Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicholas Roberts, Vanderbilt University; Greg Walker, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

slab. 0 < x < L, with the face at x = 0 maintained at a temperature T1 . Determine the temperature profile across the slab in terms of T1 and the heat flux q. Sketch the profiles for zero, negative and positive coefficients. Page 15.814.10 9 4. A thin computer chip is exposed to a dielectric liquid with ho = 1000 W/m2 K and T0 = 20◦ C on one side and is joined to a conductive circuit board on the other. The thermal contact resistance between the chip and the board is 10−4 m2 K/W, and the board thickness and thermal conductivity are Lb = 5 mm and kb = 1 W/m K respectively

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 1 Conference

Authors

Linfeng Zhang; Nicolae Gari; Xingguo Xiong; Junling Hu; Lawrence V. Hmurcik P.E.

of the MG components areimplemented as threads in the simulation. The energy generator, energy storage, and loadsperiodically update the manager about their status. Fig. 1. The structure of a smart grid with four micro- grids For the economic return on the investment of an individual MG, a performance metric foreach MG is proposed. An overall performance index of each MG can be calculated as: 4 Q = w1 F + w2 E + w3 S (1) F is a cost index of electricity, E is an environmental effect index due to atmosphericemissions, and S is a satisfaction index of the power

Conference Session

Enhancing Recruitment and Retention in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Walters; Keisha Walters

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

sttatic equilibrrium?Experimental ProcedureStep 1: Experimentally measure the volumetric flow rate, the nozzle exit area, and the forceexerted by the water on the hose and nozzle.(a) Using a large bucket and a stopwatch, determine the volume of water that leaves the nozzle over a period of time (use ~ 10-20 seconds). Use the volume demarcations on the bucket to determine the volume of water collected and the stopwatch to determine the collection time. In order to reduce the uncertainty of these measurements, repeat the measurement 5 times recording the volume of water and the time for each measurement and calculating the volumetric flow rate (Q). Measurement #1 Volume (L) = _________ Time (s) = _________ Q (L/s

Conference Session

Computers and Software in Teaching Mathematics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Young, University of Central Florida; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Tace Crouse, University of Central Florida; Alvaro Islas, University of Central Florida; Scott Hagen, University of Central Florida; Cherie Geiger, University of Central Florida; Melissa Dagley-Falls, University of Central Florida; Patricia Ramsey, University of Central Florida; Patrice Lancey, University of Central Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Q Heat flo w bright. x =0 x fin C) +42.48 [W] x=L c ross

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nathan Klingbeil, Wright State University; Byron Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts; Anthony Donaldson, California Baptist University; Joan Ozdogan, Chantilly High School Academy

.!948;-349!02,230!45-!.-9<739-! !! =>?$!)@)=! ! :7.!-/65!A8-94273B!!D74-!A8-94273!38EF-.9!G-.-!:.7E!>?$!7.2023/HB!! J/HH!K@@L! ! D8EF-.!7:!.-9<73;-.9!/.-!23!C!IB! ! ! ! ! ! !! PK!948;-349U! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !! ! ! N)! ! NK! ! NO! ! NM! ! NP! ! NQ! !! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ?4.730HR!! +0.--! ! OBS*Q! C)PI! OBSQ! C)QI! OBK*! CK)I! OBMP! CK@I! OBMK! CKPI! OBQM! C)*I!! +0

Conference Session

Teaching Technological Literacy - Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Howell, San Jose State University; Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

this lab and had the students compute conductance so that the Page 15.408.9relationships to diameter and area would be quadratic and linear instead of inverse quadratic andinverse linear. This simplified the task significantly at the expense of having to deal with anunfamiliar unit: mho. This change was a net improvement, and we plan to continue using it.Below are some student questions and the instructor’s answers, which were posted while thereports were being written. Q: How do I find the area of my Play-Doh cylinders? Would it be 10 cm times the diameter? A: The area we need to calculate is the cross sectional area of the

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Gemunu Happawana; Arvind Gopi

