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Displaying results 10351 - 10380 of 22128 in total
Conference Session
DEED Technical Session 2: Postcard Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert Nagel, James Madison University; Kelly Sadel; Melissa Aleman, James Madison University
the impact it had on students in the pandemic. Positive student feedback to flexibilitysupports advocacy for keeping and integrating greater adaptability and professor availability intocoursework. While students enter an engineering program expecting a particular experience, thelessons from the pandemic demonstrate the value of assisting students in learning to learn in avariety of platforms. Cultivating a variety of modes of learning facilitates students’ adaptabilityand the ability to shift platforms in future disruptions to work and learning environments. Thethemes in this study help to showcase the features that are important to all learning platforms,regardless of modality.Participants pointed to the student-professor interaction as
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 2
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cynthia Furse, University of Utah; Donna Harp Ziegenfuss, University of Utah
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
learning. Other researchersclaim that active learning can improve student attitudes about learning and result in increasedgains in learning [27], [28], [17]. Literature claims that student-centered teaching methods thatinclude active learning can lead to better learning outcomes such as academic success, improvedlearning attitudes and increased student persistence than traditional teacher-centered methods.This study focuses more on the process of learning than the outcomes of learning. How dostudents say they learn in a flipped environment? What do they say they do as they learn? Whathelps and hinders their learning process?A. Formative assessment  An integration of both formative and summative assessment is needed to get a holistic picture ofthe
Conference Session
Exploring Trends in CPD
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
M. Zoghi
, isdescribed along with students’ assessment in the context of their reflections.IntroductionThe integration of community service projects in undergraduate engineering curricula, to provideexperiential learning, has created a great deal of interest among educators in recent years. Tsang(2000) stipulates that the notion of combining service with engineering design projects is notnew considering that many senior design projects have provided assistive technology to meet theneeds of people with disabilities. Tsang (2000) further discusses the many benefits of service-learning, coupled with design-across-the-curriculum, and the significance of integrating design atall stages of a student’s academic development in a meaningful context. Evidently
Conference Session
Trends in Energy Conversion/Conservation
Collection
2005 Annual Conference
Authors
Vladimir Sheyman; Mulchand Rathod
broughtto public attention the need for a comprehensive energy strategy to ensure a sustainable supplyof energy for our nation. Alternative energy sources to support our infrastructure are becomingmore and more significant as we look towards the future. Establishment of the NextEnergyCenter in Michigan is an important step in that direction; and to prepare technical workforce foralternative energy area would be an important milestone in taking forward our nation towardsthe future. In this paper, the necessary curriculum, courses, and degree program were explored toaddress the alternative energy technology workforce needs. Also, various avenues with the prosand cons were explored, identified, and recommended. The project work done dealt with
Conference Session
NSF Grantees: Student Learning 3
Collection
2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access
Authors
Denise Wilson, University of Washington
Tagged Topics
NSF Grantees Poster Session
results.Stronger and more frequent student-TA interactions negatively predicted attention whilepositively predicting participation. Interaction effects between student-TA interactions andfaculty support were also significant, suggesting that what TAs do moderates the influence offaculty on student engagement.Given the importance that interactions play in facilitating academic integration, the distinctcontributions of TAs vs. faculty to student engagement are important and merit future research toassess their generalizability across other disciplines and institutions.Background: The Importance of EngagementStudent engagement is most frequently measured in terms of what students do, is measuredbroadly across multiple courses and academic activities, and has
Conference Session
Real-world Applications in ET
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Richard Newman; Albert McHenry; John Robertson; Lakshmi Munukutla
Educationdemand of these companies, and with the help of these industry partners and the Arizona St ateLegislators the MTF became a reality.Semiconductor manufacturing survives by rapid change to develop, produce and market newproducts better, faster and cheaper than the competition. The most flexible fab employees runproduction, make process-engineering decisions, manage workflow, maintain the equipment, andtrain as a team. These flexible skill requirements presuppose a broad knowledge in science,math and communications. However, few employees are that versatile. This paper describesimplementing an integrated learning model at all degree levels in MTF at ASUE to bridge thisgap.Integrated Learning ModelThe pedagogical model of the MTF is integrated
