Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Student Learning through Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Per Henrik Borgstrom, University of California, Los Angeles; William J. Kaiser, University of California, Los Angeles; Gregory Chung, University of California, Los Angeles; Zachary Nelson, National Instruments; Manda Paul, University of California, Los Angeles; Stoytcho Marinov Stoytchev; Jackson Tek Kon Ding, Marvell Technology Group, Ltd.

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

fits easily inside a 9 3/8 x 8 x 6 7/8 -inchcarrying case.The objective of this system is to enable end-to-end student implementation of a variety ofcontrol systems. This includes physical assembly, implementation of electromechanical systems,sophisticated system identification, design of control algorithms, and experimental verification.This system was adopted by the UCLA Electrical Engineering Introduction to Feedback Controlscourse in the winter 2011 quarter. This initial adoption consisted of 140 students sharing 50SEAL platforms. Page 25.1143.2 Figure 1: The SEAL inverted pendulum system, consisting of a LEGO car, electronic systems

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Non-science College Student

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert M. Brooks, Temple University; Jyothsna Kavuturu; Mehmet Cetin, Temple University

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

often demands effective use of and making informed decisions aboutscientific issues. This paper focuses on developing a strategy for providing non-science majorswith a basic level of scientific knowledge for successfully dealing with real world technologicalissues.“The Environment” course was taught in Fall 2007 to non-science majors as a science corerequirement using the traditional lecture method. This was the control group. An experimentalgroup was taught in spring 2010 using four indices: (1) learning from three Hands On and MindsOn labs, (2) using Closer Looks, (3) case studies, and (4) development of critical thinkingabilities. The method of selecting these indices is explained in the paper.The average grade of the control group was 64

Conference Session

Current Issues in Construction Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Suat Gunhan, University of Texas, San Antonio; Yilmaz Hatipkarasulu, University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Construction

cultural issues”1. This statement is especiallytrue since the demand for sustainable projects is growing, and owners expect more services fromconstruction companies in respect to green projects.In 2007, Engineering News Record Magazine initiated the publication of the top greencontractors. The top 50 green contractors' revenue generated from registered green projectsconstituted 15.3% of their total construction revenue in 2006 2. The following year, the list was Page 25.1145.2extended to the top 100 firms and the revenue generated from the registered projects constituted20.1% of their total construction revenue 3. Despite the tumbling market

Conference Session

Research Informing Teaching Practice I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Noah Salzman, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Russell Andrew Long, Purdue University; Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

                Page 25.1146.2 Introduction Grades, how they are earned, and the institutional impetuses that drive them, are an issueof central importance in the engineering discipline.1-4 How grades are earned, how differentinstitutions address grades and grade inequities, how instructional practices and policies affectgrades, and other grading notions have been studied widely in engineering education.5-8 Theeffect of faculty on student grades, while studied,9 has not been probed as extensively withinengineering education using a hierarchical linear model (HLM). One of the great, open questions in engineering education is whether or not the sectionmakes a difference in a student’s grade. In other words, the effect of sectionality on grades to

Conference Session

Relevance of and Models for Community Engagement in Engineering Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karinna M. Vernaza, Gannon University; Theresa M. Vitolo, Gannon University; Barry J. Brinkman, Gannon University; Scott Steinbrink, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Computer Science (SEECS) program initiated itsfirst cohort of 20 students in fall 2009. Funded through an NSF S-STEM grant, theinterdisciplinary, multi-year, mixed academic-level offering awarded scholarships to studentsbased on academic merit and financial need. SEECS is an opportunity for students in the majorsof computer science, electrical and computer engineering, environmental engineering,information systems, mechanical engineering, and software engineering at Gannon University,Erie, PA, in the School of Engineering and Computer Science. The goals of the scholarshipprogram are (1) to increase the number of academically talented, but financially disadvantagedstudents in the stated majors, (2) to assist students to be successful in their

Conference Session

Adaptive and Supportive Learning Environments

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Robert Dickson, University of Strathclyde

