Conference Session

Instrumentation and Controls Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuju Wu, Southeast Missouri State University; Ragu Athinarayanan, Southeast Missouri State University; Xiaobing Hou, Southeast Missouri State University; Charlie Wallgren, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

fiber optic network coexist withdata, voice and video traffic. Our preliminary study indicates that our students show much moreinterest in working in such a lab environment. No matter what individual course they are taking,the students can always see a big picture of the network, which shows great resemblance of thereal world Internet and applications. In the meanwhile, more research work, such as the topicsrequire a mixed type network and traffic, can be conducted conveniently.1. IntroductionThe Telecommunications and Computer Networking (TCN) program at Southeast Missouri StateUniversity aims to provide students a balanced education between theory and technical expertise,considering that standard engineering courses focus on the technical

Conference Session

Programs That Serve Industry and Academia

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhili (Jerry) Gao, North Dakota State University; Zhi GE, North Dakota State University; Charles McIntyre, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

instructor-centered to a student-centered teaching philosophy.One of the most important tools for implementing this philosophy is use of innovativetechnology. Gradually, although controversy does exists (some senior faculty members choose tostay with their traditional in-class lecture delivery), web-based online teaching becomes anintegrated part of the program. Research showed that the online teaching is one of mostinteresting teaching methods that is growing rapidly.1, 2, 3Based on the previously noted issues, NDSU has recently launched a fully online M. S. degree inConstruction Management. Meanwhile, some undergraduate courses were selected, as well, foronline lecture delivery in order to best utilize the online teaching resources in conjunction

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty and Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Maloney, California Institute of Technology; Tara Gomez, California Institute of Technology; Jennifer Franck, California Institute of Technology; Pamela Aschbacher, California Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2009-2364: ENHANCING K-12 SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING THROUGHSUSTAINABLE PARTNERSHIPS BETWEEN SCIENTISTS AND TEACHERSJames Maloney, California Institute of TechnologyJennifer Franck, California Institute of TechnologyTara Gomez, California Institute of TechnologyPamela Aschbacher, California Institute of Technology Page 14.569.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Enhancing K-12 Science and Engineering Through Sustainable Partnerships Between Scientists and TeachersOverview, History and MissionThe ______Classroom Connection (XXX) is a science education outreach programbuilding 1-to-1 partnerships between

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Jensen, United States Air Force Academy; Jason Weaver, University of Texas, Austin; Kristin Wood, University of Texas, Austin; Julie Linsey, Texas A&M University; John Wood, United States Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

to measure creativity before and after the students learned touse the CG techniques. Our results show that the implementation of the suite of CG techniquesproduces a increased quantity and innovation in the concepts. Also, the assessment indicates thatexposure to these CG techniques increases creativity when compared to a control group that werenot exposed to the suite of CG techniques.1. IntroductionInnovation and creativity are central to the engineering design process. Numerous versions of the“design process” have been proposed1-4. Two examples are captured below in Figures 1 and 2.Figure 1 shows the process as depicted by Ullman1 and Figure 2 provides a similar descriptionfrom Ulrich2. In both these cases, and in the majority of other

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Salamah Salamah, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Steve Roach, University of Texas, El Paso; Omar Ochoa, University of Texas, El Paso; Veronica Medina, University of Texas, El Paso; Ann Gates, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

languages. The paper presents study that was conducted at two institutionsto compare the new approach with the traditional one in teaching formal specifications. The newapproach uses a model checker and a specification tool to teach Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), aspecification language that is widely used in a variety of verification tools.1 Introduction In software engineering, formal techniques such as software runtime monitoring [5], and modelchecking [3, 8] require formal specifications that are based on mathematics. Formally specifying thebehavior of a software system, however, is a difficult task because it requires mathematical sophis-tication to accurately specify, read, and understand properties written in a formal language

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kyle Lutes, Purdue University; John Springer, Purdue University; Kelly Howard, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

ourselves on the various options available. In this paper, we discusssome of the options that must be considered when choosing a data persistence strategy andpresent the findings of our research of 17 embedded database management system products from11 different vendors. In the paper, we list 20 desirable characteristics common in embeddeddatabase management system products, and summarize their availability in each of the productswe reviewed.IntroductionThe term embedded can be defined as being “inserted as an integral part of a surroundingwhole,”1. A quick Google search of the word “embedded” yields over 76 million results, withInformation Technology (IT) centered applications of the term spanning computing, databases,processors, programming