Conference Session
Qualitative Methodologies
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joachim Walther, University of Georgia; Alice L. Pawley, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Nicki Wendy Sochacka, University of Georgia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
colonialbackdrop.This brief overview of the literature illustrates the potential limitations of traditional approachesto research ethics when applied to qualitative research, a challenge that is crucially important forthe growing discourse around the use of interpretive methods in engineering education. Theanalysis of prior work in the areas of feminist and de-colonizing methodologies points to theinherent link between considering ethics as an integral part of research and the holistic quality ofresearch findings. In the following we build on this discussion to explore a practice-based way ofintegrating ethical considerations into the research process as part of a larger, cohesiveconsideration of research quality.Theoretical frameworkThe Quality Framework that
Conference Session
Engineering in High Schools
Collection
2007 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Shawn Oppliger, Copper Country Intermediate School District; Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Robert Warrington, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
the program grows will ultimately be a function of programassessment and funding. Parallel efforts will include curricula design incorporating the newMichigan Merit Core Curriculum.IV. Integrating an Enterprise Model into the High School CurriculumThe pilot will begin as an extracurricular program, however for this initiative to be successful inthe long term it needs to help students meet the state graduation requirements developed inresponse to the Cherry Commission. The new Michigan Merit Core Curriculum establishes arigorous set of graduation requirements that are among the best in the nation. The requirementswere created to prepare students with the skills and knowledge needed to meet the demands ofthe 21st Century global economy.The
Conference Session
Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Landis, The Technology Collaborative; Stan Komacek, California University of Pennsylvania; Carol Adukaitis, PA State System of Higher Education; Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Community and Economic Development funded position as statewide Program Manager for 2+2+2 Workforce Leadership Grants, and is co-PI of an NSF-ATE Advanced Manufacturing Project in PA.Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University Robin Shoop is a lifelong teacher who was identified as teacher of the year in 1999. Currently he is the director of Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Academy; the preeminent educational robotics curriculum development center in the world. Before he came to Carnegie Mellon he taught in the Pittsburgh Public School System for 28 years where he helped lead the district in the transition from Industrial Arts Education to Technology Education. Mr. Shoop is PI on the NSF funded Robotics
Conference Session
MET Papers 1
Collection
2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mileta Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Cynthia Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Cheng Y. Lin P.E., Old Dominion University; Nan Yao, Beihang University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
this transfer in a more effective manner [3]. The process of knowledge transfer ishighly dynamic and dependent on its content and relationship between student and teacher [4]and needs to be tailored to both for an effective outcome [5]. A number of different teachingmethods emerged over the years including active learning [6], flipping classroom [7, 8], problembased learning [9] to name just a few.After teaching mechanics courses in a traditional format for a number of years it becameapparent that any quantum jump in student learning success requires structural departure fromthe old teaching method and substantial overhaul modifications which would integrate differentpedagogical experiences and insights along with implementation of modern
Conference Session
Reviewing Methods for Educational Research
Collection
2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Alexandra Mary Jackson, Rowan University; Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)
inquiry assessment. She was awarded an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship in April, 2022, and aspires to continue in the research field and work for a university as a research professor and advisor.Dr. Cheryl A. Bodnar, Rowan University Dr. Bodnar is an Associate Professor in the Experiential Engineering Education Department at Rowan University. Her research interests relate to the incorporation of active learning techniques such as game- based learning in undergraduate classes as well as innovation and entrepreneurship. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023AbstractThis systematic literature review is a theory/methods paper that addresses the state of currentliterature in engineering
