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Displaying results 3181 - 3210 of 49050 in total
Conference Session
Empowering Students: Self-Efficacy, Advising, and Transfer Success
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christopher Martinez, University of New Haven; April Yoder, University of New Haven
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
this approach as “advising as teaching.” [2,3, 6] Student ownership over their curriculum and academic experience is a central outcome ofdevelopmental advising, which charges advisors to help students integrate career and academicgoals and address their unique challenges and desires. [2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9] Developmental advisinghas been shown to increase student sa?sfac?on and reten?on, partly because of the personalconnec?on with a mentor. [2, 9] In 2008, Janine M. Allen and Cathleen L. Smith argued thatwhile faculty advisors recognized the importance of career guidance and other support tostudent success, they viewed their own advising responsibili?es as limited to ensuring studentsfulfilled gradua?on requirements. [1] However, Elizabeth Hart
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 3
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leah M Wiitablake, Clemson University; Amber Taylor; Landry Samuels; Jalani Ziad Eanochs; Caleb Jovan Hardin; Shi'ron Williams-Mattison; Samuel Cole Fambrough; D. Matthew Boyer, Clemson University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)
DevelopmentAbstractTraditional proprietary textbooks for undergraduate students often cost hundreds of dollars andcreate barriers to learning by restricting which and how many courses students take and forcingstudents to decide whether or not they purchase their textbooks [1], [2]. Having low-cost or freealternatives for course textbooks helps give all students access to learning materials and canlower barriers such as affordability and retention [3], [4]. Such alternatives to traditionaltextbooks are considered Open Educational Resources (OER). OER can be comparable in qualityto traditional textbooks [5]. Given the proper context, they have been shown to lower the numberof D, F, and Withdrawal letter grades, or DFW rates, in classrooms [3]. This evidence, showingthe
Conference Session
Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 3
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rania Al-Hammoud, University of Waterloo; Soukaina Jazouli; Andrea Atkins, University of Waterloo
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
. Three different first yearengineering groups were assessed in their knowledge of equity. Group 1 was the group that wereprompted with a presentation in class about the different aspects of requirements for buildingdesign to address mobility issues followed by an audio recording prompting the students to do atour on campus and experience first-hand these effects. The second group has done a campus tourwithout the audio and have been exposed to only the presentation in class. The third group is thecontrol group who has only done the campus tour with no prompts and did not have thepresentation. All three groups were assessed later in their knowledge of equity issues in buildingdesigns. This paper will share these findings and the details of what
Conference Session
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 6: Online, Remote, and VIrtual Labs
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joshua Grodotzki, Technical University Dortmund, Institute of Forming Technology and Leightweight Components; A. Erman Tekkaya, TU Dortmund University, Institute of Forming Technology and Lightweight Construction
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)
, studentsusually prefer hands-on labs over human-remote ones. For digital laboratories, the human-remotelab is the preferred choice over the remote experiment. Analyzing the students’ overall courseperformance, it was shown that all types of laboratories provide a sufficient teaching input toperform well regarding several metrics tested in the course.1. IntroductionModern mechanical engineering courses must keep up with the most recent advancements inorder to adequately prepare students for successful jobs in research and industry, as mechanicalengineering is a discipline that is always evolving. The use of digital laboratories, such as remotelaboratories, in engineering education is one area of innovation that has emerged in recent years.Compared to
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 13
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nancy Ruzycki, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)
selection and screening, LCA, and design engineering exercises. The findings andconclusions of this paper show that the use of materials selection, screening, and LCA processeswas beneficial to the students in the design engineering laboratory course. The use of thesetechniques allowed students to gain a deeper understanding of the topics and to gain hands-onexperience that reinforced the lecture material. The use of these techniques also allowed studentsto gain an appreciation for the importance of sustainability and design engineering. Background: As early as the 1970s, there was a call from within the engineering community toinclude sustainability as an engineering practice within the curriculum [1], with the World Councilon Churches calling for
Conference Session
Broadening Participation through Access, Equity, Inclusion in ECE
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rosalind M. Wynne, Villanova University; Jared Halsey
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
