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Displaying results 10321 - 10350 of 22128 in total
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allison Jane Huff-Lohmeier, University of Arizona; Amee Jeanette Hennig, University of Arizona; Daniel Lamoreaux M.A., University of Arizona
Tagged Topics
Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session
(ROKET) (#EEC-1300370 and #EEC-1009496)was a multidisciplinary RET in the Center for Integrated Access Networks (CIAN), an NSFfunded Engineering Research Center (ERC) at the University of Arizona (UA). ROKETsupported 50 teachers from Native American schools in a 6-week summer research experienceover a 7 year period in labs in the College of Optical Sciences and the College of Science.Applying theories of American Indian identity development to teacher development, the goal ofthis program was to increase cultural awareness in Science, Technology, Engineering, andMathematics (STEM) classroom curriculum and build professional mentoring relationships totransform Native American classrooms and pique the interests of Native American youth towardSTEM
Conference Session
New Engineering Educators Division Technical Session 3
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Denise Wilson, University of Washington; Cheryl Allendoerfer, University of Washington; Rebecca A. Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Tamara Floyd Smith, Tuskegee University; Melani I. Plett, Seattle Pacific University; Nanette M. Veilleux, Simmons College; Mee Joo Kim, University of Washington
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
informal study groups. In follow upinterviews and focus groups, students also chose to discuss their experiences in study groups(83%) or lab groups (82%) but also commented frequently on their participation in professionalsocieties. Of these students, most (87%) found benefit in participating in these groups, and amajority of the students (72%) felt that they benefitted in ways related to operating within thegroup as an integral part of the team. Most students stressed the social learning provided by thegroup as compared to a single individual working alone.IntroductionABET (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology) requires that every undergraduateengineering student is active in teams (either formed by faculty or self-assembled) at
Conference Session
Student Engagement in ECE
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Maher Rizkalla, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis; MIchael Knieser, ILSI; Mohamed El-Sharkawy, Purdue University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
latest information for a rapidly changing domestic industry. Engineering 2020 concerns designing an engineering curriculum that grows to meet or exceed current and future demands. This is based on vision, values, variability, knowledge and awareness of the inherent worth of people [1]. In this work, we describe a state-of-the-art, multidisciplinary undergraduate course in electronic manufacturing that satisfy elements from engineering 2020 objectives. The course integrates knowledge from different technologies with application in life sciences. The course incorporates four technology processes: ASIC, PCB, FPGA, and MEMS into engineering application. Indiana Life Sciences Inc. located at Indianapolis, Indiana, will be hosting the manufacturing
Conference Session
Difference, Disability, and (De)Politicization: The Invisible Axes of Diversity
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Amy E. Slaton, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
shot through with the idea that right-thinkingAmericans can apply their innate intellectual abilities in STEM fields reliably to attain bothindividual economic security and contribute to national well-being.17-18 But this promissorylanguage disguises a stratified economic and social system, pervaded with inequities.19-21 Thispaper is an attempt to integrate the theoretical tools and activist concerns of Disability orMinority Studies and those of Engineering Studies to shed light on this troubling neoliberalclimate. The former--scholarship on identity and equity--suggests means of understanding theconstructed nature of human differences; Disability Studies (henceforth, DS) has also addressedissues of intersectionality and authorial voice with
Conference Session
Contemporary Practices in Engineering Management Programs
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ivan Lidon, University of Zaragoza; RUBEN REBOLLAR, University of Zaragoza; Palle Qvist, Aalborg University; Juan Luis Cano, University of Zaragoza
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Management
14.1163.2Over the last decade, the growth of the project-oriented model has been spectacular, as theincrease in the number of certified professionals in Project Management worldwide shows 7. Theavailability of people with the appropriate skills in managing projects is a powerful developmenttool that should be considered at all levels of society.Project management as an academic subject is in its infancy, and in Europe there are now stillfew universities offering standard courses as part of their curriculum, it being mostly theprovince of business schools. The offer of training products at the university level ranges from30-hour courses to 120 ECTS (European Credit Transfer System) Masters. Most of theapproaches to training undergraduates, with regard
Conference Session
Project Management and Team Issues
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Bianey Ruiz Ulloa; Stephanie Adams
