Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Mohammad Haque

Session 2793 Web-based Visualization Techniques for Structural Design Education Mohammed E. Haque, Ph.D., P.E. Texas A&M UniversityAbstractWith the advances in information technology over the last decade, the traditional teaching formatof having an individual lecture to an audience has been supplemented, and in some cases,replaced by the rapid development and implementation of new distance learning methods. Astechnology rapidly changes, the importance of educating and training diverse populations ofcivil/construction engineering/science students becomes more critical

Collection

2025 ASEE -GSW Annual Conference

Authors

Nathan Jackson, University of New Mexico; Pil Kang, University of New Mexico

advanced technological education, 2022. 1(1).9. Brounstein, Z., et al. Microfabrication of MEMS Electro-Thermal Actuators for Problem-Based Learning. in 2020 Gulf Southwest Section Conference. 2020.NATHAN JACKSONProf. Jackson currently serves as an Associate Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University ofNew Mexico, and he is also the Director of the Nanoscience and Microsystems Engineering Graduate Program. Hisresearch interests are in MEMS, BioMEMS, Energy Harvesting, Aerosols, Functional Materials, Piezoelectrics,Magnetics, and Engineering Education. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, a member of ASME, and a member of ASEE.SUNG “PIL” KANGProf. S. Pil Kang, is an Associate Professor in the Organization

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

B.Tech from Indian Institute of Technology, and M.S. and PhD. degrees from Iowa State University. He was a post-doctoral research associate at University of Notre Dame and worked as an analysis engineer for Concurrent Technologies Corporation prior to joining UDM. Page 11.725.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Implementing a Multi-Media Case Study in a Traditional Laboratory ClassAbstractA paradigm shift is taking place in engineering and technology education. The shift is driven byemerging knowledge related to cognitive theory and educational pedagogy

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Rick Duley; A Boyanich; S P Maj

knowledge simply by abstracting away the detail. AtEdith Cowan University (ECU), a new (1998) syllabus does just that.2. A New Computer Technology Modelling AbstractionThe ACM/IEEE Computing Curriculum 1991 defines international benchmark standards incomputer architecture education as a pre-requisite chain of seven units. However, computerdesign and manufacture has changed rapidly in the last decade. Assembly Level Manufacturing,Application Specific Integrated Circuits and Surface Mounted Technology have all led to anever-decreasing unit price and a resultant low cost PC with a standard architecture and modular Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

Geraldine B. Milano; Richard Parker; George Pincus

Session 2553 A FRESHMAN DESIGN EXPERIENCE: RETENTION AND MOTIVATION Geraldine B. Milano, Richard Parker, George Pincus New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ 07102-1982 INTRODUCTION New Jersey Institute of Technology has seen an improved retention rate of freshman students in thepast two years. Reasons for these positive changes include curriculum changes and incorporation of newteaching methodologies. Freshman students are more motivated to learn about engineering and to

Collection

1996 Annual Conference

Authors

W. Ernst Eder

, p. 1145-11499. Eder, W. E., “Developments in Education for Engineering Design: Some results of 15 Years of WDK +4ctivity in the Context of Design Research,” Jm! Eng. Des., Vol. 5, No. 2, 1994, p. 135-14410. Polya, G., How To Solve It, Princeton, NJ.: Princeton U. P., 194511. French, M.J., Engineering Design: The Conceptual Stage, Heinemann Educ., London, 197112. Sub, N.P. Principles of Design, Oxford: University Press, 1989W. ERNST EDER Educated in England and Austria, with ten years of industrial experience, his academic appointmentscover the University Cone e of Swansea (1961-67), The University of Calgary (1968-77), LoughboroughUniversity of Technology f1977-81) and the Royal Military College of Canada, Kingston, Ontario

Collection

2015 ASEE Workshop on K-12 Engineering Education

Authors

William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette

engages designers with a real person. It explicitly engages engineering habits of mindand adds the complexity that real users bring and the challenge of extracting real requirementsfrom these users. This approach builds on work from Stanford’s D School, IDEO, the EPICSProgram and others practicing authentic design and can be mapped into any design process.Additionally, the Human-Centered Design approach opens opportunities to explore howengineering can make a difference in the lives of others. A “Change the Conversation” approachto engineering. Rather than focusing on technology or some abstract use of a design, the focusbecomes design that makes a difference in someone’s life. This mindset introduces authenticityand promotes diversity. The