Conference Session

Design Cognition

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rogelio Cardona, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez; Ted Cruz, University of Puerto Rico; Noraica Davila, University of Puerto Rico; Omar Ferrer, University of Puerto Rico; Alexander Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Ramon Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Willie Gonzalez, University of Puerto Rico; Nelson Mendez, University of Puerto Rico; Damian Torres, University of Puerto Rico; José Vega, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

to three projects ideas which we have coined as“My Guide”, “Smart Recycling System” and the “Turing Desk”. Despite theapparent informality, the team elaborated and carefully followed a work planwhich by the end of this year will lead to deciding one project that additionally tobe subject to realistic constraints, will also meet our own constraints of containingwork for all the areas of the team members. This paper describes the approach, theexperience of the team and the results achieved.The Problem At Hand: Becoming an Effectively Creative EngineerAttempting to define “engineer” as a verb yields a very interesting description:“skillfully or artfully arrange for (an event or situation) to occur”1. What isrefreshing about the description is

Conference Session

Software Engineering Teaching Techniques

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janusz Zalewski, Florida Gulf Coast University; Andrew Kornecki, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Jerzy Nogiec, Fermi National Accelerator Lab

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

. For example, for thedata acquisition system, the task was to use a VMI/VME-4514A analog I/O board andVMI/VME-2532 digital I/O board with the processing on VME Motorola target board runningVxWorks, to use a PT-326 process trainer and accomplish a close-loop proportional control. Thedata acquisition implemented via sample sequencing of operations used for software designpurposes is presented in Fig. 1, as a sequence diagram developed by a student team in a designphase. Figure 1. Sequence Diagram for Data Acquisition and Control Experiment The experiments outlined above, as well as simple team projects, although meeting theirindividual objectives, are not sufficient for comprehensive education of software engineers whowould like to

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Innovation, International Cooperation, and Social Entrepreneurship

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Fry, Baylor University; Gregory Leman, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

technologies on a global scale than at any othertime.These realities have been well-documented by others, so we only note here one outcome– the emergence of a new paradigm for startup-ventures which are “born global 1”.Presutti et al. conclude that born-global ventures represent the final stage of developmentfor serial entrepreneurs and point to the development of a global network as an importantfactor in the readiness of the individual entrepreneur for a successful born-global launch. 2Whether or not a series of ventures is needed to prepare an individual for such a career-capping event, this model can serve as a guiding paradigm as educators design andexecute educational experiences that will accelerate the preparation of graduates for aworld in

Conference Session

Structural Education Methods

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrzej Zarzycki, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Page 14.492.2 generative, didactic or inductive,Figure 1 Simulation and analysis tools as a translation layer between have to occur together since neithergenerative design and B.I.M.one alone is suficient in the facilitation of the creative process. In such a deinition of the design process, a performance simulation component canfunction as a lens, both focusing and validating generative designs. Performance-based simula-tions can function as semi-intelligent, self-optimizing agents that pre-select promising generativescenarios, and then later channel them through a hierarchical portion of the design production.[ig.1] Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Evolutionary

Conference Session

Innovation in Laboratory Studies and Outreach Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Sugg, United States Navy; Bruce Galloway, United States Navy; John Fishell, STEP

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

BRAC and its aftermath, the current NSWC CoronaDivision demographic distribution by age and tenure is displayed in Figure 1. Note the largenumber of young, inexperienced workers as well as the large number of older, experiencedworkers with a large trough in the middle. This illustrates the clear need for a broad basedsystematic approach that nourishes the “Front End” of the engineering pipeline to encourage theavailability of future quality engineering students ready for hire and also addresses the urgentneed to effectively train and advance hired employees to replace an increasingly aging andretiring workforce. Figure 1. Age vs. Tenure DemographicAs a result of the experiences over these many years with obtaining