activities into their curriculums 4,5,6. In response, institutions of higher education are developing a variety of methodologiesfor introducing teamwork in their classrooms. Collaborative learning, cooperative learning andother forms of active learning are being used in classrooms as ways to promote teamwork amongstudents and enhance their learning 7,8. Studies on cooperative and collaborative learning, as well as on the use of groups inclassroom prove that trying to incorporate teams into the classroom is a highly complex task 9.Difficulties with implementing teams have led researchers and practitioners to look forcharacteristics that make the difference between an effective and an ineffective team. Teamperformance and teaming process
Conference Session
Expanding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Engineering Cultures from a Theoretical Perspective
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrea Haverkamp, Oregon State University
Tagged Topics
ASEE Diversity Committee, Diversity
sexuality) may be integral inshifting engineering culture.SummaryOn September 16th 2017, Georgia Tech fourth-year computer engineering student Scout Schultzwas fatally shot by campus police in an incident which many close to Scout frame as a “suicideby cop.” Friends and family report 21-year old Scout navigated depression and social stressthroughout their college years. Scout identified as “nonbinary, intersex, and bisexual” [38]. Eachof these identities are impacted by marginalization and exist in the liminal spaces presented inthis paper. This tragedy should prompt our necessary discussion around nonbinary inclusion –are our environments sources of affirmation, support, distress, or invalidation? Are we expandinggendered norms and presentations
Conference Session
Socio-Technical Issues in Engineering
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ayush Gupta, University of Maryland, College Park; Andrew Elby, University of Maryland, College Park; Chandra Anne Turpen, University of Maryland, College Park; Thomas M. Philip, University of California, Los Angeles
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
for leveraging sustainable change in undergraduate STEM programs and makes these struggles for change a direct focus of her research efforts.Dr. Thomas M. Philip, University of California, Los Angeles Thomas M. Philip is an Associate Professor in the Graduate School of Education & Information Studies at the University of California Los Angeles. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 On perspective-taking by engineering students in discussions of socio-technical issuesIntroductionIn their work engineers often need to work in teams that include some combination of otherengineers, marketing and business executives, sales representatives, clients
Conference Session
FPD III: Innovation in Design in the First Year
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan K. Donohue, University of Virginia
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
AC 2012-3555: THE IMPACT OF A HYBRID INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNIN A FIRST-YEAR DESIGN (CORNERSTONE) COURSE ON STUDENTUNDERSTANDING OF THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESSProf. Susan K. Donohue, University of Virginia Susan Donohue is a lecturer in the School of Engineering and Applied Science. She taught ENGR 1620, Introduction to Engineering, in fall 2011. Her research interests include K-20 engineering education with an emphasis on design, development of spatial skills, and identification and remediation of misconcep- tions. Page 25.1305.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012
Conference Session
Experiences in Manufacturing Engineering Education
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hossein Rahemi, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Amir Elzawawy, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Yougashwar Budhoo, Vaughn College of Aeronautics and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
the attainment of student learning outcomes. The Faculty Course Assessment Report(FCAR) will be implemented to assess the attainment of student learning outcomes throughassigned course tasks. As an indirect measure, the department exit survey, the alumni survey,and the internship supervisor surveys are used in the assessment process of student learningoutcomes. The effectiveness of learning outcomes and program educational objectives basedon the results of FCARs and collected surveys will be analyzed in program level, and for anyshortcoming that is identified, a proper action plan for improvement will be implemented [4].3. Manufacturing Certificate ProgramsBesides developing a curriculum in advanced manufacturing, the Engineering and
Conference Session
Engineering Design Graphics Division Technical Session 1 - Current Issues
Collection
2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Christine E. King, University of California, Irvine
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Design Graphics
Paper ID #24827Introduction of Whiteboards to Improve Sketching in Computer-Aided De-sign CoursesProf. Christine E. King, University of California, Irvine Dr. Christine King is an Assistant Teaching Professor of Biomedical Engineering at UC Irvine. She re- ceived her BS and MS from Manhattan College in Mechanical Engineering and her PhD in Biomedical Engineering from UC Irvine, where she developed brain-computer interface systems for neurorehabil- itation. She was a post-doctorate in the Wireless Health Institute at the University of California, Los Angeles, and a research manager in the Center for SMART Health
Conference Session
New Computer ET Course Development
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Kyle Hebsch; Jefferey Stevens; Andrew Gilchrist IV; Joel Weinstein