Collection

2010 ASEE Zone 4 Conference

Authors

Paul van Bloemen Waanders; Andrew Kean; Glen Thorncroft; Brian Self

218 Work In Progress: Model Eliciting Activity for an Undergraduate Thermal Measurements Laboratory Paul van Bloemen Waanders, Andrew Kean, Glen Thorncroft, Brian Self California Polytechnic State University San Luis ObispoAt Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo our undergraduate engineering education is designed to preparestudents for industry. The rise of technology in modern engineering demands a shift in the wayundergraduates are prepared for the modern workplace. Engineering problems should focus onthe development of analytical models that describe a system. These models, once made, can beused to

Conference Session

Innovations in the ChE Laboratory

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Ron Artigue; Mark Anklam; David Miller; Dan Coronell; Atanas Serbezov; Sharon Sauer; Alfred Carlson

Curriculum and the University of North Dakota.” Journal of Engineering Education. 83, 161-168.9. Schulz, K.H. and D.K. Ludlow. 1996. “Incorporating Group Writing Instruction in Engineering Courses.” Journal of Engineering Education. 85, 227-232.10. Newell, J.A. 1998. “Using Peer Review in the Undergraduate Laboratory” Chemical Engineering Education. 32, 194-196.11. Miller, D.C. and J.M. Williams. 2004. “Incorporating Peer Review in the Chemical Engineering Laboratory.” Proceedings of the American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference, Salt Lake City, Utah.Biographical informationDAVID C. MILLERDavid C. Miller is an Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. Dr.Miller has previously

Conference Session

Developing Programs for Adult Learners

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Joseph Tidwell, Boeing Co.

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

still. Thequestion therefore arises whether we can keep developing ad hoc solutions or is there amore systematic approach that can be taken? In the latter case, there are implicationsthroughout all industry-based training and into the preparatory academic programs.Finding a solution for the shortage of chief engineers and technology executives onlyserved to demonstrate that it was a short-term fix and that we also had a long-term issueto manage. However, the outcomes from the executive training program were an idealstarting point for a top-down view that would identify the key characteristics of thesystems we seek to develop and exploit. The purpose of this paper is to present someearly outcomes of requirements for competency in creating

Conference Session

Panel Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura E. Ray, Dartmouth College; Raina White, Dartmouth College; David M. Feinauer P.E., Norwich University; David A. Hodgson, Union College; Eric B. Welch, Christian Brothers University; Yeu-Sheng P. Shiue, Christian Brothers University; Carlos L. Luck, University of Southern Maine; Jonathan West, University of New Mexico; Blair T. Allison, Grove City College; Kevin Huang, Trinity College; Nathan Amanquah, Ashesi University College; Daniel Logan Ray; Devin Tracey Montgomery, Dartmouth College; Prudence Merton, Dartmouth College; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

. Allison is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Grove City College. He teaches courses in system dynamics, control systems, robotics, mechanics of materials, materials science, and finite ele- ment analysis. Areas of research interest include the modeling and control of metal forming processes, manufacturing automation and control systems. He received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in mechanical en- gineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his B.S.M.E. degree from Carnegie Mellon University. Address: 100 Campus Drive, Grove City, PA 16127; Email: btallison@gcc.edu.Prof. Kevin Huang, Trinity College c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018

Conference Session

Teaching Courses in Renewable Energy Systems

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Haman, University of Detroit Mercy; Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy; Mark Schumack, University of Detroit Mercy; Will Wittig, University of Detroit Mercy; David Chew, University of Detroit Mercy; Krysten Dzwigalski, University of Detroit Mercy; Chris Keimig; Meghann Mouyianis, University of Detroit Mercy; Tim Rourke, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2007-455: A STUDENT-CENTERED SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAICINSTALLATION PROJECTArthur Haman, University of Detroit Mercy In his fifty years at the University Arthur C. Haman has progressed through the academic ranks to his current position of Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Associate Dean for Operations. His industrial experience was acquired as a Structures and Armaments engineer at Northrup Aviation and as an engineer in the Scientific Laboratory of the Ford Motor Company. He has also held visiting professorships at what was Carnegie Institute of Technology and Dartmouth College. His current interests are in thermodynamics and internal combustion engines.Robert Ross, University of Detroit Mercy

