
complex work of design for the first time,knowing how to plan and carry out a design project specific to their discipline, how to documentthe process, and how to make their invisible design thinking processes visible in a blank bookcan be a challenging task. Moore et al. reported on some of the challenges that students andinstructors encounter when using blank engineering notebooks, including confusion about whatshould go in the notebook, uncertainty about the purpose for keeping a design notebook, notseeing the value in careful documentation of design work, and a reluctance to engage inreflection of their design process [5]. The structured engineering design notebook described inthis paper can help support students as they build expertise in
Conference Session
Design Across Curriculum 1
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Robert P. Loweth, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Jiangqiong Liu; Kathleen H. Sienko, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education
stakeholder needs as part of their curricular and co-curricular design projects. He is also a Graduate Facilitator for the Center for Socially Engaged Design.Dr. Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan Shanna Daly is an Assistant Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan. She has a B.E. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Dayton (2003) and a Ph.D. in Engineering Edu- cation from Purdue University (2008). Her research focuses on strategies for design innovations through divergent and convergent thinking as well as through deep needs and community assessments using design ethnography, and translating those strategies to design tools and education. She teaches design and en