recognition/solutionskills.Simulating an industrial environment in the classroom is difficult. This paper describes amodel for providing this kind of culture wherein students are randomly assembled intoteams and given a poorly-defined task to complete within a ten-week period. The studentsare given little technical guidance and are required to deliver a working prototype of asoftware-based project.In the course, students deal with “customers” through weekly meetings with theinstructor who poses as an employee from a fictitious company. At those meetings, thestudents learn how to develop solutions to problems and also discover an importantlesson in corporate culture: They quickly find out that corporations may understand theirown missions, but do not
Collection
1999 Annual Conference
Authors
Essam M. Kosba; Ahmed Dawoud
Session 2520 Applying Multiple Student Modeling Techniques In Intelligent Tutoring Systems Essam M. Kosba, Ahmed R. Dawoud Arab Academy for Science & Technology / October University For Modern SciencesAbstract An important aspect of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) is their ability to provideindividualized instruction in a manner similar to what offered by a personal humaninstructor. A student model is described as the information that ITS keeps about anindividual student. ITSs should actively support the student’s learning process throughtailoring
Conference Session
Innovation in Design Education
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Gul Okudan Kremer; Sven Bilen; Richard Devon
. Page 7.351.7 Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2002, American Society from Engineering EducationRICHARD F. DEVON has a background in structural engineering and is an Associate Professor of EngineeringDesign at Penn State. He has done research in spatial visualization, but he currently focuses on the nature andteaching of design, the ethics of technology, and the nature and practice of design and design education in the globaleconomy. Devon is the Director of the Design Curriculum in his department.GÜL E. OKUDAN is an Assistant Professor of Engineering Design at Penn State. She has a doctorate inEngineering Management from the University of
Conference Session
Graduate Ethics Education & Professional Codes
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yanna Lambrinidou, Virginia Tech; William Joseph Rhoads, Virginia Tech; Siddhartha Roy, Virginia Tech; Erin Heaney, Clean Air: Organizing for Health and Justice; Glenn Andrew Ratajczak, Clean Air Coalition of Western New York; Jennifer Holly Ratajczak, Clean Air Coalition of Western New York
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
Ethics and the Pub- lic.” She is co-PI on a National Science Foundation (NSF) research and education project developing an ethnographic approach to engineering ethics education.Mr. William Joseph Rhoads, Virginia Tech William Rhoads is a PhD student in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Virginia Tech working with Dr. Marc Edwards and Dr. Amy Pruden. His research focuses on various aspects of opportunistic pathogens in potable and hot water plumbing systems and implications of green buildings on public health. William is currently the vice-president of a joint American Water Works Association and Water Environment Federation graduate student group and is the recipient of the Via Doctoral Fellowship.Mr. Siddhartha
Conference Session
Leadership and Administration in ET
Collection
2006 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Wael Ibrahim, ECPI College of Technology; Rasha Morsi, Norfolk State University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
of Technology. Dr. Ibrahim has over thirteen years experience in education at the university level. He has an extensive experience in curriculum development for in-seat and online environments. His research interests are geared towards three main categories which are basic understanding of physical phenomena, engineering applications and engineering education enhancement. Page 11.946.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 NAIT or ABET? How Different is Different?AbstractThe main objective of Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) is toimprove the overall
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education I
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dick Blandford, University of Evansville; Deborah Hwang, University of Evansville
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
not combined intoa single department that shared some courses, it is likely that the first programming courses incomputer science would use Java.Another major change in the computer science curriculum consists of the way in which thetechnical electives are structured and chosen. Upper level electives in the computer scienceprogram are structured such that they are open to both computer science students and tocomputer engineering students. This means that in general, the only prerequisite for thesecourses is the data structures course. In terms of which courses are offered, for example, itmeans that an advanced version of object oriented programming will probably not be offeredunless there is great enrollment in computer science since there is
Conference Session
Trends in Engineering Education
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Leticia Anaya, University of North Texas