Conference Session

Design Methodology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yvonne Toft, Central Queensland University; Prue Howard, Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

beach like A. A.Milne’s Old Sailor12, and do nothing but bask until we are saved, but we need to be proactiveand start identifying the ‘learning’ gaps, and start plugging them.The undergraduates also need the opportunity to work in interdisciplinary, or preferably,transdisciplinary teams. If this is done at undergraduate level, it becomes easier to work in thismanner as a graduate.Bibliography 1. Johnstone (2002:30), Johnstone, G. (2002b), Now and then!, ‘InQuest’: The Journal of the Australasian Coroners Society Inc, State Coroner’s Office: Melbourne, 1, 28 – 46 2. Institution of Engineers, Australia (1994), Code of Ethics, Institution of Engineers, Australia: Canberra 3. NOHSC (2000), Work-related fatalities associated with design

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Butsch Michael, FH-Konstanz, Germany

Tagged Divisions

International

during theirstudy abroad term: 1. Keep a Portfolio for each course that contains a collection of each course notes and students’ work (assignments, exams, projects, etc) exhibiting the achievement of certain skills and abilities. They also fill out a “competency matrix” upon completion of the course, to help students reflect on their learning. This matrix features specific outcomes, of which the course may target some, and provides the ME program with students’ perception on where and how these outcomes were achieved. All students are expected to submit this portfolio up on return from a study abroad program directly to the Director of Study Abroad Programs. 2. A

Conference Session

Innovation in the Civil Engineering Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradly McNair, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne; Suleiman Ashur, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

to present the use of the spreadsheet in highway geometricdesign with focus on vertical curves and simple and compound horizontal curves. In addition, acasual assessment of computer skills acquired from this project will be presented. Page 14.647.32) Vertical and Horizontal Curves2.1) Vertical CurvesThe vertical alignment of highways is a very important part of design. Each type of verticalcurve has its own set of rules for the minimum length of the curve and they are as follows: 1. Sight distance 2. Rider comfort; 3. Drainage control; and, 4. General appearance.2.2) Horizontal curvesHorizontal curves are usually segments of

Conference Session

Solar, Wind, and Novel Energy-System Initiatives

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Recayi 'Reg' Pecen; Jill Humston, University of Northern Iowa

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

youngstudents have probably heard the terms solar and wind power and may already have some idea ofwhat that means. Wind energy has become the least expensive renewable energy technology inexistence and has gained the interest of scientists and educators the world over. Specifically inIowa, students may have seen wind energy in action as many wind turbines are present within 50miles from Cedar Falls and Waterloo. Utilizing a mast-mounted anemometer (wind meter) and asimple relationship as shown in Equation 1 that relates the power generated by a wind-turbineand the wind parameters allows the students to directly measure wind speed and to vividly relatethis easily felt force-of-nature to electrical measurements. P = 0.5τA

Conference Session

Preparing and Retaining Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prue Howard, Central Queensland University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

) work placement courses and presents them in an explicit program. Thisexplicit program provides students with due recognition of their professional practice skills. Thisprogram is now integrated with the BEng(Co-op) program to form a dual award program knownas Bachelor of Engineering (Co-op)/Diploma of Professional Practice (BEng(Co-op)/DipProfPrac(Eng)). With the introduction of this dual award, the BEng(Co-op) is no longeroffered as a stand alone program.In 2005 the dual award program was introduced. The new structure is shown in Table 1 below. Table 1. Bachelor of Engineering (Co-op)/Diploma of Professional Practice (Engineering) Program Structure YEAR TERM 1

Conference Session

Learning about Power Systems and Power Consumption

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mike Hay, University of Northern Iowa; Recayi 'Reg' Pecen

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

parameters which affect thelife of fluorescent lamps driven by electronic ballast3. The long-term purpose of fluorescentlighting systems is to find a correlation between lamp life and the duration of the correspondingcycle while controlling inrush current in a reasonable limit 4-7.The efficiency of electric lighting has increased significantly, since 1900. Incandescent lamps atthe time were about 1% efficient based on 4 lumens/W. By 1970, the efficiency of incandescentlamps had risen to 5% (with much of the improvement taking place between 1905 and 1910, dueto the introduction of tungsten filaments)4-5. There was not much improvement after 1930.Fluorescent lamps, introduced in the 1930s, were about 8% efficient in 1940 and 20% efficientby 1970