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering, Minorities in Engineering

theory1 was devised by Meredith Belbin to measure the performanceof groups and identify common Team Roles; from studying over 200 teams at HenleyManagement College, UK, he observed individuals appeared to demonstrate a set ofcharacteristics consistently in a group exercise.Belbin asserts that the team roles are not equivalent to personality types, and that unlikepsychometric tests used to sort people into personality traits, the Belbin Self PerceptionInventory (SPI) scores people on how strongly they demonstrate behavioural traits commonlydisplayed in team roles. (See Table 1) A person may and often exhibits strong tendenciestowards multiple roles and typically two of these roles will feature strongly, a “primary” and“secondary” role. Equally

Conference Session

Future Directions of Continuing Professional Development

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gonca Altuger-Genc, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

, commission) rewards.”1 Self directed learning can strengthen one’sposition within the organization as well as the attractiveness in the industry among otherorganizations. The increased importance of lifelong learning in industry triggered academia todevelop and offer skills and tools to their students for them to become successful lifelonglearners. That is, the ability to continue learning without the direct interaction with an educator.Supporting lifelong learning requires a shift in educator’s position from offering continuingeducation courses to engaging in lifelong learning.2 As the industry gear towards to the concept Page 25.1149.2of employees

Conference Session

Student Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Jane Kilpatrick, Iron Range Engineering; Emmy Sue Stage, Iron Range Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Student

creates a personal accountability and responsibly for how students act and how theyconduct themselves. Iron Range Engineering (IRE) is an engineering program through Mankato StateUniversity located in Virginia Minnesota. IRE is a 100% project based learning program. IREtook its first generation of students for enrollment in the spring of 2010. This is a two-year upperlevel engineering program where students transfer from a two-year community college and enterIRE as juniors.1 IRE students take part in a different style of learning than traditional students.This new style of learning is known as immersive learning (iLRN). iLRN is a model in whichstudents are surrounded by engineering in all aspects of their education. The students

Conference Session

Broadening Participation

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Wade H. Goodridge, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

andmonitoring/fix-up strategies. The analysis of the design journals confirmed that high-performingstudents outperformed the low-performers. The findings from design journals also revealed thatfemale students had a good awareness in understanding task demand, executing plans andmonitoring and regulating their strategies. In addition, limitations and suggestions for furtherwork on this study will also be discussed.1. IntroductionA report published by The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Page 25.1151.2and Institute of Medicine entitled Rising Above the Gathering Storm: Energizing and EmployingAmerica for a Brighter Economic

Conference Session

Design Potpourri

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bethany M. Miller, John Brown University; Will C. Holmes, John Brown University; Kevin Hunter Macfarlan, John Brown University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

demonstrates how participation in the Lunabot project helps meet thedesired learning outcomes for senior design and evaluates the student learning involved in thisteam design competition. Formal assessments of ABET linked student learning outcomes showthat the students in this competition demonstrate about the same level of proficiency as studentsin industry sponsored projects.IntroductionAs indicated by a recent PRISM article, competitions are a popular source for universityengineering student projects.1 In 2005, Wankat identified forty four such competitions2 and thenumber has certainly grown since then. Some of the best known competitions are sponsored bySAE with their Baja SAE®,3 Aero Design®,4 and Supermileage®5 competitions. Racing solarcars in

Conference Session

Green Renewable Energy and Engineering Technology

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao Li, Florida A&M University; Antonio Jose Soares P.E., Florida A&M University and Florida State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

havebecome a significant player in industry as well as among hobbyists. Its popular 8 bitmicrocontroller providing embedded control solutions have been incorporated into manyproducts globally.PIC MicrocontrollerIn 1989, Microchip Technology Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the PIC,which stands for Peripheral Interface Controller. The microcontroller had small amounts of dataRAM, a few hundred bytes of on-chip ROM for the program, one timer, and a few pins for I/Oports, all on a single chip with only 8 pins. It is amazing that a company that began with such ahumble product became one of the leading suppliers of 8-bit microcontrollers in less than adecade. [1] Now Microchip is the number one supplier of 8-bit microcontrollers in

