Collection

Middle Atlantic ASEE Section Spring 2021 Conference

Authors

Briana Lowe Wellman, University of the District of Columbia; Ludwig C. Nitsche, University of the District of Columbia; Dong Hyun Jeong, University of the District of Columbia

aspects of switching from face-to-face to on-lineinstruction was to ensure that ABET student outcomes were still being met in the courses.Faculty especially had to address how student outcomes that rely on lab experimentation, studentteamwork, and capstone presentations would be demonstrated. For lab experimentation,engineering programs purchased new software to give students a similar experience to being in-person. The computer science program was able to continue to use the same software utilized inthe face-to-face instruction. Virtual conference software allowed for students to continuesynchronous meetings for teamwork and for the capstone project presentations. The SEASDirector of Student Engagement held weekly meetings with students so they

Collection

2021 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Molu O Olumolade, Central Michigan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

, 2009). With this information in mind, developing a college campus that is 100% wheelchairaccessible is an important aspect of the design process. The purpose of this project is to educateand inform others about the difficulties encountered regarding wheel chair accessibility onCentral Michigan University’s campus. Upon completion of this activity, areas requiringimprovement to become more accessible to wheelchairs will be recognized. Safe and relevantredesign recommendations to accommodate the needs of wheelchair accessibility will beprovided with the intention of improving wheelchair accessibility.STATEMENT OF WORK:The purpose of this project was to determine how wheelchair accessible Central MichiganUniversity’s campus is and offer

Collection

ASEE 2021 Gulf-Southwest Annual Conference

Authors

Byron Newberry, Baylor University

courses completely online with only three weeks lead time. In the fall semester of2020 I converted a team-based, hands-on design project course to a hybrid in-person/online format. I alsotaught an in-person course, as well as an online course as a teaching overload to accommodate studentswho opted for a fully online class schedule. And at any given time during the semester, the hybrid and in-person classes both had numerous students who were working remotely due to quarantine, effectivelyrequiring two parallel modes of course delivery, participation, and assessment. These experiences haveentailed, among other things, rapidly learning how to manage new technologies for producing virtualcontent, learning how to assign and assess student work

Conference Session

Faculty Track - Technical Session V

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Christine S. Grant, North Carolina State University; Barbara E. Smith, North Carolina State University; Julie Simmons Ivy, North Carolina State University; Jessica T. DeCuir-Gunby, North Carolina State University; Coleen Carrigan, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Saejin Kwak Tanguay, University of Washington

Tagged Topics

Faculty

, we partnered with the organizers (onanother NSF funded project) to diversify the US participants with our summit WOC faculty.WIRES focused on three research "clusters" or themes looking at engineering systems to deliver:Sustainable Energy, Health Care and Clean Water. (Source: http://wires.gatech.edu/WIRES-2011.php: Accessed 1/21/18) Figure 2: Participants in WIRES Summit held in Orlando, Florida in 2011An earlier ASEE paper provides detailed insights into the unique issues faced by URM womenin the engineering academy and the Peer Mentoring approach to provide positive reinforcementand a network of personal, professional and academic support (Grant et. al., 2010).The following is a summary of accomplishments and broader impacts of

Conference Session

Gender Track - Technical Session III

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Julie Robinson, University of Massachusetts, Amherst ; Martina Nieswandt, University of Massachusetts, Amherst; Elizabeth McEneaney, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Gender

teachers. Her research agenda focuses on gender dynamics in STEM education and instructional approaches that promote equity in science and engineering.Dr. Martina Nieswandt, University of Massachusetts Amherst Martina Nieswandt is an Associate Professor of Science Education and Interim Associate Dean for Re- search and Engagement in the College of Education at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Her research focuses on the relationship between motivation, affects and learning associated with K-16 sci- ence concepts and various instructional contexts (e.g., small groups, project-based learning) utilizing mixed-methods approaches.Dr. Elizabeth McEneaney, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Dr. McEneaney is