ξ m q Cω Kω Fig. 1. One - sixth tractor modelThis basic model is used in a number of different circumstances to describe the behavior of avehicle suspension system. Mathematically, the relationships embodied in the model are givenin Eq. (4). M w  z  C pl (  z )  K a (  z ) m    C (q   )  K (q   )  C pl (  z )  K a (  z ) (4)Where Mw is the one sixth tractor model effective sprung mass. This “one-sixth tractor” modelcan be implemented readily in a variety of simulation packages such

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Lewis, Brigham Young University; Thomas Knotts, Brigham Young University; W. Vincent Wilding, Brigham Young University; William Pitt, Brigham Young University; Morris Argyle, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

) and Newton’s law of cooling. Students will understand conduction and convection resistances, and be able to use3.4.2 q= ΦT / ΥRes and q= UA Φ Tlm. Students will understand q = hA∀ΦT and how h is qualitatively related to Nu, Re, 3.4.3.1 and Pr, and how to obtain a value for h - qualitative problem.3.4.3 Students will understand q= h A Φ T and how h is qualitatively related to Nu, Re, 3.4.3.2 and Pr, and how to obtain a value for h - quantitative problem. Students will understand Fick’s law and the contributions to the flux arising from a3.5.1

Conference Session

Educational Research & Methods Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University; Monica Cardella, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Noemi Mendoza Diaz, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

or science teaching experience. We examinedwhether there were differences based on teaching experience by performing one-wayANOVA. Levene’s test was performed to ensure homogeneity of variance, and q-q plot wereexamined to ensure normality. We also computed effect size w2 for significant factors. IfANOVA showed significant differences, we performed Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test tocompare between groups. We did not explore differences between groups of different gendersor grade levels because the sample was rather homogeneous in terms of these attributes.FindingsResults of the entire surveyOverall, the summer academy participants thought DET was important (M=3.47, SD=0.35)(please note that 4 was the highest possible score, and 1 was the lowest

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Undergraduate Engineering Education,” J. Engineering Ed., Vol. 94, No. 1, 2005, pp. 121-130.3. Kline, R., “World War II: A Watershed in Electrical Engineering Education,” IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, Summer 1994, pp. 17-23.4. Dutson, A. J., R. H. Todd, S. P. Magleby and C. D. Sorensen, "A Review of Literature on Teaching Engineering Design Through Project-Oriented Capstone Courses," Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 86, No. 1, 1997, pp. 17-28.5. Howard, B. “Enough of this Science and Mathematics, Let’s Do Some Engineering,” Proc. of the Frontiers in Education Conference, 1999, Session 13d2, pp. 8-10.6. Nguyen, D. Q., “The Essential Skills and Attributes of an Engineer: A Comparative Study of Academics, Industry Personnel

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Liles, NCA&T State University; Cindy Waters, North Carolina A&T State University; Devdas Pai, North Carolina A&T State University; Courtney Lambeth, NCA&T State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

differentstructures and functions?Q-7: What two repair processes are used by the body to heal a Scabbing, scarring,wound? RegenerationQ-8: What are three approaches used by tissue engineers to Scaffolding, cell, stem cell,fabricate (grow) a new tissue? Regeneration, imprinting Page 15.899.9_____________________________________________________________________________ Questions KeywordsQ-9: What cells are most commonly used when trying to grow Stem, cellsa new tissue?Q-10

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Holbert, Arizona State University; Lisa Grable, North Carolina State University; Patricia Dixon, Florida State University; Sharon Schulze, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Thursday Friday Orientation & Power Systems 08:00 Paperwork & Power Systems Overview 3 Lab Safety Online surveys Campus Tour Overview 2 Overview & Practice using 09:00 EXPECTATIONS DOE website – 10:00 gen pie chart Q&A about power Web – TCIP Java