Conference Session

Sustainable Product Development and Manufacturing

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rex C. Kanu, Ball State University; Tyler Steven Steward, Ball State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

aspects of the cooling process in injection molding including therole of the thermal diffusivities of the materials being processed. These studies have examinedthe role of thermal diffusivity by incorporating it into equations for estimating cooling times.Thermal diffusivity measures how fast thermal energy travels through materials and thus affectsthe rate of thermal energy (heat transfer) removal during the cooling process. It appearsthat the thermal diffusivity of a plastic plays a crucial role in the cooling process given that theratio of the thermal diffusivities of the materials generally involved in the cooling process,plastics, coolant (water), and steel is 1:1.6:50 (plastics:water:steel). This implies that thermaldiffusivity of plastics

Conference Session

General Topics in Graduate Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Basha, University of the Pacific; Luke S. Lee, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

analysis and a qualitative analysis. The paper concludes with some ideas for bestpractices and future structures of project-based, multidisciplinary courses.Environment and Course StructureThe University of the Pacific School of Engineering and Computer Science provides threedifferent concentrations within the Master of Science in Engineering Science degree: (1) Civil,(2) Mechanical, and (3) Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Computer Science(ECPE/CS). Each concentration requires a number of discipline-specific courses along with anadvanced math course and an engineering breadth course outside of their concentration, whilethe existing undergraduate curriculum allows for approximately 2 courses each semester withineach

Conference Session

Capstone Design and Innovations in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven F. Barrett, University of Wyoming; Scott A. Morton, University of Wyoming; Jeffrey R. Anderson, University of Wyoming; Sandra Root-Elledge, University of Wyoming; Cameron H. G. Wright P.E., University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

by Eyler and Giles is provided followed by adescription of the program developed to link senior capstone design projects with the needs ofthe assistive technology community. A review of recently completed projects is then provided.The paper concludes with a discussion of benefits to all participants: the AT community, seniordesign students and engineering programs.BackgroundService learning as defined by the National Service-Learning Clearing House “is a teaching andlearning strategy that integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection toenrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities.”1 Whileservice learning programs may be quite diverse and employ students from a wide variety

Conference Session

Lessons Learned through Community Engagement of Engineering Students

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel W. Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

skills, first-year engineering project-based learning (PBL) courses have reported increased gains inknowledge across genders and effectiveness in improving students’ self efficacy and confidencein using the engineering design process.1–4Related research suggests that incorporating service-learning into existing engineering curriculaincreases student learning. In a service context, the needs of the community define the design Page 25.1157.2tasks and provide students with a sense responsibility for being members of a larger community.5Often combined with project-based learning in engineering to form project-based service-learning (PBSL), studies

Conference Session

Expanding Access and Opportunities for M/30

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela R. Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

(publicpolicy 22, social science 23, humanities 24). Outcomes with the greatest divergence between thethree majors were: mechanics, natural science, contemporary issues, math, and sustainability.These differences are also reflected in the predominance of these topics in the curriculum at CU.Items with the greatest differences of opinion within architectural engineering majors based onstandard deviation were: math, attitudes, material sciences, and mechanics; or based on thedifference between the maximum and minimum rankings were: sustainability, science, andexperiments (ranked by some as high as 1 and others as low as 24). Among civil engineeringstudents the greatest differences of opinion were for the outcomes breadth, lifelong learning,experiments

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

throughparticipation in the Family STEM Night. Upon performing a paired t-test on each sample, ES1(p < 0.05, 28 df), ES2 (p < 0.5, 17 df) and MS1 (p < 0.05, 18 df) data were significant forincreases in science and engineering likeability. MS1 also showed significant gains in mathlikeability: a very positive result for this age group.1 While only a pilot study, these results arepositive indicators that hands-on activities are helpful in improving awareness and likeability ofSTEM disciplines, which can lead to a more pleasurable learning experience.Given the positive results of the pilot study and upon observing the students’ success in grasping Page

Conference Session

Learning and Assessment I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David B. Benson, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Forexample, a phase diagram for the concept of conservation principles published for ClemsonUniversity (Leonard, 1998) indicates that students will be exposed to the concept (Level 1) intheir Sophomore year and then brought to Level 2 by the end of that year. In addition to large-scale curriculum methods, there are also a number of focusedapproaches to examining learning which attend to the cyclical and scaffolded structure oflearning. These approaches are primarily focused on the cognitive processing involved indeveloping individual concepts and have received considerable attention in K-12 education. Onemodel of interest to this research is the concept of a learning progression

