Conference Session

Engineering Workforce Track - Session VI

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Lesley M. Berhan, University of Toledo; Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Topics

Engineering Workforce

. Students also reported that they enjoyed what they werelearning, working in groups, networking, and gaining computing knowledge. Some studentsnoted experiences that distinguished them from engineering students as being the mostrewarding. These are quoted below; “The amount of skills I have gained that put me above engineering students.” “The massive amount of hands on experience and background knowledge I have learned or know over that of a regular engineering student.”In response to the question “What has been the most challenging aspect of your educationalexperience” many students cited specific subjects such as chemistry or mathematics courses andthe transition from high school to college. Several students noted that the most

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley A. Striebig, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

earth systems engineering course. This paper employs a mixed-methods assessment of the course that includes seven placed-based learning assessments,examples of student work, and a summary of student perceptions of the course.The systems engineering course during their fourth year of study. Students entering their fourthyear have typically completed courses in statics and dynamics, fluid dynamics, thermodynamics,materials, and instrumentation. This is the first exposure to systems engineering for students inthe general engineering program. The following description summarizes the course andrequirements:This course focuses on the concepts of systems thinking and analysis for complex engineeredsystems. Students will develop basic knowledge and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcos Esterman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Dorin Patru, Rochester Institute of Technology; Vincent Amuso, Rochester Institute of Technology; Edward Hensel, Rochester Institute of Technology; Mark Smith, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

in 2002, the program has grown from a small piloteffort into a college-wide initiative involving four departments and almost 400 students annually.In addition to the three original departments, Computer Engineering joined the program in 2004,although the department continues to offer a discipline-specific capstone course sequence.Students from other colleges at RIT are encouraged to participate in MSD and have done sosporadically (especially from Business and Industrial Design), but broader participation remainsa long term goal deserving greater attention. Components of the current MSD program include atwo-quarter course sequence entitled “Multidisciplinary Senior Design (MSD) I&II,” whichconstitutes the “design-build” core of the

Conference Session

Beyond Individual Ethics: Engineering in Context

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Sacks, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

this path were heavily on thepublic’s mind.Chinatown is a film noir genre detective story seen from the viewpoint of a hard-boiled, sardonicprivate investigator, J.J. (Jake) Gittes (Jack Nicholson) who learns “to see” only after failing toperceive and comprehend the world he investigates and inhabits.5 This failure leads to disastrousconsequences. What we as an audience come to know is learned only as Gittes slowly butinexorably learns, in what Eaton has called a “gnostic initiation,” a “rite de passage.”6 Weeventually come to understand that Jake is blind like Oedipus, and as Oedipus is the source of theplague in Thebes, Jake is the source of disaster in Los Angeles and its Chinatown.7Jake is an honorable man determined not to take unfair

Conference Session

Successful K-12 Programs for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Regina Middleton, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Shelly Perdomo, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

accounting for this success? What are someof the challenges that we continue to face? This paper will discuss accomplishments andchallenges faced by institutions seeking to outreach to underrepresented constituencies.IntroductionThe under representation of women in the field of engineering is not a new phenomenon toresearch. The imbalance of men and women appears most dramatically in computer science,information technology and engineering [1]. In the case of Massachusetts, “with respect togender, the state reflects the national trends with 58% of young adults in college comprised ofwomen. However, on a national scale only 12% of students choosing to major in computerscience/IT were women, while in the state of Massachusetts this was 9%” [2]. “In

Conference Session

Attracting Young Minds: Part II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ryan Smith, North Carolina State University; Karen Hollebrands, North Carolina State University; Elizabeth Parry, North Carolina State University; Althea Smith, North Carolina State University; Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Lynn Albers, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

(Committee on Prospering in the Global Economy of the 21st Century, 20072). Thegoal of the RAMP-UP (Recognizing Accelerated Math Potential in Underrepresented People)program at North Carolina State University (NCSU) is to increase the number and diversity ofstudents who enroll and succeed in higher-level mathematics courses. To achieve this goal, theRAMP-UP project places NCSU graduate engineering and undergraduate engineering and matheducation students, and mathematics and computer science students from Shaw University (ahistorically black university) in local public schools. The placement of these university students(fellows) serves two purposes. One purpose is to enrich the learning experience of K-12 studentsby serving as role models and mentors