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Andrew Fox, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

presented in this paper may pave a way to the development of a newtextbook that combines the mechanism design and finite element analysis.A typical senior/mezzanine level Mechanism course would deal with rigid bodykinematic and dynamic analyses of machinery. Commercial CAE software is alsogenerally used to model complex mechanisms, however, after validating with handcalculations the simple mechanism cases. Position synthesis is also introduced in thesyllabus to leave some room for creative design of mechanisms based on functionalrequirements. On the other hand, an introductory finite element analysis (FEA) coursetypically introduces the theory of FEM with simple applications to real world structuralcomponents. Both 1-D and 2-D formulations are

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

engineeringcourses are not based on one curriculum but are composed of many disciplinary subjectswhich form, hopefully, a network of epistemic elements constructed to unify professionalknowledge. In reality, professional engineering courses can be often seen as a collection ofsubjects in search of a unifying objective.Grunert19 distinguishes curricula in terms of style of delivery rather than knowledge contexts.He identifies 5 principle curriculum planning models outlined in table 1. Content-led,Rational and Assessment-led models largely represent a linear view of knowledge. Though,in style, the PBL curriculum model, like the Rational and Assessment-led models, isoutwardly outcome driven, nevertheless like the Fuzzy model it can also construct the non

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Capstone Design Projects

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Josef Rojter, Victoria University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

rates.IndexTerms – Innovative curricula, education research ,teaching and learning INTRODUCTIONThis paper focuses on the introductory materials subject - a two semester subject split intotwo one semester components, which were:• Introductory chemical science; and• Fundamental material science.The inclusion of chemical science into the engineering curriculum was the result of Page 14.466.2recommendations of course accrediting processes. The inclusion of chemical sciences in thecurriculum was far-sighted because it seemed to anticipate recommendationsof the AustralianScience and Technology Council (ASTEC) 1 and the Report into Engineering

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wael Mokhtar, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Page 14.798.3 2The project has three main goals: 1. Expose the students to a hands-on engineering experience in the freshman year. 2. Introduce soft skills such as writing, oral presentation and project management. 3. Introduce the students to critical thinking and engineering problem solving (EPS) techniques.Course objectivesFour objectives were selected to meet the research course goals. The objectives are designed toaddress both technical and communication skills. Technical skills include problem solvingtechniques, project management, and literature survey. Communication skills include technicalwriting, oral presentations

Conference Session

Improving the Teaching Skills of Graduate Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Fox, Drexel University; David Delaine, Drexel University; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

communication and leadership skillsfrom working as an assistant to becoming a full instructor. The case study participantsacknowledge this program as invaluable preparation for an academic career, and several attributeit to reinforcing their desire to be engineering faculty.AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to acknowledge the Drexel University Electrical Engineering Departmentfor supporting a collaborative graduate student/faculty teaching initiative and Drs. AdamFontecchio, Tim Kurzweg, and Edwin Gerber for mentoring graduate students as assistants andheavily influencing their successful growth into instructors.References 1. Montgomery, S., “A Hands-On Course on Teaching Engineering”, American Society for Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engineering and Other Disciplines

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Weese, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

suchcourses. Promising topics for EI courses are likely to span several E/ET departments and maywell draw upon information outside E/ET colleges.Prospects that the Concept of EI Courses Catch HoldFortunately, there are positive indications. Princeton University’s Dr. David Billington’s widelyread book, The Innovators 1, evolved from well-received courses he developed for engineeringmajors and non-majors. The preface of this book is, in itself, a lesson on how such material isassembled and the amount of effort involved. A few years ago Dr. Billington presented aplenary session at an ASEE annual conference to a standing-room-only audience. With his son,David P. Billington, Jr., they have published a second excellent book, Power, Speed, and Form2.Duke

Conference Session

Writing Is Fundamental

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Murali Krishnamurthi, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

a new technique, and it has beenin use for a long time, especially in K-12 and special education environments2. Scaffolding is aproblem-based learning technique, which is often used to teach students to solve ill-structuredproblems in a cooperative learning manner8.According to McKenzie11, instructional scaffolding involves eight characteristics:1. Provides clear directions to students on what they should do and reduces their confusion.2. Clarifies the purpose of what students are asked do and why it is important.3. Provides structure and keeps students on task so that they do not wander off from the task.4. Clarifies expectations by providing quality examples of work as references.5. Directs students to available resources which they can