ispresent?If a school does not have any formal programs or immediate industry connections, most studentswill find themselves on an external commercial job search site looking for the ideal position. Thesesites tend to require many prerequisites, some fair and others unfair for a person that is trying toget their foot into the door. If one does not meet all the requirements and is denied during theapplication process, what is next?The benefit of networking with those immediately within reach will be explored in this paper.This network could be friends, family, coworkers, and teachers [1]. Unconventional communitypartnerships include community centers, places of worship, social venues (i.e. cafes, cafeteria).Wewill examine the case of a student that
Conference Session
Digital Methods in Mechanics: Teaching with Digital Tools
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rick Hill, University of Detroit, Mercy
Tagged Divisions
Mechanics Division (MECHS)
don’t build their ownunderstanding of the material which limits their retention and ability to apply the information. Itis also unlikely a student can maintain their focus for much of a typical 50- to 75-minute lecture.Another drawback of lecture is that a student often doesn’t discover any gaps in understandinguntil they go to apply the material, typically while doing their homework, at which point theinstructor is no longer available to answer their questions.Active learning techniques can help address some of these deficiencies as recognized by a rangeof studies, while ultimately leading to improved student performance [1] [2] [3]. A traditionalform of active learning in engineering and science curricula has come in the form of
Conference Session
Computer Science Education and AI research
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Na Zhao, Nanyang Technological University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Nanyang Technological University; Cristina Diordieva, Nanyang Technological University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
thatincorporating more use cases in the structuring of coursework may facilitate the integration ofCT into the engineering curriculum by improving the recognition of CT concepts.BackgroundIn today’s technology-driven world, computers are integral in expanding our capabilities acrossvarious sectors. Computing technologies are transforming sectors, and in the new industriallandscape, solving complex engineering problems calls for the use of computer systems as wellas cross-functional teams [1]. Given that computer-based solutions are becoming increasinglyintegral to the engineering problem-solving and design process, computational thinking (CT)should be a fundamental skill for engineering students so that they can effectively leverage thesetools.Engineers
Conference Session
Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 8
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Grace Wickerson, Northwestern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity
innovation. These five principles include 1) understand thesystem shaping inequity 2) realize your positioning and power, at the intersections of race,gender, sexual orientation, class, and (dis)ability 3) establish relationships with those closest tohealth disparities to root out root causes and stay accountable to potential harms 4) buildtechnologies that create value for all parties while remaining "safe to fail" and 5) connect theinnovation to a greater political strategy for achieving equity and liberation. Thiswork-in-progress paper ends with a call to action for engineers to choose a side: do we serve asarchitects of the visions of the powerful, or the visions of the public? As architects of medicaltechnology, our decisions shape who lives
Conference Session
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Technical Session 9
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lauren Taylor Wagner, The Ohio State University ; Tyler Milburn, The Ohio State University; Krista M. Kecskemety, The Ohio State University; Bob Rhoads, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)
a primary goal in recent engineering education because it refers to the values, attitudes,and critical thinking skills that are associated with successful and creative engineering designs[1]. Some of the focuses of EM are teamwork, considering real-world problems, coming up withmultiple solutions to problems, and balancing criteria and constraints that require trade-offs [1].It is crucial for engineering students to understand and learn about the engineering mindsetthroughout their education because it encourages them to innovate, take risks, and becomecomfortable solving open-ended problems [2]. Integrating EM into engineering programs andhas been a recent focus in engineering education, such as integrating it into faculty members(e.g., [3
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Al Mestiraihi, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley ; Kurt Henry Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division (ECE)
. Department of Education. Thesurveys focus on nine major categories: applied academic skills, critical thinking skills,interpersonal skills, personal skills, resource management skills, information use skills,communication skills, system thinking skills, and technology use skills. ECE professionalengineers and department heads were asked to rank several skills on a 1-5 Likert scale where oneis not important and five is vital. This paper compares the perspectives of 45 ECE departmentheads and 45 ECE professionals regarding the required skills ECE graduates should possessupon graduation and how vital these skills are. Independent sample t-tests was utilized tocompare the data from the two surveys and determine whether statistically significant