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship Education: Crossdisciplinary Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Green, University of Maryland; Judy Frels, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Services. Frels received a Bachelor of Arts in Computer Science, a Masters in Business Administration and a Ph.D. in Marketing all from the University of Texas at Austin. Prior to obtaining her Ph.D., she spent ten years developing operating systems and compilers, as well as managing and marketing other software and hardware products Page 14.6.6 both at IBM and at smaller firms. She has consulted with several firms including W. R. Grace, Microstrategy, SAIC, Black and Decker, Imation, Bay Networks, and Input- Output, Inc.≠ Craig Janik, Innovative Product Design & Development. Mr. Janik, Founder and CEO of

Conference Session

Case Studies and Engineering Education Around the Globe

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Kelly, Dublin Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

Page 14.317.2Ireland to change fundamentally. Mass participation rates (in excess of 55% ofschool-leaving cohort), increased diversity of student intake – particularly withgreater numbers of mature students, improved information computer technology andradically changing demands of industry means that engineering colleges in particularare challenged to respond effectively. In Europe the public purse funds a far higherproportion of the costs of higher education than in most other parts of the world. Thisis now changing somewhat with increased demands from governments in Europe foruniversities to become more businesslike/corporate or entrepreneurial and so moreself sufficient. 1988 1997 2004

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zhang, Zhejiang University; Yuexin Jiang, Zhejiang University; Xiaofeng Tang, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Making students in colleges and universities behave like entrepreneurs and equippedLiu (2008) themselves with the knowledge, skills and personalities needed for their future careersBae et al. (2014) Developing entrepreneurial attitudes and skills Increasing motivation for under-resourced groups to complete formal education,Tingey L, et al. (2016) promoting vocational and social skills, and enabling youth to contribute to their community’s economic development In this paper, we argue that entrepreneurship education is an “action-induced learning model”that seeks to cultivate entrepreneurial thinking. That is, the essence and primary objective

Conference Session

Design Methodologies 1

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Henry David Banks, James Madison University; Alexander R. Murphy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Matt Robert Bohm, Florida Polytechnic University; Julie S. Linsey, Georgia Institute of Technology; Robert L. Nagel, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

design interventions commonly used to teach design influence stu- dent learning. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2020 A Longitudinal Exploration of Students’ Functional Modeling AbilitiesAbstractTeaching function is often regarded as an important practice to foster systems thinking skills inengineering students. The specifics of how function encourages systems thinking habits andimproves design abilities, however, are not well understood. An instrument and accompanyingscoring rubrics referred to as ‘Funskill’ have been developed and validated throughout previousresearch in an effort to gauge students understanding of, and ability to apply functional thinking.In this research, longitudinal data

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division: Capstone Design Practices

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Giselle Guanes Melgarejo, Ohio State University; Genevieve Thanh; Emily Dringenberg, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Dr. Dringenberg is also interested in neuroscience, growth mindset, engi- neering ethics, and race and gender in engineering. In general, she is always excited to learn new things and work with motivated individuals from diverse backgrounds to improve the experiences of people at any level in engineering education. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2019 Engineering Students’ Beliefs about Decision Making in Capstone Design: A Revised Framework for Types of Informal ReasoningAbstractEngineers engage in design, and design requires decision making. Whether picking a color for aspoon designed to aid a person with physical challenges or choosing the material for the blade ofa turbine

Conference Session

Research on Diversification, Inclusion, and Empathy I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren D. Thomas, University of Washington; Danielle L. Watt, Center for Chemistry at the Space Time Limit (CaSTL Center); Kelly J. Cross, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Jeremy Alexis Magruder, University of Florida; Chanel Renee Easley, Techbridge; Yael-Alexandra Jackie Monereau, University of Tampa; Makita R. Phillips; Arielle M. Benjamin