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Cotae, University of the District of Columbia; Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Lily Kemathe, University of the District of Columbia; Suresh Regmi, University of the District of Columbia; Kamden Patrice Kouam, The University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Page 15.1383.10 [16] Q. Rong, D. Ceglarek and J. Shi, “Dimensional fault diagnosis for compliant beam structure assemblies,” Manuf. Sci. Eng. J., vol. 122, pp. 773–780, 2000.[17] Q. Rong, D. Ceglarek and J. Shi, “Adjusted least squares approach for diagnosis of ill-conditioned compliant assemblies,” Manuf. Sci. Eng. J., vol. 123, pp. 453–461, 2001.[18] W. Cai, J. S.Hu, and X. J. Yuan, “Deformable sheet metal fixturing: principles, algorithms and simulations,” Transaction of ASME, Journal of Manuf. Sci. Eng., vol. 118, pp. 318–324, 1996.[19] Y. Ding, P. Kim, D. Ceglarek and J. Jin, ‘‘Optimal sensor distribution for variation diagnosis for multi- station assembly processes,’’ IEEE Trans. Rob. Autom., vol. 19, pp. 543–556, 2003

Collection

2010 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Stephanie Parker; Jumoke 'Kemi' Ladeji-Osias

FPGA.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the Chesapeake Information Based Aeronautics Consortium (CIBAC) atMorgan State University.Reference1 S.D. Young, S. Kakarlapudi, and M. Uijt de Young, “A Shadow Detection and Extraction Algorithm Using Digital Elevation models and X-bandWeather Radar Measurements”, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 26(8): 1531-1549, 2005.2 Sonka Milan, Image Processing Analysis, and Machine Vision, 1999, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company3 Field Programmable Gate Array, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA (Accessed 7/22/2009)4 What is VHDL?http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:MlxxUJ50YEJ:www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/what_is_vhdl/+what+is+VHDL%3F&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Collection

2010 Northeast Section Meeting

Authors

Stephanie Parker; J. Kemi Ladeji-Osias

FPGA.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by the Chesapeake Information Based Aeronautics Consortium (CIBAC) atMorgan State University.Reference1 S.D. Young, S. Kakarlapudi, and M. Uijt de Young, “A Shadow Detection and Extraction Algorithm Using Digital Elevation models and X-bandWeather Radar Measurements”, Int. J. Remote Sensing, 26(8): 1531-1549, 2005.2 Sonka Milan, Image Processing Analysis, and Machine Vision, 1999, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company3 Field Programmable Gate Array, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FPGA (Accessed 7/22/2009)4 What is VHDL?http://74.125.47.132/search?q=cache:MlxxUJ50YEJ:www.doulos.com/knowhow/vhdl_designers_guide/what_is_vhdl/+what+is+VHDL%3F&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us

Conference Session

Teaching Dynamics

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josue Njock-Libii, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

balls after one match and to assess how the coefficient ofrestitution varied with initial drop heights. Page 15.1331.12 Energy Dissipated - .., 30 Q,) cu 25 a. I/) I/) 20 - "C c Q,) (.) '­ 15 10 • Height1 • Height2 Q,) 5 a.. 0

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh Ganesan, George Mason University; Philip Henning, James Madison University; Donna Sterling, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

% S=1/8 13% S=4/8 50% S=3/8 33% S=2/8 25% N=1/8 13% N=1/8 13% Fellow Q11 GX=6/8 75% S=2/8 25% Advisors Advisor Q1 Advisor Q 2 Advisor Q3 Advisor Q4 GX=5/7 71% GX=4/7 57% GX=4/7 57% GX=2/7 29% S=2/7 29% S=1/7 14% S=3/7 43% S=3/7 43% N=2/7 29% N=2/7 29% Teachers Teacher Q1 GX=6/8 75% S=2/8 25%F Q1: To what extent do

Conference Session

Accreditation and Continuous Quality Improvement -- What the Experts Are Saying!