Conference Session
Engineering Technology Division (ETD) Technical Session 11
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joie Marhefka, The Pennsylvania State University; Dalynn D. Park; Laura E. Cruz, The Pennylvania State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology Division (ETD)
preventative maintenanceprocedures and gaining experience with troubleshooting were most important. The studyidentified challenges associated with internships and outcomes and experiences that wereimportant to include in a virtual alternative. The results of this study can be applied broadly toensure that internships, regardless of modality, are worthwhile experiences for both students andsupervisors.KeywordsInternship; Biomedical Engineering Technology; Clinical Engineering; Experiential Learning;Virtual InternshipIntroductionIdentified in the late 2000s as a high impact practice (HIP), internships in fields such asbiomedical engineering technology/clinical engineering have been shown to provide numerousbenefits in terms of student success [1]–[7
Conference Session
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED) Technical Session 4: Junior & Senior Year Curriculum
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Swapana Subbarao Jerpoth, Rowan University; Robert P. Hesketh, Rowan University; Kirti M. Yenkie, Rowan University; C. Stewart Slater, Rowan University; Sean Curtis; Michael Fracchiolla; David Anthony Theuma
Tagged Divisions
Chemical Engineering Division (ChED)
full-time research for the thesis dissertation. Moreover, the program provides the graduatestudents with a mentoring experience where they mentor a group of 4-5 undergraduate studentsevery semester. The undergraduate students are then graded based on their performance andcontribution to the team. Additionally, during the summer and the winter breaks, theundergraduate students are hired as paid interns to work full time and explore the project in amore detailed way. The federal fundings for the projects continues for a period of 1-4 yearsdepending upon the complexity of the work. Therefore, when the previous group of studentsgraduate from their curriculum a new group is formed and cycle continues until the total durationof the project.3.2
Conference Session
Student Division (STDT) Technical Session 5: Motivation and Support for Success
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
D'Andre Jermaine Wilson-Ihejirika, University of Toronto, Canada; Qin Liu, University of Toronto, Canada; Joanna Meihui Li, University of Toronto, Canada; Mustafa Nisar, University of Toronto, Canada; Jiawen Lin, University of Toronto, Canada
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Student Division (STDT)
growth [1], so engineering pathways have emerged as a topic of engineeringeducation research [2].Two major endeavors made over the past two decades have considerably shaped ourunderstandings about engineering pathways. One was the U.S.-based Academic Pathways Studyconducted in the 2000s by the Center for Advancement of Engineering Education of theUniversity of Washington. The project investigated the experiences of engineeringundergraduates and early-career engineers, with a focus on four aspects of becoming anengineer—skills, identity, education, and workplace [3]. The other was the report“Understanding Educational and Career Pathways of Engineers” produced by U.S. NationalAcademy of Engineering in 2018 [4]. The report provides an informative
Conference Session
Engineering Management Division (EMD) Poster Session
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rebecca Kassa, University of Kansas; Tolulope Ibilola Ogundare, University of Kansas, Lawrence; Brian Lines, The University of Kansas; Jake Smithwick, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Kenneth Timothy Sullivan, Arizona State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management Division (EMD)
into construction research. Implications andrecommendations are presented at the end of this paper.IntroductionTeams are groups of individuals that work together towards a common goal, utilizing coordinatedinteractions to complete tasks [1], [2], [3], [4]. The use of teams in the workplace has a long historyand has grown significantly in various industries in recent years [5]. As work environmentsbecome increasingly complex, organizations are turning to team-based approaches, allowing theintegration of various skills and knowledge [6]. Getting a diverse group of individuals together tocollaborate and work as a unit is necessary for addressing complex challenges [5]. Effective teamperformance relies on combined efforts of teamwork, which define
Conference Session
Industrial Engineering Division (IND) Technical Session 3
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ekaterina Koromyslova, South Dakota State University; Carrie Steinlicht, South Dakota State University; Miriam Kanini Peter
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering Division (IND)
Managementundergraduate programs which successfully address the workforce requirements and needs. Theauthors outline recommendations for strategic changes in the programs/curricula for successfulfulfillment of the mission of higher education to prepare highly qualified graduates and toaddress the human resource development challenges.Keywords: Engineering Education, Professional Skills, Teamwork, Communication,Leadership, Ethics, Engineering Management IntroductionThe engineering workplace outlook has changed drastically worldwide in the last few decades as aresult of globalization and technological progress [1-3]. The fast pace of change poses challengingconditions for higher education institutions because it is