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

L. Kuczynski; C. McGuinness; S. Farrell; B. G. Lefebvre; C. S. Slater

case studies are presented fromthe student perspective, focusing on the educational and professional benefits to students whohave worked on these projects. Keywords: Industrial Projects, Undergraduate Research, Pharmaceutical Industry1. Introduction Undergraduate engineering and technology students benefit from “real-world” experienceswhich are usually obtained through internship and co-op experiences. Through these workexperiences, students have the opportunity to apply their technical skills to industrially-relevantproblems, gain exposure to company culture, and build a foundation which helps providemotivation for future learning in an academic environment. While these “real-world”experiences are highly valuable to students, they are

Conference Session

Designing Opportunities for Youth Engagement in STEM

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Molly Y. Mollica, University of Washington; Alyssa M. Spomer, University of Washington ; Brianna M. Goodwin, University of Washington; Shawn Israel, University of Washington, Departmet of Rehabilitation Medicine; Anat Caspi P.E., University of Washington; Heather A Feldner, University of Washington Department of Rehabilitation Medicine; Katherine M. Steele, University of Washington; Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

Accessible Technology housed by the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Washington. Her research interests are in the areas of ubiquitous computing and data science. Caspi is interested in ways by which collaborative commons and cooperation can challenge and transform computing disciplines, and in particular, translation and deployment of technology to benefit individuals with disabilities.Dr. Heather A Feldner, University of Washington Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Heather Feldner received her BS in Human Biology and Master’s degree in Physical Therapy from Mar- quette University. She has been a practicing pediatric physical therapist for 19 years, and began teaching in the

Conference Session

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM) Best Paper Finalists

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Dina Verdín, Arizona State University; Jessica Mary Smith, Colorado School of Mines; Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

engineering ethics. Professor Smith holds a PhD in Anthropology and a certificate in Women’s Studies from the University of Michigan and bachelor’s degrees in International Studies, Anthropology and Latin American Studies from Macalester College.Dr. Juan C. Lucena, Colorado School of Mines Juan Lucena is Professor and Director of Humanitarian Engineering Undergraduate Programs and Out- reach at the Engineering, Design & Society Division of the Colorado School of Mines (CSM). Juan obtained a Ph.D. in Science and Technology Studies (STS) from Virginia Tech and a MS in STS and BS in Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). His books include Defending the Nation: U.S

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen L. Kitto, Western Washington University; Debra S. Jusak, Western Washington University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees

AC 2011-1274: THE ICOLLABORATE MSE PROJECTKathleen L Kitto, Western Washington University Kathleen L. Kitto is currently the Associate Dean of the College of Sciences and Technology and Pro- fessor of Engineering Technology at Western Washington University. Professor Kitto has served WWU for more than 20 years and has played a number of roles within the university including eight years as Chair of the Engineering Technology Department. She has been actively involved in the creation of an Advanced Materials Science and Engineering Center (AMSEC) and their new minor in Materials Science at Western. She recently became the Director of AMSEC. She is also plays a role in the college’s efforts to establish a

Conference Session

Materials Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nabila Shamim, Prairie View A&M University; Anh Nguyen, Prairie View A&M University; Sheena Reeves, Prairie View A&M University; Ariful Bhuiyan

Tech University in 2013. His thesis was titled “Anterior Cruciate Ligament Response Due to Forces Resulting from Quadriceps Muscle and Ground Reaction.” He received his M.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the National University of Singapore in 2005 and earned B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology in 2002. He has more than 10 years of industrial experience, playing different roles like lead project engineer, system engineer, principle mechanical engineer, and finite element analyst. Currently, he is conducting research on engineering education. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022 Powered

Collection

2022 ASEE - North Central Section Conference

Authors

James E. Van Loon, Oakland University

distribution.Bibliography[1] Li, H., & Jin, K. (2021). An innovation framework to integrate engineering standards into industrial engineeringgraduate curriculum [Article]. Smart and Sustainable Manufacturing Systems, 5(2), Article 707.https://doi.org/10.1520/SSMS20200012[2] LaMack, J. A., Fennigkoh, L., & Licato, P. (2019). Work in progress: Improving student views of medicaldevice standards through implementation in a first-term biomedical engineering course. 2019 ASEE AnnualConference & Exposition[3] Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology. (2021). Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs,2021 – 2022. https://www.abet.org/accreditation/accreditation-criteria/criteria-for-accrediting-engineering-programs-2021-2022/#GC5[4] Phillips, M