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Rogers, ABET, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. On Q-Causing Quality in Higher Education. New York: American Councilon Education/MacMillan Publishing.2 Chaffee, E. and L. Sherr. 1992. Quality: Transforming Postsecondary Education, ASHE/ERICHigher Education Report 3. Washington DC: School of Education and Human Development,The George Washington University.3 “Many Colleges Assess Learning but May Not Use Data to Improve, Survey Finds.” Chronicleof Higher Education, January 10, 2009.4 Rice, G. Kendall and Donna C. Taylor. Continuous-Improvement Strategies in HigherEducation: A Progress Report, Educause: Center for Applied Research, Research Bulletin,Volume 2003, Issue 20, September 2003. Page

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xuemin Chen, Texas Southern University; Yongpeng Zhang, Prairie View A&M University; Lawrence Kehinde, Texas Southern University; David Olowokere, Texas Southern University

”, Proc. IFAC/IEEE Symposium on Advances in Control Education, Gold Coast, Australia, 2000.29. H. Wu, Y. Yang, Q. Wang, S. Zhu, “An Internet-based Control Engineering Laboratory for Undergraduate and Graduate Education”, Proc. IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, pp. 546-550, 8-10 Oct. 2006.30. University of Delaware, Virtual Microscopy, http://www.udel.edu/biology/ketcham/microscope/31. J. Goffart, “Design of a Web-Based Remote Lab for a Brewery Process”, Master Thesis, HAMK University of Applied Sciences, Finland, 2007.32. Diego López-de-Ipiña, Javier García-Zubia and Pablo Orduña, “Remote Control of Web 2.0-enabled Laboratories from Mobile Devices”, Proc. Second IEEE

Conference Session

Enhancing Recruitment and Retention in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth McGinnis-Cavanaugh, Springfield Technical Community College; Glenn Ellis, Smith College; Diana Fiumefreddo, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Education: Upperclass Years

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Turton, West Virginia University; Joseph Shaeiwitz, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the process. The specifics of equipmentdesign and simulation for other batch unit operations (distillation, filtration, crystallization, etc.)are not covered but are left for specific operations related to the group project.As an example of the differences between unsteady, batch operation and continuous operation,consider the preheating of a batch reactor with preheating of a continuous reactor in a continuousheat exchanger. The familiar, steady-state equations for a heat exchanger are the energybalances and the heat-exchanger design equation (assuming a utility of condensing steam, forexample) Q ? m& p C p , p ΦT p ? m& s νs ? UAΦTlm F (1)where the subscript p represents the

Conference Session

Software and Hardware for Educators II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jonathan Hill, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Counter Q Load P Figure 4: Microcode-Based ControllerThe signals EnA, EnN, and EnL enable a parallel load for the A, N, and L registers, respectively.The signal EnD enables the D register according to Table 1. Likewise, SelMux and SelALUcontrol the multiplexer and ALU according to Table 2 and Table 3, respectively. The KValsignal provided to the data path is constant for one clock cycle. The Wr signal indicates amemory write action. Table 4: Microcode Branch Conditions Test Branch Condition 00 Do not branch 01 Branch always

Conference Session

Alternate Energy

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Khan; Velina Zlatkova; Azeem Mohammed; Adnan Walid

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

+Battery+&p=Q&ts=v2 7. DC motors, Retrieved June 17 2009, from http://www.batteryspace.com/dcmotorhightorquemini12vdcgearmotor50rpmforhobbyprojects.aspx 8. Allied Electronics, Photodiode SLSD-71N300, Retrieved June 17 2009, from http://www.newark.com/jsp/search/results.jsp?N=0&Ntk=gensearch_001&Ntt=lm2917&Ntx=&suggestions=fals e&searchTerm=lm2917&_requestid=175649&isGoback=false&isRedirect=false 9. Avnet, Frequency to voltage converter, Retrieved June 17 2009, from http://www.newark.com/jsp/search/results.jsp?N=0&Ntk=gensearch_001&Ntt=lm2917&Ntx=&suggestions=fals e&searchTerm=lm2917&_requestid=175649&isGoback=false&isRedirect=false10. Gridconnect, Bluetooth USB

Collection

2010 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Qinghai Gao

, pp.1-5 (London, 9-12 Nov.2009).[5] F. Monrose, M. Reiter, and S. Wetzel (1999). Password Hardening Based on Keystroke Dynamics. Proc. of theACM Conference in Computer and Communications Security, pp: 73– 82.[6] F. Monrose, M. Reiter, Q. Li, and S. Wetzel (2001). Cryptographic key generation from voice. Proc. of the IEEESymposium on Security and Privacy.[7] F. Hao, and C. Chan (2002). Private key generation from on-line handwritten signatures. InformationManagement & Computer Security, 10(2): 159–164.[8] B. Chen, and V. Chandran (2007). Biometric Based Cryptographic Key Generation from Faces. Proc. of the 9thBiennial Conference of the Australian Pattern Recognition Society on Digital Image Computing Techniques andApplication, pp: 394