Conference Session

Veterans Track - Technical Session I

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Catherine E. Brawner, Research Triangle Educational Consultants; Catherine Mobley, Clemson University; Susan M. Lord, University of San Diego; Michelle M. Camacho, University of San Diego; Joyce B. Main, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Veterans

professionals and action researchers successfully draw out narratives and stories from underrepresented groups who may be reluctant to share their experiences? What are some best practices for sharing results from a project that investigates these experiences in depth? How can the results of qualitative research best inform practice and policy as it relates to underrepresented groups? Share advantages and limitations of qualitative methods for academic affairs professionals and others. Share multiple methods for recruiting small sample interview participants. Provide methods for eliciting narratives from underrepresented groups Practice applying innovative data collection techniques to your

Conference Session

Writing and Communication

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amanda Simson, University of New Haven; Judy Randi Ed.D., University of New Haven; Amanda Lynn Becker, University of New Haven

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

need for instructional resources and strategies to teachcommunication skills, engineering faculty at the University of New Haven have beencollaborating to develop technical communication curriculum, including a series of onlinemodules. The present study is a pilot study intended to evaluate the implementation of selectedinstructional resources and strategies integrated into a chemical engineering laboratory course,where students were required to write bi-weekly technical memos based on the results ofexperimental work.One innovative aspect of this pilot project was the team-taught approach to instruction. In thislaboratory course, the engineering instructor collaborated with a writing instructor to plan anddeliver instruction. Although team

Conference Session

Assessment and Liberal Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Ferguson, University of Virginia; Rider W. Foley, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

professor in the science, technology & society program in the De- partment of Engineering and Society at the University of Virginia. He is the principal investigator at University of Virginia on the ’4C Project’ on Cultivating Cultures of Ethical STEM education with col- leagues from Notre Dame, Xavier University and St. Mary’s College. He is also the co-leader of the ’Nano and the City’ thematic research cluster for the Center for Nanotechnology in Society at Arizona State University. Rider is a Research Collaborator with the Sustainability Science Education program at the Biodesign Institute. His research focuses on wicked problems that arise at the intersection of society and technology. Rider holds a Ph.D. in

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carolyn A. Nichol, Rice University; Alice Chow, Rice University; Carrie Obenland, Rice University; Christina Anlynette Alston, Rice University Office of STEM Engagement ; Carolina Avendano, Rice University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

underserved elementary schools to promote STEM literacy, and provided in school STEM training for both teachers and students. She began her career at Rice in 2010 as a post-doctoral research fellow and then project manager in the Colvin labs. She joined the office of STEM engagement at the beginning of 2015 as Director of Programs and Operations. In her role Carolina is responsible for overseeing the program operations and the research efforts for the RSTEM group. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Nanotechnology Research Experience for Teachers Enhancing STEM EducationAbstractTeachers serve a vital role in improving the nation’s STEM education and

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Golub, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; Joseph Michael Derrick

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

propellants for the characterization of an optimal propulsive system. The optimal system is determined by the specific impulse and propellant flow rate. The one with the highest specific impulse and the lowest flow rate is the desired propulsive system. Although my primary focus is with this, I participate in many projects related to controls and heat transfer. Aside from my research, I focus heavily on the advancement of engineering education at the collegiate level. I work on revising and updating laboratory experiments to help improve student understanding of how concepts are applied and utilized. I also spend time writing design optimization MATLAB codes for various applications. c American

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yan Wu, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Theodorus Evan de Groot, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Jorge Camacho; Patrick McMinn, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

(MEMS) with a focus on effect of space charges on micro- to nano-scale electrostatic actuation. Upon receiving her Ph.D., she worked as a Postdoctoral Research Associate in the Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering in the University of Illi- nois, Urbana-Champaign, where worked in multiple projects using scanning probe microscopy to study material properties. In 2009, Yan Wu joined the faculty of the Department of Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin, Platteville. From fall 2015 to summer 2016, Yan Wu completed one year of sabbatical as a visiting scholar in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at University of Wisconsin – Madison.Dr. Theodorus Evan de Groot, University of Wisconsin

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Cavicchi, University of Akron; John Fellenstein, University of Akron