Conference Session

NSF Grantees: Student Thought

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Erika A. Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Javiera Espinoza von Bischhoffshausen, University of Michigan; Lisa R. Lattuca, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Technology (ABET) include several student outcomes related to contextualcompetence: “c) An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needswithin realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health andsafety, manufacturability, and sustainability; f) An understanding of professional and ethicalresponsibility; h) The broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineeringsolutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context; j) A knowledge ofcontemporary issues” [15]. Several recent studies explored contextual competence inengineering—“the constraints and impacts of social, cultural, environmental, political, and othercontexts on engineering solutions” [7], [8]—but

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ming-Chien Hsu, Purdue University; Monica Cardella, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Education; National Academy of Engineering and National ResearchCouncil, Engineering in K-12 Education: Understanding the Status and Improving the Prospects. The NationalAcademies Press: Washington, D.C., 2009.6. Yasar, S.; Baker, D.; Robinson-Kurpius, S.; Krause, S.; Roberts, C., Development of a survey to assess K-12 teachers’ perceptions of engineers and familiarity with teaching design, engineering, technology. Journal ofEngineering Education 2006, 95, (3), 205-216.7. Bailey, R.; Szabo, Z., Assessing engineering design process knowledge. International Journal ofEngineering Education 2006, 22, (3), 508-518.8. Bailey, R., Comparative study of undergraduate and practicing engineer knowledge of the roles of problemdefinition

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Tycho Fredericks; Jorge Rodriguez

(traditionalengineering learning) to more of a hands on approach5, 6, 7 , using technology as a supplemental Page 6.376.1instruction tool8, and catering delivery mechanisms for instruction around the individual Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &Exposition Copyright © 2001, American Society for Engineering Educationstudent9. Additionally, it is emphasized that when possible to make courses cross-disciplinary6.This type of approach lends itself well to integration of a variety of classes taken by students.Programmatically speaking there is a lack of “tradition” in teaching

Conference Session

Track: Learning Spaces, Pedagogy & Curriculum Design Technical Session 9

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Stephanie Farrell, Rowan University; Kyle F. Trenshaw, University of Rochester; Robyn Sandekian, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Learning Spaces, Pedagogy & Curriculum Design

and the 2005 Quinn Award for experiential learning, and she was 2014-15 Fulbright Scholar in Engineering Education at Dublin Institute of Technology (Ireland)Dr. Kyle F Trenshaw, University of Rochester Kyle Trenshaw is currently the Educational Development Specialist at the University of Rochester’s Cen- ter for Excellence in Teaching and Learning. He received his B.S. in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri in 2009, and his M.S. (2011) and Ph.D. (2014) in chemical engineering from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. His research interests include science, technology, engineer- ing, and mathematics (STEM) education; supporting diversity in STEM fields with an emphasis on les- bian

Conference Session

Past and Future of Manufacturing Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Norman, Applied Research Associates, Inc

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Zilwaukee Bridge, Zilwaukee, Michigan (1988). Dr. Norman served on a six member US Army Review Panel for the Advanced Construction Technology Centers of Excellence at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University of Illinois (1989-1994). He was awarded a visiting Fellowship, Research Awards for Foreign Specialists (earthquake engineering and design) from the Director General, Public Works Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan (Feb-Mar, 1994). He received appointment as a Visiting Scholar in the Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, William Marsh Rice University, Houston Texas (Mar-May 1999). Dr. Norman has published over thirty five national

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Tanya Zlateva; Julia Burstein

6.127.8program, to add a voice only version.Proceedings of the 2001 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference &Exposition Copyright 2001, American Society for Engineering EducationTable 3: Midterm distance education questionnaire MET CS 231 K1 Summer 2000Number of students responding: 9Number of students in the class: 16 Frequency of responsesI.Technology 1 2 3 4 5 AVERAGE1. I found the video quality poor 1 3 5 superior 3.332. I found the voice quality poor 1 3 5 superior 3.443. I recommend the technology poor 1 4 4 superior