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nick J. Surface, University of Kansas; Bryan Anthony Strecker, University of Kansas; Jonathan M. S. Mattson, University of Kansas; Christopher D. Depcik

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

”. It is a centrally planned and controlledsystem with relatively little flexibility to fluctuations in energy demand. As the nation and theeconomy becomes increasingly digital, energy demand is growing rapidly. For example, it isestimated that by 2015 around 60% of the total electrical load will be from chip technologies andautomated manufacturing versus 10% of the total in the 1990s 1. While the automotive industry is presently dependent on petroleum sources, the growingpresence of Plug-in Hybrid Electric (PHEV) and Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) will begin toact as a stress upon the electrical grid by drawing resources during times of peak energy demand.A study from Oak Ridge National Laboratory finds that charging vehicles during off

Conference Session

Innovative Uses of Technology and Techniques for Laboratory Exercises

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ghassan T. Ibrahim, Bloomsburg University; Aaron J. Homiak, Geisinger Health System; Alexander Hallden-Abberton, Bloomsburg University; John R. Pulaski

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

theproject industrial like technical and economic constraints were imposed. Such constraintsrequired a thorough resource and literature survey, followed by brain storming sessions to decideon the appropriate design approach during each stage of the project development. A closesupervision and guidance by the advisor was warranted for the students to successfully achievetheir goals.Learning ObjectivesThe specific objectives were for the students to:1. Engage in a creative electronics engineering system design to develop and implement a working product.2. Demonstrate the ability to extend their learning beyond the class room knowledge specifically in state of art technology.3. Demonstrate the ability to think critically, reason and judge on the

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ahmed Mohamed, Florida International University; Osama A. Mohammed, Florida International University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

DC distribution, renewable energy systems, and electrical power systems. Address: Energy Systems Research Labora- tory, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 W Flagler Street, Room EC-3925, Miami, Florida 33174, USA. Telephone: +1 305-348-6194; Cell +1 786-975-4524.Dr. Osama A. Mohammed, Florida International University Osama A. Mohammed received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Virginia Poly- technic Institute and State University. He has many years of teaching, curriculum development, research, and industrial consulting experience. He authored and co-authored more than 300 technical papers

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew W. Ohland, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Misty L. Loughry, Georgia Southern University; Richard A. Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Hal R. Pomeranz, Deer Run Associates; Wendy L. Bedwell, University of Central Florida, Institute for Simulation and Training; Rebecca Lyons, University of Central Florida, Institute for Simulation and Training; Daniel Michael Ferguson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kyle Heyne, University of Central Florida; Tripp Driskell, University of Central Florida; David J. Woehr, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Dec 200 Oct. 2005 2011 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Page 25.1164.3 Years since  software was releasedPage |1 Wednesday, July 13, 2011 NSF CCLI Phase 3 Grant 0817403, SMARTER Teamwork: System for Management, Assessment, Research, Training, Education, and Remediation for

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Projects and Applications

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonio Francisco Mondragon, Rochester Institute of Technology; Adriana Becker-Gomez, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

analog and digital integrated circuit implementation of communications systems, and system-on-a-chip methodologies.Dr. Adriana Becker-Gomez, Rochester Institute of Technology Page 25.1165.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 So Many Educational Microcontroller Platforms, so Little Time!1 IntroductionSince embedded systems are ubiquitous, we should expose engineering technology students at anearly stage in their program with tools that will lead them to ideation, innovation, energyawareness, and problem solving skills, which will enable them to become part of a verycompetitive

Conference Session

Software Engineering Curricula

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

A. Frank Ackerman, Montana Tech of the University of Montana; Sushil Acharya, Robert Morris University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

programs. Our auxiliary survey was sent to U.S. engineeringinstitutions to get some idea about how software engineering programs compared with those inestablished engineering disciplines of Civil, Electrical, and Mechanical Engineering. Summariesof our findings can be found in the last two sections of our paper.1. IntroductionThe debate over whether or not “software engineering” is a legitimate branch of engineering hasbeen going on since the term first appeared in the professional literature in1968 [1,2]. Naturally, aswith any new concept, the debate begins with confusion over just what the term refers to. Forstarters, “software” has several meanings [3]. In this paper we use this term to refer to a computerprogram product. Such a product must