Conference Session
Miscellaneous Topics in Energy Education
Collection
2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ryan L. Falkenstein-Smith, Syracuse University; Jeongmin Ahn, Syracuse University; Kang Wang
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
recirculating combustors, solid-oxide fuel cells, micro heat engines, thermoacoustic engines, and thermal transpiration based propulsion and power generation. He has worked on a DARPA project to develop an integrated microscale power generator based on a solid-oxide fuel cell employing hydrocarbon fuels. Currently, his research is conducted in the Combustion and Energy Research Laboratory (COMER) at SU. Prof. Ahn has published over 20 papers in peer-reviewed journals (including Nature and other high impact journals) and a book, and made over 100 technical presentations (including over 20 invited sem- inars in Korea, Japan, China, Germany, and United States). He is an Associate Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics
Conference Session
Strategic Issues in EM Education
Collection
2002 Annual Conference
Authors
Jeffrey Harwell; Donna Shirley; Hillel Kumin
study: a concept that will provide synergism for knowledgecreation and integration. The projects should generate products of value to the client andalso provide a natural feedback mechanism for new knowledge to be disseminatedthroughout the curriculum. Page 7.1020.4 “Proceedings of the 2002 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright  2002, American Society for Engineering Education”Activities are underway to implement this approach. A committee was formed in 2000 toaddress cross-college integration of MDE.A key element of the MDE approach has been to develop an integrated vision
Conference Session
Technology in the ECE Classroom
Collection
2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Jakob Fritz, Oklahoma State University; Wira Mulia, Oklahoma State University; Sohum Sohoni, Oklahoma State University; Kerri S. Kearney, Oklahoma State University; Mwarumba Mwavita, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
compartmentalizing components of the design process used in lab toindividual teams. The goal is to expose students to a less controlled environment representativeof real-world design practice. Student teams are responsible for the design decisions of theirassigned component, as well as ensuring that components are compatible for use in the larger,class-wide system. Other highlights of the PLP system are: a „hands-on‟ experience with realhardware early in the computer engineering curriculum, low overall cost for students andinstitutions, and cross-course application of concepts. The latter is of great importance sincestudents often fail to see how concepts learned in one course apply to another.With an overarching system like PLP, where different aspects of
Conference Session
Trends in Mechanical Engineering
Collection
2003 Annual Conference
Authors
Rana Mitra; John-David Yoder; Michael Rider
Session 1566without him.Bibliography[1] Faste, R., B. Roth, and D.J. Wilde, “Integration of Creativity into the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum,”ASME Resource Guide to Innovation in Design Education, Cary A. Fisher, Ed., American Society of MechanicalEngineers, New York, 1993.[2] "Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs, Effective for Evaluations during the 2001-2002 AccreditationCycle," ABET, 2000. (http://www.abet.org/images/Criteria/eac_criteria_b.pdf)[3] Dutson, Alan J. et al, 1997. "A Review of Literature on Teaching Engineering Design Through Project-Oriented Capstone Courses," Journal of Engineering Education. 86(1):17-28.[4] Marin, John A., James E. Armstong Jr., and James L. Kays, "Elements of an Optimal Capstone Experience,"1999
Conference Session
Innovative Teaching in Architectural Engineering
Collection
2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allen C Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Brent Nuttall P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Jill Nelson P.E., California Polytechnic State University; Margot Kally McDonald AIA, NCARB, LEED BD+C, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Gregory F. Starzyk JD, Cal Poly at San Luis Obispo
Tagged Divisions
Architectural
architecture students in an Integrated Project Delivery Studio at Cal Poly. Prof. McDonald is a former Chair of the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) and of the USGBC Formal Education Committee, as well as a member of the California State University Chancellor’s Office Sustainability Advisory Committee for Education and Research. She is the principal author of SEDE – the Sustainable Environmental Design Education Program, a curriculum project for Page 23.800.1 landscape and architecture undergraduate professional education funded through the California Integrated Waste Management Board. Her work has
Conference Session
Engineering Education Research
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Alisha Waller