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

research, relate thisknowledge to each teacher’s independent project, and translate this knowledge and experienceinto a new lesson plan for their high school classroom. These lesson plans were disseminatedbroadly through the web (http://agpa.uakron.edu/p16/ret.php), workshops to local K-12educators, and national conference symposia.The targeted participants were high school science teachers (e.g. chemistry, physics, biology) inthe Akron hub of the Ohio STEM Learning Network within a one hour drive of the University ofAkron.1 This encompasses Summit county and four surrounding counties (Portage, Stark,Wayne, and Medina counties).The intellectual focus of this site was polymeric films and interfaces, but branched out after itsinception to encompass

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Oral Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reis, Louisiana Tech University; Katie A. Evans, Louisiana Tech University; Dexter Cahoy, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

in higher education. Online homework has been a readily used resourcein many institutions for various subjects including mathematics, physics, chemistry, andengineering. The authors’ institution, Louisiana Tech University, has had plenty of experiencewith the open-source, freely available homework delivery tool WeBWorK. Currently,WeBWorK has been used as a homework tool in mathematics and engineering courses, includingstatics and mechanics of materials and circuits.This work is part of a funded National Science Foundation (NSF DUE #1244833) project withthe aim of expanding the use of WeBWorK into the engineering fields. Specifically, the projectlooked into the implementation of WeBWorK into three semester-long, sophomore-level, corecourses

Collection

2015 ERC

Authors

Robert Kraus

A. Approved for public release. basic research 7 Scientific Partnerships • Hypersonics Research • Quantum computing, • Non-equilibrium flow transducers project • Digital Twin • Ultracold atoms, Quantum • Info ops and security • Nanocomposites sensor-magnetometry • Living With a Star • Microplasma for counter HPM Steering Committee

Collection

2016 ERC

Authors

Douglas Friedman

institutions face the challenge of limited resources. Within this constraint, institutional head(s) of research and department chairs should consider the resources they have available for safety when considering or designing programs, and identify types of research that can be done safely with available and projected resources and infrastructure.• Recommendation 4: University presidents and chancellors should establish policy and deploy resources to maximize a strong, positive safety culture. Each institution should have a comprehensive risk management plan for laboratory safety that addresses prevention, mitigation, and emergency response. These leaders should develop risk management plans and mechanisms with input from

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yacob Astatke, Morgan State University; Kenneth A Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna Newman, University at Albany-SUNY; John Okyere Attia P.E., Prairie View A&M University; Otsebele E Nare, Hampton University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

instructional and student roles.Purpose of the Paper: The purpose of this paper is to provide preliminary results of an investigation of therelationship of learning setting and instructional use of the Analog Discovery Board (ADB) onpotential student outcomes. Learning settings studied in this paper include: 1) traditionalclassrooms (e.g. instructor centered, emphasis on transmittal of theory with limited integration ofthe ADB and experimental centric learning introduced for students to practice new concepts); 2)lab settings (e.g., student- centered, emphasis placed on practicing and discovering conceptsintroduced via separate lecture based formats; lab instructors and lecture instructors were notalways the same); and 3) homework (e.g. project

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Jim R. Baker, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

within the University asengineering/business entities that operate as much as possible like a real company in the privatesector. Enterprises consist of multi-disciplinary, multi-year teams ranging in size from 10 to 70or more students with conventional organizational charts including a distribution of managementand technical responsibilities spread across functions including team leadership, projectexecution/implementation, talent recruitment, and new business/product development. Teammembers innovate solutions, perform testing and analyses, make recommendations, manufactureparts, stay within budgets and schedules, and manage multiple projects. Faculty members andindustry sponsors serve as advisors and mentors. Toward the end of spring semester

Conference Session

Online, Hybrid, and other Virtual Learning Environments

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerrie A Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brittany Paige Mihalec-Adkins, Purdue University; Nathan M. Hicks, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Peter Bermel, Purdue University; Krishna Madhavan, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

analytics for non-experts in data mining. DIA2 is currently deployed inside the NSFand is already starting to affect federal funding policy. Dr. Madhavan also served as Visiting ResearchScientist at Microsoft Research, Internet Services Research Group. His research has been published inNature Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE Transactionson Learning Technologies, and several other top peer-reviewed venues. Dr. Madhavan currently serves asPI or Co-PI on federal and industry funded projects totaling over $20M. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Learners in Advanced Nanotechnology MOOCs: Understanding their Intention and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Ethics Decision-Making