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

Chemistry and experience in STEM Education and Outreach.Miss Yael-Alexandra Jackie Monereau, University of Tampa Yael-Alexandra J. Monereau was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her educational and professional back- ground includes Construction Management and Mechanical Engineering; she is presently pursuing her Masters in Instructional Design and Technology. Since 2008, she has been actively researching Augmented, Mixed, and Virtual Reality. Additional re- search interests include reality, construction, energy, user-computer interface, and virtual augmentation. Presently, with Elyape, LLC., an educational consulting company, which specializes in infancy starts-up, with a higher priority given to local non-profits, she

Conference Session

Expanding the Perspectives of Underrepresentation in Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luis Leyva, Vanderbilt University; Jacob Massa, Rutgers University; Dan Battey, Rutgers University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Institute of Chemical Engineers Annual Meeting. Jacob holds professional experience as a Teaching Assistant for introductory chemistry labs and peer mentor for various calculus courses at Rutgers University.Dan Battey, Rutgers University Dan Battey is an Associate Professor in Elementary Mathematics Education in the Graduate School of Education at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. He was previously faculty at Arizona State University and a postdoctoral fellow at UCLA in the Center for Teaching and Learning, Diversity in Mathematics Education (DiME). His work centers on engaging teachers in opportunities to learn within and from their practice in a way that sustains and generates change as well as challenges

Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Sadraey, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), and a member of American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).Prof. Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College Nick Bertozzi is a Professor of Engineering at Daniel Webster College (DWC) and Dean of the School of Engineering and Computer Science (SECS). His major interest over the past 18 years has been the concurrent engineering design process, an interest that was fanned into flame by attending an NSF faculty development workshop in 1996 led by Ron Barr and Davor Juricic. Nick has a particular interest in help- ing engineering students develop good communications skills and has made this a SECS priority. Over the past ten years he and other engineering and

Conference Session

Infusing Engineering with Art (and Vice Versa)

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Findley, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; John A. Mirth, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

comments are more easily evaluated interms of the broader context.The course evaluations were open-ended questions that did not specifically ask students tocomment on the course objectives or outcomes. Even without prompting, the student commentslisted below provide evidence of students realizing the overarching course outcome. • “I felt like Art of Engineering truly tied in concepts of art and engineering and their interplay. .. The span and depth of material is both varied and excellent and it truly made me question everything and learn how to think outside of the box… I've never taken a Humanities class as evoking in thought and as poignant as Art of Engineering.” • “I was forced to think about engineering and art constantly. I

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samson Pepe Goodrich, East Carolina University; Teresa Ryan, East Carolina University; Colleen Janeiro, East Carolina University; Patrick F. O'Malley, Benedictine College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

can reduce both the number of and onerous nature of contending with academicintegrity violations while promoting highly ethical behavior instead of simply turning a blindeye.MethodThis section describes the study populations across the years, the survey instrument, and theinstitutions that participated in each year of the study. The East Carolina University InstitutionalReview Board approved the study protocol per local, state, and federal requirements. Theinstrument was administered through the survey platform Qualtrics through East CarolinaUniversity computing resources. The study recruited participants through email, announcementsduring faculty department meetings, and announcements from faculty to students in relevantcourses. The

Conference Session

Busting a Career Move? When and Why or Why Not?

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Jenna P. Carpenter, Campbell University; Cindy Waters, Naval Surface Warfare Center; Beena Sukumaran, Rowan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Paper ID #31478Panel: Busting a Career Move? When and Why or Why Not?Dr. Adrienne R. Minerick, Michigan Technological University Adrienne Minerick is Dean of the College of Computing at Michigan Tech. She received her M.S. and Ph.D. from the University of Notre Dame and B.S. from Michigan Tech. Adrienne is a fellow of ASEE, fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), former President of the AES Electrophoresis Society, and a Michigan Professor of the Year Nominee, which illustrate her dual passion for research and education’s impact on individuals and societal advances. Adrienne’s research

Conference Session

Engineering Physics and Physics Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Genaro Zavala, Tecnologico de Monterrey and Universidad Andres Bello; Angeles Dominguez, Tecnologico de Monterrey and Universidad Andres Bello