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Yeary, University of Oklahoma; Tian-you YU, University of Oklahoma; Robert Palmer, University of Oklahoma; James Sluss, University of Oklahoma; Guifu Zhang, University of Oklahoma; Phil Chilson, University of Oklahoma; Mike Biggerstaff, University of Oklahoma

, and interpreting its meteorological and scientific significance. Inaddition, programs for middle school teachers have been generated for the purpose of increasingtheir students’ interest in science and engineering prior to entering college. The principalinvestigators have partnered with a major statewide climatology office for five summers to adaptand implement project materials directly to middle school teachers via its EarthStorm outreachprogram. This experience and the team’s growing community of scholars will be combined tooffer a comprehensive national workshop in the April of 2009.There are several special features in this research-oriented teaching program, including: (1) itinvolves partners from several universities and government

Conference Session

OMCED Topics

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manhar Dhanak, Florida Atlantic University; Ronald Yeung, University of California, Berkeley; Spyros Kinnas, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

participation in the program.The focus of the Florida Atlantic University NNRNE Consortium was chosen to be hull designand shipboard automation for future ‘mission effective’ Navy support ships that would becategorized as fast, responsive and automated. Principal thrust of the program has been educationand training of students who will make up the next generation of ocean engineers and foster thedevelopment of novel uninhibited ideas. Over the duration of the program, ship systems specificto development of the SeaBasing concept and associated technologies were considered. Theemphasized areas have been (1) seakeeping, (2) dynamic stability, (3) drag reduction andpropulsion, and (4) shipboard automation and control. The goal of the program is

Conference Session

New Trends in Graduate Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Heffner, Lehigh University; Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University; Steve Martin, Iowa State University; Kathleen Richardson, Clemson University; Eric Skaar, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

Page 14.890.3specialized graduate courses. Technology and infrastructure exist to communicate anddisseminate information. The students like the diversity of subject material, top experts asinstructors, and the fact that the course encourages team interaction and building a network ofcolleagues across multiple universities, some being international.1. BackgroundGlass science and engineering has been taught as a discipline of engineering for centuries,although only at very few universities. With increasing interest in more modern amorphousmaterials, many universities in the US hired faculty to teach glass in the late 20th century, whilethe traditional centers of glass education diversified into other materials. So even though the totalnumber of

Conference Session

Innovation in Laboratory Studies and Outreach Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georgia Harris, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Elizabeth Gentry, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

articles to the measurement community,hosting science-fair like events at measurement conferences, developing additional resources andtools for outreach to schools, inviting local professors and students to measurement conferencesand regional meetings, and visiting universities.Metrology Ambassador GuidanceIn 2008 NCSLI began the development of a Metrology Ambassador program for outreach to K –12 students and early university students. The organization wrote a series of articles in itsnewsletter to tell people 1) How You can be a Metrology Ambassador to give them ideas aboutmaking contact with teachers 2) Interviews with Metrology Ambassadors to give them an idea ofwhat some key people have been doing (six members were interviewed) and 3

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

well as science (usually physics and/or chemistry) applications, and contemporary problems.Background – Eye SpeculumThe eye speculum holds the eyelids open and restrains the eye lashes during various Page 14.1006.3ophthalmologic procedures. It is used for all ages and many applications. An eye speculumconsists of three major components: blades, arms/frame, and a pivot mechanism as shown in Table 1: Learning Outcomes and Criteria ABET Student Learning Outcomes Performance Criterion

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Bahr, Washington State University

span ofone week. There are two topics covered each day, with small group activities after each lecture,such as identifying resources on a specific research topic, separating popular sources from peerreviewed literature, writing a 1-page essay surveying faculty research opportunities, or carryingout a “Rube Goldberg-esque” task to develop lab notebook skills. A team of five faculty and twostaff members act as instructors for the course; the staff include a full time librarian and amember of the Washington State Research Foundation’s Technology Transfer unit. Each topic,listed below, began with a short lecture, and then breaks for active learning activities. An activelearning activity consisted of a short group or individual homework assignment