Conference Session

FPD V: Increasing Engagement and Motivation of First-year Students

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Isaac W. Wait, Marshall University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

entries, andhave found a high level of reliability9.Following the Decision Worksheet and first Journal Entry, “Active Learning Modules” aresequenced to introduce skill items, fundamental principles, and key concepts that students canuse to further improve their response to the Driving Question that was introduced in the DecisionWorksheet (see Figure 1). In the case of the driving question, “How many tons of soil do youneed to build a 100-ft long section of levee?”, active learning modules could include Page 25.1167.3demonstrations or experiments that teach students principles of material density, soilcomposition, and compaction. The series of

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences with Thermal and Chemical Systems and Sensors

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hosni I. Abu-Mulaweh, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Solar Water Heating System Experimental Apparatus Department of Mechanical Engineering King Faisal University Al-Ahasa 31982, Saudi ArabiaAbstract This paper describes the design and development of an experimental apparatus fordemonstrating solar water heating. This solar heating experimental apparatus was designed tomeet several requirements: 1) the system is to operate using the thermosiphon concept, in whichflow through the system is created by density differences in the fluid; 2) to increase the solarenergy absorbed by the water and improve the educational value of the project, the solarcollector must have the ability to rotate in order to

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part I

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Whalin P.E., Jackson State University; Qing Pang, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

pipeline challenge [1] and revises the solution based on another year’s data whichfurther validates the approach proposed. The solution proposed was revised based on three yearsof summer bridge program data to minimize the cost for solving this national challenge. The previous solution drew from the population of high school graduates with Math ACTscores from 17 to 25 inclusive. We have modified the approach to only use the population ofhigh school graduates with Math ACT scores from 20-25 inclusive; eliminating the 17/18/19ACT score group because, after three years of performance data from the summer engineeringenhancement (bridge) program for first time freshmen, it was demonstrated that the first andsecond year retention rate for

Conference Session

Spacecraft Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael A. Swartwout, Saint Louis University; Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

appears to be an ideal platformfor improving space systems education. As will be discussed in the paper, this approach hadbenefits associated with real-world experience and student motivation, but also broughtsignificant drawbacks when the launch schedule slipped by nine months.1 IntroductionModern aerospace systems can be quite complex, with hundreds or thousands of electrical,mechanical and chemical elements working together to achieve a challenging objective. In fact,these systems are complex because of their challenging objectives: aircraft and spacecraft musttransport people, cargo and time-sensitive data through extreme environments and do so withvery high reliability. Simple solutions are often insufficient, and yet the complex

Conference Session

High School Students Thinking and Performance

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin L. Brudigam, Lake Travis High School; Richard H. Crawford, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

development of spatialability.1. Introduction Change is inevitable, and the world today is changing at a far quicker rate than everbefore. Many of the jobs that existed 25 years ago are becoming obsolete due to numerousimprovements and developments in technology. As secondary educators attempt to preparestudents for the future, it is vital to understand that the future is unknown and ever changing.According to Jukes and McClain1, “we must recognize that the current education system hasbeen set up to prepare students perfectly for a world that no longer exists.” As education in theUnited States is in the process of great transformation, educators and policy makers have the taskof determining the components and skills that are essential in

Conference Session

Spatial Visualization

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheryl A. Sorby, Ohio State University; Norma L. Veurink, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

. In examining the additional data for 2010 and2011, it appears that the improvement might have “leveled off” somewhat. Table 1 includes the averagescores of students from 2006 through 2011. It is apparent from examination of the data in Table 1 thatthe trend for increasing scores may have stabilized. Further, it is assumed that if indeed the scores forstudents changed over time that they changed for all students—domestic, minority, and international— Page 25.1172.3equivalently. Table 1. Average PSVT:R Scores for all students 2006-2011Year Number of PSVT:R Scores