Conference Session
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS) Technical Session 4: Bring Your Own Experiments +
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Huiran Jin, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)
information such asintensity values. Once a point cloud is generated, it can be processed and analyzed using variousalgorithms to extract useful information for purposes of object recognition, segmentation, andsurface reconstruction (e.g., [1-3]). Different from a triangle mesh, a point cloud does not requireto store the polygonal-mesh connectivity [4] or maintain topological consistency [5]. Therefore,processing and manipulating point clouds usually demonstrate better performance and loweroverhead [6]. Today, point clouds have become increasingly prevalent in many research fields,such as computer vision, robotics, and GIS, as they provide a powerful capability to represent thegeometry of real-world objects or environments. Some common applications
Conference Session
Interdisciplinary Integration at the Program Level
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
James T. McLeskey Jr., Randolph-Macon College; Deonna Woolard
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society Division (LEES)
the field of Nondestructive Testing examining metallic and composite structures for such things as cracks, delaminations, and stress concentrations. Dr. Woolard has been on the faculty at Randolph-Macon College since 1999 and has been department chair for the past 13 years. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Engineering Physics at a Small Liberal Arts College: Accomplishments and ChallengesIntroductionThe idea of adding engineering to the list of majors at liberal arts colleges is not entirely new.For instance, engineering at Swarthmore College dates to the 1870’s [1-2]. A century later, therewas a renewed recognition in the value of introducing
Conference Session
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (ELOS) Technical Session 3: Best of ELOS
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Brian Christopher Earp, United States Naval Academy (Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering Department); Kyle Ryan Parker, US Naval Academy - Submarine Officer
Tagged Divisions
Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division (DELOS)
as well as the Assistant Weapons Officer. He participated in two Pacific strategic deterrent patrols and one extended refit period including a dry-docking availability. During this period he earned his Submarine Warfare and Prospective Nuclear Engineering Officer Qualifications. Ashore, Lieutenant Parker served as a Master Instructor at the United States Naval Academy in the Me- chanical Engineering Department, teaching Fluid Dynamics and Principles of Propulsion. He was the department’s TAD coordinator, Plebe Academic Advisor, and Submarine Company Mentor. During this time, he completed Joint Military Professional Education Phase 1, achieving a Master of Arts degree in Defense and Strategic Studies from the Naval
Collection
2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference
Authors
Michael D. Robinson, Saint Vincent College
hands-on experiments and demonstrations were developed, known collectively as theMachina (Latin for machine). These experiments form an experimental ecosystem where theconnections between experiments are key to the overall effectiveness of this system. This paperdescribes the inexpensive and portable hardware used in these experiments, how theseexperiments incrementally build control system knowledge, and how these experiences are usedto support ABET student outcomes 1 and 6. A brief discussion of how these experiments arethreaded throughout the undergraduate curriculum is also provided.IntroductionAutomatic Control Systems can be a dauntingly theoretical course for students. It makes use ofconcepts from across the engineering curriculum
Collection
2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference
Authors
Johnathan Rettig; Tyler John Backs, Ohio Northern Univeristy
, such as Ohio Administrative Code: Rule 3701-29-17 (acode about the allowance of greywater runoff) [1]. The sanitary risks were also looked into, withit being concluded (because of the request of the client, the market research survey conducted,and the data obtained about state regulations) that the design would not require the need to draininto a tank when used, but can runoff into the open. Different states have different regulations,and the states that the product would be targeted for are Illinois, Kansas, North Dakota, Ohio,South Carolina and Tennessee [2]. Not adding the gray water tank also allows for more storagespace within the van for the traveler.Economically, the project is all about reducing the cost of allowing someone to either
Collection
2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference
Authors
James E. Van Loon, Oakland University
Improved Access Prof. James E. Van Loon Kresge Library, Oakland University Rochester, MI 48309 jevanloon@oakland.eduIntroductionTechnical standards can provide an effective instructional scaffold for undergraduate engineeringcoursework [1], [2], and exposing engineering students to appropriate standards is one of therequirements for program accreditation by the Accreditation Board of Engineering andTechnology (ABET) [3]. However, providing access to standards can be challenging foracademic libraries due to their expense and the restrictions imposed by publishers on borrowingthese documents from