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dayoung Kim, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, therehas been lack of empirical research addressing the relationship between ethics and emotion. Inparticular, it is not known how emotion and intuition actually influence ethical decision-makingof engineering students.In this work-in-progress paper, we present preliminary results of our exploratory investigationabout how emotion and intuition permeate engineering students’ experiences with ethics. Weanalyzed 11 interview transcripts, which had been collected as part of a larger longitudinal,mixed-method research project with engineering students. We conducted an inductive thematicanalysis and found that students experienced a wide range of moral emotions from positive tonegative depending on the situation. We also found evidence of students’ use

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Michael Derrick, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis; Michael Golub, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Vaibhav R. Shrivastav; Jing Zhang, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

aerospace applications, I participate in many projects related to controls and heat transfer. Aside from my research, I focus heavily on the advancement of engineering education at the collegiate level. I work on revising and updating laboratory experiments to help improve student understanding of how concepts are applied and utilized. I also spend time writing design optimization MATLAB codes for various applications.Mr. Michael Golub, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis Michael Golub is the Academic Laboratory Supervisor for the Mechanical Engineering department at IUPUI. He is an associate faculty at the same school, and has taught at several other colleges. He has conducted research related to Arctic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kent J. Crippen, University of Florida; Lorelie Imperial, University of Florida; Corey Payne, University of Florida; Chang-Yu Wu, University of Florida; Maria Korolev, University of Florida; Philip J. Brucat, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Korolev, University of FloridaProf. Philip J. Brucat, University of Florida ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 General Chemistry Laboratory as Situated Engineering DesignIntroductionChANgE Chem Labs is an NSF-funded Improving Undergraduate STEM Education (IUSE)project that involves curriculum reform for improving the experience of freshman engineeringstudents taking general chemistry. Our current work builds upon prior success with recitationreform [1], [2] to include engineering Design Challenges (DCs) as laboratory activities that arebased upon the NAE Grand Challenges for EngineeringTM.The laboratory has long been viewed as an important component of a chemistry course [3],offering a unique

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Monica D. Okon, Ohio State University; Tanya M. Nocera, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

order to effectively solve the complex problems of today, engineers are often required to workin teams [1]. ABET accredited programs are therefore required to equip students with “an abilityto function effectively on a team […] [2]. Although there are many opportunities throughout theundergraduate engineering curriculum to incorporate team work (i.e. group assignments andpresentations, lab courses, design projects, etc.), students do not typically receive formalguidance on how to be an effective teammate. This can limit students’ opportunities toconscientiously practice and improve upon their team-working skills.Students placed in teams without additional guidance on effective teamwork techniques canstruggle, and the team may merely divide work

Conference Session

Biomedical Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge E. Bohorquez, University of Miami

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering

to diversify how we learn and I truly appreciated the hands-on experience in the flipped classroom. • The ability to work within a group and discuss the programming activities during class with the professor helped immensely with my understanding of the material. • This environment allowed our professor to give us individualized feedback, which was especially helpful when learning how to use MATLAB for instrumentation applications. • I loved having the opportunity to work on a team and be able to rely on each other’s strengths to create well-balanced projects. • Both the theoretical, as well as applied knowledge were able to be combined in an exciting way. • The interactive classroom was a

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Fort Gwinn Jr., Lipscomb University; Justin A. Myrick Sr., Lipscomb University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

at Lipscomb University in Nashville, TN. Prior to Lipscomb, Dr. Myrick was the Director of the Health Systems Research Center in the School of Industrial and Systems Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technol- ogy. He also was a former faculty member at the University of Central Florida and a project engineer at Sikorsky Aircraft in Stratford, CT. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018 Enhancing Engineering Talent in Tennessee NSF S-STEM Grant 1458735AbstractA summary of work in progress regarding the Enhancing Engineering Talent in Tennessee, NationalScience Foundation S-STEM Grant #1458735 sponsored by the Directorate for