Conference Session

Project-based Education in Energy Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Ieta, State University of New York, Oswego

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

was run at the end of the course (Table 1). The scope was to evaluate the subjectiveperception of the students relative to their understanding of energy-related topics rather than usingcomprehensive tests [9] as physics laws were I fact the real objective of the course. A comparisonbetween their pre-course perception and post-course perception was intended (questions 1 and 2). Also a Page 15.800.7relative self-assessment of their progress in this direction was addressed by question 3. Table 1. Exit survey questions Q 1: On a scale of 1 to 10 how important did you think energy conservation was before taking this

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Qiong Zhang, University of South Florida; Linda Vanasupa, California Polytechnic State University; Julie Zimmerman, Yale University; James Mihelcic, University of South Florida

demonstrate their effectiveness of engaging participants and enablingactive learning.AcknowledgementsThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.DUE-0716599, DUE-0717556, and DUE-0717428. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions orrecommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarilyreflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. NSF/SRS. 2002. Science and Engineering Degrees, by Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1992-2001.2. Mihelcic, J. R., J. C. Crittenden, M. J. Small, D. R. Shonnard, D. R. Hokanson, Q. Zhang, H. Chen, S. A. Sorby,V. U. James, J. W.Sutherland, and J. L. Schnoor. 2003. “Sustainability Science and Engineering: Emergence of aNew

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Praveen Malali, Old Dominion University; Pooja Bais, Old Dominion University; Robert Choate, Western Kentucky University; Sushil Chaturvedi, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

friction factor (f) is given below13:  2 ( PD) D 5 f  (1)  2 Page 15.1288.9 8 L Q In the above equation, the values for volumetric flow rate (Q ) and the pressure drop (PD) areobtained by performing the virtual experiment. The rest of the terms in the expression for (f) areconstants whose values can be obtained from the step-by-step procedure

Conference Session

Learning By Doing in Chemical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Glasgow, Kansas State University; David Soldan, Kansas State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Suppose we write Q ? hAΦT .We plan to exchange heat between the exhaust manifold and the ambient air, and weassume T∞ =100 ″F. Ducting will carry the air from the front of the vehicle to theexchanger. We estimate the available heat transfer surface area at about 1 ft2 (is this Page 15.1018.15reasonable?). We select an arbitrary value for the heat transfer coefficient, say 100Btu/(hr ft2 °F); although this is too large to be realistic, we find Q=(100)(1)(900)=90,000 Btu/hr.This rate of heat transfer corresponds to about 35 hp or 26 kW. If this were realizablewe would not need much of an IC engine at all! However, it is likely

Conference Session

Conceptual Learning

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bill Brooks, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

DONE!!!! U=Q+W Q=0 THEREFORE WE HAVE NO FLOW WORK. Flow work is done the same amount of particles esscap (sic) as are inputed (sic) rlaying (sic) that There is less internal energy if the pressure C there is an increase in velocity which is removed decreases from the temperature of T1 and thus to T2 is less than that of T1Table 5 shows similar data for Group 2. However, the impact of

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debra Mascaro, University of Utah; Stacy Bamberg, University of Utah; Robert Roemer, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

functionality of the differentfourbar classes and inversions. In addition, the design project required the use of fourbars, whichthe students designed and modeled in SolidWorks®. The students assembled critical functionprototypes of their fourbar designs as part of a lab exercise, and then manufactured fourbars on awaterjet cutter for their competition robots. Lastly, two of 28 Excel® problems were related tofourbars: one in which the students analyzed S + L ? P + Q to determine the Grashof condition,and one that applied Excel®’s Solver function to solve for the output angle if the input angle andlink lengths are known.In the old ME 1000, students saw fourbars in one lecture (including synthesis examples), wererequired to use fourbars in the design