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics and Physics

understanding, active learning, development of assessment tools, faculty development and studies in STEM. Genaro Zavala was appointed to the editorial board of the Physical Review Special Topics-Physics Education Research journal of the American Physical Society for the period 2015 to 2018, vice president of the Latin American Physics Education Network (LAPEN) for the period 2013-2015 and is currently the coordinator of the Topical Group: Evaluation of Learning and Instruction of the International Group for Research and Teaching of Physics (GIREP by its French acronym). Dr. Zavala is a member of the American Association of Physics Teachers (AAPT) where he was vice president candidate, a member of the Committee on Research in

Conference Session

Entrepreneurial Leadership and Non-traditional Ways to Engage Students in Entrepreneurship and Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Paul Rossler, Oklahoma State University; Martin High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

is all about teaching and learning. The hands-on, project andproblem-based PLTW approach adds rigor to traditional technical programs andrelevance to traditional academics.”[CITE] The PTLW approach introduces creativeproblem-solving and business issues into middle school and high school curriculum.This approach allows students to experience technical problem solving in a very appliedmanner, which then reinforces their academic subjects.Dr. Karen High has served on a PLTW program advisory committee since spring 2006;has observed student presentations of projects for the senior capstone course andEngineering Design and Development (EDD) module; and has served as a judge foranother state PLTW EDD presentation competition in 2006. At the same

Conference Session

Women, Minorities and the New Engineering Educator

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Jessica Yellin, University of Washington; Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington; Jennifer Turns, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

damping of acoustic noise in thin-walled structures.Yi-Min Huang, University of Washington YI-MIN HUANG is a research scientist for the Scholarship on Teaching element of the Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE). She holds a Ph.D. in Educational Psychology from Washington State University.Jennifer Turns, University of Washington JENNIFER TURNS is an Associate Professor in the Department of Technical Communication, College of Engineering, University of Washington. She leads the Scholarship on Teaching element of the CAEE. She is also a Faculty Affiliate with the Center for Engineering Learning and Teaching

Conference Session

Innovations in Biological/Agricultural Education-I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Rosentrater, USDA-ARS; Jerry Visser, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

only a few. Some of the tools of the trade include control charts, fishbonediagrams, Quality Function Deployment, House of Quality, Kanbans, Kaizen, Value Stream Page 13.1206.3Mapping…the list goes on. All of these programs and tools are unique and have differing goals,but all focus on numerically quantifying the level of quality for a product or a processing system.We teach our students about these tools, and providing examples based on real-life data makesthe learning that much more authentic.Using examples from the ethanol industry could be an easy means to generate interest in theclassroom. We will focus on one way to do this: using

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rigoberto Chinchilla, Eastern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #6367Collaboration between Private Sector and Academia: Are We CompromisingOur Engineering Programs?Dr. Rigoberto Chinchilla, Eastern Illinois University Dr. Rigoberto Chinchilla earned his Ph.D. in Integrated Engineering from Ohio University. He is an associate professor of Applied Engineering and Technology at Eastern Illinois University (EIU) since 2004. His teaching and research interests include Quality Design, Biometric and Computer Security, Clean Technologies, Automation and Technology-Ethics. Dr. Chinchilla has been a Fulbright and a United Nations scholar, serves in numerous departmental and university

Conference Session

Novel Courses for CHEs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Stephanie Farrell; Robert Hesketh; C. Stewart Slater

report. In this class, projects such as amethanol-air fuel cell, electrolytic gas evolution, reciprocating paddle electroplating,electroforming process for inkjets, packed-bed electrode system for waste treatment of printedcircuit board waste, electrokinetic soil remediation, electrochemical oxidation of organics,electrochemical ion exchange separator. This course is an excellent approach to teaching aspectsof electrochemical engineering and the current course developed at Rowan University was basedin part on this work.Emerging areas of chemical engineering such as semiconductor processing and biomedicalengineering can be a format for introducing electrochemical engineering. Mark Orazemintroduces principles learned from of mass transport