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Salma Alami Yadri; Ruby W. Burgess, Wheaton College, IL
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
sunil Dehipawala, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Harsha Rajapakse, Medgar Evers College, CUNY ; Breeya Evans; Tak Cheung
innovations, collaborative studies, entrepreneurship, intellectual and ethical responsibility, and service to the scientific, national, and international communities.Breeya EvansProf. Tak Cheung Tak David Cheung, Ph.D., professor of physics, teaches in CUNY Queensborough Community College. He also conducts research and mentors student research projects. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Absorption and distribution of Arsenic by plants & role of soil conditions Sunil Dehipawala1, Breeya Skye1, Tak D, Chung1, Harsha Rajapakse2 1. Physics Department, Queensborough Community College CUNY,Bayside NY 11364 2
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Paul J Marchese, City University of New York, Queensborough Community College; Deborah Hecht, Center for Advanced Studyin Education
responsive to their needs as a result of the pandemic with a disability.” and 131 alumni or current CUNY students responded. The (Question 6). However, there was no meaningful correlationEvidence suggests that engineering is one of the least demographics of the respondents are shown in Fig. 1. between the extent of the disability and satisfaction with Studentsdiverse STEM disciplines with regard to disabilities
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Tina Powell, The Orange Public Schools; Devonii L Reid
Tagged Topics
Diversity
approach in Grades 9-12 whileemphasizing the “soft-skills” necessary for today’s workplace–collaboration, communication, creativity,problem-solving, and perseverance. Founders of the Academy saw PBL as a dynamic approach to teaching.Within this type of active and engaged learning space, students are inspired to obtain a deeperunderstanding of the subjects they're studying as teachers are providing the scaffolds necessary to helpcraft the experiences.Figure 1: Design Thinking Model #1Image credit: Beth Holland courtesy of Stanford-School In the Summer of 2017 and prior to enrolling students, the Academy contracted with an entitywell known and highly regarded for its implementation of PBL designs and trained its founding body ofteachers on
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Laramie Potts, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Huiran Jin, New Jersey Institute of Technology
appropriatethinking strategy for cross-disciplinary engineering technology students given the 4IR-inducedevolving workplace. A comprehensive literature review of empirical articles is also provided,which is aligned with the research questions published in scholarly journals over the past twodecades and reveals the state of scientific thinking on these topics. Preliminary results informsinstructional pedagogies on multidisciplinary engineering and cross-disciplinary engineeringtechnology programs to exploit the capabilities of the 4IR innovations.Keywords: Multi-disciplinary engineering, cross-disciplinary engineering technology, cognition,critical thinking, design thinking, STEM curriculum.1. IntroductionThe Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has been
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
James Lipuma, NJIT; Cristo Leon, NJIT
than embrace the need to improve this transferable essentialskill and its importance on employability [1]. Employers stress the need for workers that areeffective oral communicators and most programs assign oral presentations and reports as partof the curriculum. Interviews and job activities highlight the need for this skill at all levels. However, there is a lack of research into effective instruction and assignment design.Moreover, explicit instruction is rarely provided with many faculty providing poor examples ofbest practices based on research “the lack of explicit instructions in scientific inquiry skills is amajor factor in both low STEM retention and academic underperformance” [2]. Often it isassumed that students have been
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Justyn Allen Bunkley, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Marc J Louise O. Caballes, Morgan State University; Margaret Ajuwon, Morgan State University; Guangming Chen, Morgan State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Design Analysis of Rocket Tail Fins Aimed at Higher Apogee by Computer Simulation Justyn Bunkley1, Marc J Louise Caballes2, Margaret Ajuwon2, and Guangming Chen2 1 University of Maryland, Baltimore County 2 Morgan State University Corresponding author's Email: justyn.bunkley@gmail.comAbstract: The Rocketry Team at Morgan State University is developing a single-stage liquid-propellant
Collection
2022 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference
Authors
Pritpal Singh, Villanova University
well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economicfactors.” Furthermore, ABET criterion 5 d requires “a culminating major engineering designexperience that 1) incorporates appropriate engineering standards and multiple constraints, and2) is based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work.”Designing appropriate senior capstone projects in electrical and computer engineering (ECE) thatsatisfy these ABET requirements can sometimes be a challenge. To ensure that faculty andstudent-proposed senior capstone projects meet these criteria, the ECE faculty at VillanovaUniversity recently developed a project approval form to ensure that projects meet these criteria.This paper will present how and why this form was developed