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy L Freeman, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Pradip K Bandyopadhyay, Penn State University (Berks Campus); Mark Johnson, Pennsylvania State University ; Mikhail Kagan, Pennsylvania State University, Ogontz Campus; Ann Marie Schmiedekamp; Peter J. Shull, Pennsylvania State University, Altoona Campus; Catherine Cohan, The Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

Campus study is to address the urgentneed to expand the pool of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) graduates,especially African American, Native American, and Hispanic students. Long-term improvementsin the pipeline of a diverse STEM workforce start with sustaining effective bridge programs thatcan produce more Engineering baccalaureates. To improve retention in Engineering, this studywill conduct academic enrichment programs for racially underrepresented Engineering studentsat three points in their career at the Penn State—entering freshmen, rising sophomores, and risingjuniors. The goals of the study are to (a) increase retention in Engineering among raciallyunderrepresented students in the Penn State system, (b) develop long

Conference Session

ASEE Multimedia Session

Collection

2002 Annual Conference

Authors

Jim Richardson

started on how to reward professors who taught outstandingbut up-till-now unrecognized courses. But this is an issue for another paper!References 1. “Engineering Criteria 2000: Criteria for Accrediting Programs in Engineering in the United States,” 2 nd ed.,Engineering Accreditation Commission, Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, Inc. Baltimore, MD,January 1998, http:/www.abet.org/EAC/eac2000.html. 2. Shaeiwitz, Joseph A., “Outcomes Assessment in Engineering Education,” Journal of Engineering Education,July 1996, pp 239-246. 3. Scales, Katherine, Owen, Christi, Shiohare, Subodh, and Lenoard, Michael, “Preparing for ProgramAccreditation Review Under ABET Engineering Criteria 2000: Choosing Outcome Indicators”, Journal

Conference Session

Recruiting/Retention Lower Division

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan Dimitriu, San Antonio College; Jerry O'Connor, San Antonio College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

program outcomes.1) Students will develop a good understanding of student life and the particularities of beingan engineering student, the nature of engineering work, and become familiar with the variousengineering fields.Results: Initially only seven students had an excellent or very good knowledge of engineeringprofession and only four had a very good knowledge of college life. The final survey shows that18 students learned a great deal and more than expected from the program.2) The course materials and activities utilized in the program will be well correlated anduseful in preparing students for success in mathematics, engineering, technology, and thesciences.Results: At the end of the EDGE Program the students as a group showed a

Conference Session

ETD Poster Session

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Chun Ling Huang; Jiecai Luo; Asad Yousuf

Session XXXX Using the SIMULINK as a Teaching Tool 1 Asad Yousuf, 2Jiecai Luo, 3Chun Ling Huang1 Engineering Technology Department, Savannah State University, Savannah, GA31404/ 2Electrical Engineering Department, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA70813/ 3Mechanical Engineering Department/ Southern University, Baton Rouge,LA 70813AbstractSIMULINK is a tool for modeling, analyzing, and simulating physical and mathematicalsystems, including those with nonlinear elements and those that make use of continuousand discrete time. As an extension of MATLAB®, SIMULINK adds many

Conference Session

Innovative Hands-On Projects and Labs

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

William Szaroletta

Engineering Technology curriculum, there has been little opportunityfor hands-on experimental and finite element analysis verification of overhung beam theory. Tofill that void, several experimental mechanics class projects were devised and successfullyimplemented by the author and these experiences are documented in this paper.Introduction:This paper describes a series of reproducible projects, including discussion of the major benefitsof utilizing the overhung beam: flexibly supporting multiple experiments with similar set-ups;providing a relatively simple and effective means towards achieving a repeatable, uniformdistributed loading in a laboratory environment (through gravity and beam material density); andproviding a relatively low cost platform

Conference Session

Environmental Justice and Sustainability

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Radhika Kotha

Session 3551 THE DESIGNING OF THE “NATURAL HOUSE”: A STUDENT’S EXPERIENCE Radhika Kotha 3rd Yr., Mechanical Engineering Student Muffakham Jah College of Engineering & Technology Hyderabad, IndiaAbstract“The Natural House”, the inspiration of one of our professors and a project of Centre forEnvironment Studies and Socioresponsive Engineering in our Mechanical EngineeringDepartment, is being designed to “behave” like an “organism” in relation to the surroundingnatural environment. Within