Conference Session

Research and Graduate Studies

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Coso Strong, Georgia Institute of Technology; Rachel A. Louis, Virginia Tech; Jeremi S. London, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ida B. Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brook Sattler, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

collaborative research, they largely did not do sobecause of a lack of time, support, and concerns regarding conflict with potential collaborators.Suggestions to promote collaborative research among graduate students include providingspecific venues online and at conferences to encourage inter-student interaction and facilitatecollaborative work.IntroductionResearchers participate in collaborative projects to promote innovation,1 share resources andknowledge,2,3 and develop new products.4 Collaborations also provide researchers with theopportunity to learn through cooperation.2,5 For a given project, the collaboration may becomposed of researchers within the same discipline at the same institution, researchers acrossdisciplines at the same institutions

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

on mathematical procedures or extensive background knowledge and is therefore usableby K-12 students or non-engineers without prerequisite study. Once learned, engineering designmethods can be used as a general problem solving skill for a wide variety of problems.Engineering can advocate design as a practical skill to acquire regardless of an individual’sintended profession.These advantages not withstanding, being able to carry out an engineering design process is notequivalent to understanding technology and engineering. Engineering design is a process that isused to develop new technology. Understanding the process does not necessarily explain theproducts. Understanding engineering requires a familiarity with the design process but

Conference Session

Energy Conservation and Conversions for Green Buildings

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert W. Fletcher, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

thelaptop computer where a program would record the pressure information. Unfortunately, thissystem proved to not be a particularly useful method as the buffeting of the air immediately exitingfrom the fan crated such a signal noise in the pressure sensor that little useful data were obtained.6. Assessing the MAC Marlette facility’s energy use:Starting in the fall of 2012 the author and Lawrence Tech student team members began regularlytraveling to the MAC Marlette facility to begin electrical energy usage data collection from variousmotor systems used in processes there. All major grain transfer systems used at the Marlette facilityare powered by electric motors, which are supported by some gravity feed systems. Because ofthese motor systems it

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Yi Min Huang; Michael Trevisan

serve to showcase evaluation challenges as engineering educationcontinues its drive for reform. Recommendations are offered for meeting these challenges andimproving evaluation capabilities in engineering education programs.BackgroundThe last decade in engineering education has seen considerable interest and work in the teachingand learning aspects of engineering education programs. Faculty across the country haveengaged in systematic investigations of programs, revised curricula, piloted and institutedalternative teaching strategies, and developed educational competencies for the technical andprofessional practice components of engineering education programs1,2,3.The focus on competencies has inevitably led to the need to develop and measure

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Susan J.S. Lasser; Ronnie Chrestman; Matthew Ohland

2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Educationstudy. Group study, or collaborative learning, is an extremely effective method for understandingtechnical material: in the process of explaining and defending their methods of problem-solving,students arrive at a much more sophisticated understanding of the concepts than they can achievealone. Treisman concluded that since Asian American students are already familiar with thismethod by the time they enter college, they can study more effectively. Further, they easilycombine group study with digressions to social and college adjustment topics, a supportiveprocess which eases their

Conference Session

Graduate Education

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Shahram Varzavand; John Fecik; Recayi Pecen; Teresa Hall

Page 8.1124.2Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education, Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2003, American Society for Engineering Educationacademic abilities to undertake independent scholarly investigations. Thwing noted the speech of adoctor of philosophy graduate in Germany as specifying the three fundamental components of hisdegree: (a) now all that has been learned in this subject, (b) learn something not yet known, and (c)add to the sum of knowledge [4].In the United States, the Ph.D. evolved from two geographical areas of influence, the Germaninstitutions and the British universities as the highest earned degree. During the early portions of thenineteenth century the United

Conference Session

Integration of Liberal Education into Engineering

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Ricco, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics, Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

, he would not go so far as to say that the needs of society are overruled bythe needs of the individual or even in continuous conflict. Vygotsky’s observations stemmedfrom cultural change in Russia during his lifetime. He noticed change in what would then becalled the developmental learning pathways of individuals based on grand scale societal changes.Thus, the societal impetus was responsible for changing lifelong learning habits and the minds ofindividuals. In the engineering education community, many efforts are spent on developingphenomenographical approaches to problems, but almost none are spent on phenomenological orexistential approaches to problems. The issue at hand may be two-fold: first, phenomenographyas a research