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Engineering Courses and Teaching Methods. Engineering design also seems to play a role inthis period. Both LDA and LSA extracted Design Courses but LSA also extracted Design Field studiesand Computer Design. Student work and teaching also seem to play a role in this period. LDA extractedProject Work while LSA extracted Student Work. LDA extracted teaching with Models while LSAextracted Teaching Methods. Computers were also an integral part of this period. LDA extractedComputer Networks while LSA extracted Computer Design. The concept of systems may have alsoplayed a part in this period. LSA extracted system processes, university systems and LDA extractedenvironmental systems. The differences of extraction in the two methods are as follows: Process
Conference Session
Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 2: Solar Track
Collection
2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Tessa Veurink, University of Pittsburgh; Bradley G. Fox, University of Pittsburgh; Sabrina R. Helbig, University of Pittsburgh; Duncan Penizotto, University of Pittsburgh; Robert J. Kerestes, University of Pittsburgh; Brandon M. Grainger, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
Paper ID #33250Resilience in the Home Office Through a Scaled-down MicrogridMs. Tessa Veurink, University of Pittsburgh Tessa Veurink graduated from the University of Pittsburgh with a B.S. in Electrical Engineering with a concentration in Electric Power. Her interests include renewable energy, sustainability, and electric power.Mr. Bradley G. Fox, University of Pittsburgh Bradley Fox is an electrical engineering student at the University of Pittsburgh. He is interested in power electronics and enjoys learning about a variety of other disciplines as well. He plans to start his career in industry in 2021 and grow as a
Conference Session
Using Technology to Enhance Teaching and Learning
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pilar Pazos, Northwestern University; Robert Linsenmeier, Biomedical Engineering Department and Department of Neurobiology and; Suzanne Olds, Northwestern University
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
, 2006, San Diego, CA, 6 pp.9. Roselli RJ & Brophy, SP (2006) Experiences with formative assessment in engineering classrooms. Journal ofEngineering. Education, 95, 325-333.10. Slain, D, Abate, M, Hodges, BM, Stamatakis, MK, & Wolak, S. (2004) An interactive response system topromote active learning in the doctor of pharmacy curriculum. Am. J. Pharmaceutical Education. 68(5), pp. 1 – 9.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported primarily by the Engineering Research Centers program of theNational Science Foundation under grant EEC-9876363. Page 12.1567.14
Collection
2005 GSW
Authors
W. Roy Penney; Nathaniel S. Weston; Megan V. Park; Edgar C. Clausen; Dave C. Marrs; Anthony M. Scalia
that 42% ofstudents in senior laboratory over a four year period were Type 3 learners, who areaction-oriented “hands-on”, common sense learners. This exercise has several benefits: • It provides an opportunity for students to have additional “hands-on” experience; • It demonstrates a physical application of the data or correlation; and, • It helps to develop an appreciation for the limitations of the data or correlations.As part of the combined requirements for CHEG 3143, Heat Transport, and CHEG 3232,Laboratory II, junior level chemical engineering students at the University of Arkansaswere required to perform simple heat transfer experiments or demonstrations usinginexpensive materials that are readily available in most
Conference Session
Engineering Ethics I
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Pradeep Bhattacharya, Southern University & A&M College
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Ethics
commercial implementations need new training in ethicsbefore developing the applications for global and distributed geographies. For the pastfew decades most computer users in the test measurement and analysis fields have beentrying and relying on the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), but TCP though reliable requires an acknowledgement and produceslong round trip time as well as possibility of infiltration when in wireless mode or cyberspace. This should be as much a topic of ethics in computer communication andengineering field but also in computer science education in cyber security. Research shows that the supply of materials and research workers in U.SMechanical Engineering is slipping since 1999, a
Conference Session
Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tamara Ball, UCSC Baskin School of Engineering; Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Community Engagement Division
course at UCSC wherein interdisciplinary teams of students work in an layered apprenticeship model with community mentors to design and implement sustainable solutions to water, energy, waste, transportation and social challenges using ”green technology”. Dr. Ball has worked as a research fellow with two NSF Centers for Learning and Teaching and most recently on several NSF projects that focus the integration of engineering and social science to support the advancement of experiential learning for sustainability in higher education.Dr. Michael S. Isaacson, University of California, Santa Cruz Michael Isaacson is the Narinder Singh Kapany Professor emeritus, professor of electrical engineering, Director of the Center
Conference Session
Laboratory Development in ECE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Adnaan Jiwaji, MIT; James Hardison, MIT; Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Sandy Stevens Tickodri-Togboa, Makerere University; Alfred Mwambela, University of Dar-es-Salaam; V. Judson Harward, MIT; Jesús A. del Alamo, MIT; Bryant Harrison, MIT; Samuel Gikandi, MIT
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