attacks of September 11 dramatically impacted the students andtheir social world. Hence, her research became unreplicable and ungeneralizable because ofsocietal change. Note, however, that at the same time, it became more valuable in a new waybecause it was gathering data during a unique moment in history. On the other hand, contextual factors may influence the research in ways that are notrecognized until the study is replicated. Many different research studies have been done onengineering schools as they adopt integrated curricula, design throughout the curriculum, and theABET 2000 criteria. Programs and innovations that work very well at one institution have failedat other institutions, occasionally from factors such as “lame duck
Conference Session
Sustainable Energy Issues in Education
Collection
2008 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Barbara Bekken, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sean McGinnis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The Earth Sustainability Course SeriesAbstractA four semester Earth Sustainability-themed general education curriculum was developed byVirginia Tech in response to urgent calls for a more seamless integration of liberal and technicaleducation. It provides a basic framework for understanding worldviews, water, energy, food,shelter, waste, and health from interdisciplinary viewpoints. Incorporating a learning communitypedagogy promotes deep and meaningful learning by inviting participants to become activeparticipants in their own learning.The focused curriculum of many engineering programs is not in and of itself adequatepreparation for meeting the needs of employers or our
Conference Session
Electrical and Computer Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mohammad Al Mestiraihi, Utah State University; Kurt Becker, Utah State University - Engineering Education
, communication, and collaboration skills. These are the skills that the studentsneed to succeed in their work, learning, and life during this century [28], [29], [30]. To ensuresuccess, students must acquire the essential principles and deep understanding of facts withincore subjects (such as math, language, arts, science, history, etc.) [23], [30]. They can apply thisknowledge to their day-to-day practice in the work environment.Regardless of the exact change in curriculum character, three very diverse strategies appear tohave been developed that involve substantial curriculum re-design: an add-on strategy, a re-building strategy, and an integration strategy. The integration strategy and add-on strategy aremost commonly utilized, while the re-building
Conference Session
Emerging Trends in Engineering Education
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Andrew Wo; Pei-Fen Chang
glimpse at the perceived problems in the past and in the future trend of development ofengineering education in Taiwan shows the vital role that a systematic assessment process isnecessary for further improve the quality of engineering education. On one hand, ABET EC2000 encourages the programs to establish a continuous self-assessment process todemonstrate its achievements; on the other hand, through objective reviews by professionalswithin the field, the findings may provide guidelines to improve the curriculum design and toguarantee an effective engineering education.II. Literature Review1. Rationale of EC 2000 Due to the huge difference among engineering programs, EC2000 is based on twofactors to do performance assessment, whether the
Conference Session
Advancements in Sustainable Manufacturing Practices
Collection
2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hayder Zghair, Southern Arkansas University; Noah Wesley Bretz, Southern Arkansas University; Jeffrey Sumner, Southern Arkansas University
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing Division (MFG)
integrate sustainabilityinto education, particularly in manufacturing engineering and technology. It advocates for mentoringindependent studies as another approach beside developed curriculum with sustainability to foster a cultureof sustainability excellence in manufacturing engineering and technology, supporting the development ofsustainability education in both teaching and research. From sustainability principles integration, andenvironmentally friendly designs to optimizing production processes to leveraging Industry 4.0technologies, this array is seen as key to reshaping the future of manufacturing. The approach of this workfocuses on an independent research-based study to experimentally test the impact of main operationalconditions on Carbon
Conference Session
Teaching Strategies in Graphics
Collection
2004 Annual Conference
Authors
Mahmoud Ardebili; Ali Sadegh
environment. The class teaches fundamentals ofengineering graphics. It provides students with an opportunity to learn solid modeling asa tool for design process and product realization in addition to skills/competencies thattraditional introductory graphics classes promote.The main thrust of the new curriculum is on the project-based learning. It is believed thatpresenting the topics of the course through a project would expose the students toreal engineering practice. In fact, this approach helps students, throughout theirengineering programs, to prepare themselves for the Capstone Projects in the seniordesign courses. Specifically, students are given the opportunity to disassemble a realproduct and construct drawings of its parts. At the end of the