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nick Lux, Montana State University; Brock J. LaMeres, Montana Engineering Education Research Center; Bryce E. Hughes, Montana State University; Shannon D. Willoughby, Montana State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

growth. Therefore, this project aligns well with calls to study the designof STEM learning experiences and whether those experiences improve valued outcomes.References[1] E. Towle, J. Mann, B. Kinsey, E. J. O. Brien, C. F. Bauer, and R. Champoux, "Assessing the self efficacy and spatial ability of engineering students from multiple disciplines," in Proceedings Frontiers in Education 35th Annual Conference, 2005, pp. S2C-15.[2] N. Veurink and A. Hamlin, "Spatial Visualization Skills: Impact on Confidence and Success in an Engineering Curriculum," presented at the 2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Vancouver, BC, 2011. Available: https://peer.asee.org/18591[3] M.-T. Wang and J. Degol, "Motivational Pathways to

Conference Session

Computer Tutors, Simulation, and Videos

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward J. Berger, Purdue University; Edward A. Pan, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Mastering work was meant to encourage low-stakes practice,with multiple submissions allowed for each problem, and no hand-written work associated withthe Mastering problems was collected. Second, Mastering grading is only granular in the senseof how many attempts a student has taken—not in reference to the quality of their work leadingup to submission of their answer. In the absence of any evidence of problem-solving process, wedecided to remove the Mastering data from the analysis completed here because it is qualitativelydifferent (i.e., no meaningful partial credit) than the other pieces of graded work in the analysis.Students also completed a small project (5% of their final grade) on a topic of their choice, andthey earned class credit (up to

Conference Session

Evaluation: Diversity in K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherina V Tarnai-Lokhorst P.Eng., FEC, Camosun College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

,like the New Jersey Project. This 1986 conference developed an inclusive curriculum that beganas distinct women’s studies and evolved into curricular integration of race, ethnicity, class andgender, introducing both content and methods. By 1996, the project grew to involve more than100 faculty members in two- and four-year higher education institutions; it was followed by theCurriculum Mainstreaming Teaching Initiative that involved faculty from New Jersey, Maryland,Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, California and Tennessee.History textbooks in British Columbia tended to add content about women’s issue in sidebarsand asides from the main text. This “filler feminism” trivialized the contributions of women anddepicted a subservient, lessor role

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Ernzen, Arizona State University; Eugene Judson, Arizona State University; Ying-Chih Chen, Arizona State University; Stephen J Krause, Arizona State University; James A Middleton, Arizona State University; Kendra Rae Beeley

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

standards involved in designing engineering curricula. He is currently conducting research on an NSF project led by Dr. Stephen Krause, focused on the factors that promote persistence and success for undergraduate engineering students.Dr. Eugene Judson, Arizona State University Eugene Judson is an Associate Professor of for the Mary Lou Fulton Teachers College at Arizona State University. His past experiences include having been a middle school science teacher, Director of Aca- demic and Instructional Support for the Arizona Department of Education, a research scientist for the Cen- ter for Research on Education in Science, Mathematics, Engineering and Technology (CRESMET), and an evaluator for several NSF projects. His

Collection

2013 EDI

Authors

Irving Pressley McPhail, NACME

between the AOEs and NACME Partner Institutions by increasing awareness about engineering careers and ensuring that AOE programs incorporate learning standards and content consistent with industry-recognized skills. Examples of opportunities for participation include:• Serve on Advisory Boards of the Academies of Engineering• Conduct presentations about engineering opportunities• Support a research or an engineering design project by giving advice and guidance to a team of students enrolled in an AOE• Provide an opportunity for students to shadow an engineer for a day• Provide summer internship and full-time job opportunities for NACME Scholars 19NACME STEM Integration

Collection

2014 ERC

Authors

Kei Koizumi

share of the economy.•  The 2015 Budget continues to reduce projected deficits while making investments for the future.•  The Budget’s proposals falls within the caps of the Budget Control Act of 2011 and the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2013.•  The Budget proposes a separate, fully-paid-for Opportunity, Growth, and Security Initiative for additional investments in research, education, infrastructure, and other national priorities.“We’ve got to restore the idea of opportunity for all people… Now, the opportunityagenda I laid out in my State of the Union address is going to help us do that. It’san agenda built around four parts. Number one: More new jobs in Americanmanufacturing, American energy, American innovation, American