could havecertain components switched in or out. Thisenabled an entirely new mode of experimentationwithin the ELVIS iLab. Rather than being limitedto only observing the behavior of a static circuit-under-test, students could also manipulate thecircuit to produce varying behaviors. The lab clientand interface elements that control this functionality Figure 3: The lab client developed by Samuelare shown in Figure 4. For this work, a National Gikandi to run experiments on the ELVIS. AnInstruments SCXI-1169 switch unit was used, experiment run on a differentiator circuit with aenabling easy integration with the software control triangular wave input is detailed
Conference Session
LEES Session 8: Care and Commitments
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Mallette, Boise State University
Paper ID #37174Centering Equity and Inclusion in Engineering Collaborationand WritingJennifer C Mallette (Associate Professor) Jennifer Mallette is an associate professor of English at Boise State University, where she collaborates with engineering faculty to support student writers. Her research builds on those collaborations, examining best practices for integrating writing into engineering curriculum; she also explores women’s experiences in engineering settings through the context of writing. © American Society for Engineering Education, 2022
Conference Session
Non-Technical Skills in ET
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jung Oh, Kansas State University-Salina; Alysia Starkey, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
involves an integrated three-step processincluding a discipline-specific pre-lab activity, general/customized information literacyinstruction, and communication skills development. This paper describes how thecollaborating team has learned from each other’s reflections to make the assignment ameaningful learning experience.Librarians and faculty have been traversing on parallel paths during the past few decades.The rapid explosion of technological integration into nearly every aspect of daily life hasmerged the separate paths into one. Writing centers and libraries recognize their roles ascenters of learning and the importance of collaboration.1 Librarians, writing center staffand faculty must now travel in tandem in order to prepare students to
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ameerah Muhsinah, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Lotfi Ben, University of North Texas
architecture to undergraduate students: An experience report,” in Proc. of the 37th International Conference on Software Engineering - Volume 2, ICSE ’15, pp. 445–454, 2015.[13] M. McCracken, I. Hsi, H. Richter, R. Waters, and L. Burkhart, “A proposed curriculum for an undergraduate software engineering degree,” in Thirteenth Conference on Software Engineering Education and Training, pp. 246–257, March 2000.[14] J. Saldaña, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. Sage, 2015.[15] M. R. Mehl, Handbook of multimethod measurement in psychology, ch. Quantitative Text Analysis, pp. 141–156. American Psychological Association, 2006.[16] M. Gentzkow, B. Kelly, and M. Taddy, “Text as data,” Journal of Economic Literature, vol
Conference Session
Innovative Graduate Programs & Methods
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Jennifer Dockter; Carol Muller
is the Director of Programs for MentorNet (www.MentorNet.net). Sheis responsible for implementing, maintaining and enhancing MentorNet's programs. Originally trained as a researchscientist, she earned her bachelor's degree in integrative biology from the University of California at Berkeley andthe Ph.D. in biomedical sciences from the University of California at San Francisco.CAROL B. MULLER Ph.D. Dr. Muller is the founder and CEO of MentorNet (www.MentorNet.net) andconsulting associate professor of mechanical engineering at Stanford University. An educator and socialentrepreneur, she has spent more than 25 years in higher education, including work in academic administration,strategic planning and budget development, external relations
Conference Session
Issues in Computer Education
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
M. Sharma
(CD-ROM,World Wide Web/Internet, Online Synchronous/Asynchronous, Compressed Video, and hybridsof these tools) and assessing the effectiveness of their integration on teaching and learning bystudents in terms of depth of knowledge learned, dexterity/skill of problem solving,motivation/attitude, achievement, and retention of knowledge. Researchers of teaching andlearning phenomena and processes, and educational psychologists, are investigating thesephenomena based on different perspectives, theories, and hypotheses. Supported by a grant fromthe National Science Foundation, the authors of this paper have developed computer-based-instruction modules for an introductory thermodynamics course that incorporate active learningexercises within them
Conference Session
Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Nicole Alexandra Batrouny, Tufts University; Kristen B. Wendell, Tufts University; Chelsea Joy Andrews, Tufts University; Tejaswini S. Dalvi, University of Massachusetts, Boston
Tagged Divisions
Pre-College Engineering Education
Paper ID #30020Examining shared understandings of design artifacts in upper elementaryschool engineering (Fundamental)Nicole Alexandra Batrouny, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach Nicole Batrouny is a PhD candidate in Mechanical Engineering at Tufts University. Her engineering education research interests include upper elementary engineering education, integrated science and en- gineering, collaboration in engineering, and decision making in engineering. For her Master’s thesis, she uncovered talk moves used by 4th grade students that fostered collaborative, disciplinary decision-making during an