Conference Session
Motivation, Identity, and Belongingness
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jonathan D. Stolk, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Educational Research and Methods
Yevgeniya V. Zastavker, Ph.D., serves as a Director of the Research Institute for Experiential Learning Science (RIELS) at Northeastern University and an Adjunct Associate Professor of Physics at Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering. She earned her B.S. degree in Physics from Yale University in 1995 and her Ph. D. degree in Biological Physics from MIT in 2001. Dr. Zastavker’s research interests lie in the field of STEM education with specific emphasis on innovative pedagogical and curricular practices at the intersection with the issues of gender and diversity. Dr. Zastavker is currently working with Dr. Stolk on an NSF-supported project to understand students’ motivational attitudes in a variety of educational
Conference Session
First-year Programs Division: Best Papers
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jordan Orion James, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico; Chen Qiu M.Sc., University of New Mexico; Christopher Riley
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
Paper ID #22582Using Design Challenges to Develop Empathy in First-year CoursesJordan Orion James, University of New Mexico Jordan O. James is a Native American Ph.D. learning sciences student and lecturer at the University of New Mexico’s School of Architecture and Planning in the Community & Regional Planning program. He has served as a graduate research assistant on an NSF-funded project, Revolutionizing Engineering De- partments, and has been recognized as a Graduate Studies student spotlight recipient and teaching scholar. Jordan studies learning in authentic, real-world conditions utilizing Design Based Research
Conference Session
Advances in Communication Instruction
Collection
2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Holly M Matusovich, Virginia Tech; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech; Andrea M. Motto, Virginia Tech ; Kelly J. Cross, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
their coursesreported minimal support for their efforts from their colleagues (what about department oruniversity). Both a 2007 survey by House et al. of technical communication skills or practicesof faculty 5 and a 2006 survey by Paretti et al. 6 found little widespread collaboration betweenengineering faculty and those with expertise in communication pedagogy (e.g. technicalcommunication and writing across the curriculum programs). While notable examples of suchcollaborations exist at institutions such as Northwestern University 7, Louisiana State 8, VirginiaTech 9, and elsewhere, these cases tend to be the exception rather than the rule. Less evidence isavailable regarding the integration of teamwork skills; surveys of capstone design
Conference Session
Advances in Engineering Economy Pedagogy
Collection
2010 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Emily Evans, University of Arkansas; Heather Nachtmann, University of Arkansas; Kim Needy, University of Arkansas
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
states that the curriculum being taught now is almost identical to thattaught many decades ago. In general, it is believed that engineering economy instruction putsmore emphasis on routine and trivial calculations and less emphasis on the analysis and decisionmaking processes2,3.According to the literature, while the teaching materials of engineering economy has changedvery little over the years, the actual implementation of the topic in the work force has changeddramatically. Smith9 comments on how risk and risk management is vital to the engineeringenvironment, and yet the curriculum in undergraduate classes only skims the surface of thesetopics. Most textbooks acknowledge the presence and an overview of methods for measuringrisk, but many do
Conference Session
Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xiaofeng Tang, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Qin Zhu, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Haishao Pang, Beijing Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education/Engineering & Society
committee of BIT and the deputy director of General Education Curriculum Expert Committee of BIT. Telephone: +86-1352-034-1310 +8610-68918803 Email: panghaishao@163.com panghaishao@bit.edu.cn c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016Toward a Cross-cultural Conversation: Liberal Arts Education for Engineers in China and the U.S.IntroductionA decade ago, University of Vermont’s Dean of Engineering and Mathematical SciencesDomenico Grasso raised an existential question to American engineering educators. Noticingthat Asian countries were producing engineers at a much higher rate than the U.S., andengineering graduates from Asian universities are “every bit as technically competent
Conference Session
Sustainability in Civil Engineering
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Noah Salzman, Boise State University; Bhaskar C. S. Chittoori, Boise State University; Sondra M. Miller, Boise State University; Thomas A. Robbins
Tagged Divisions
Civil Engineering
current and future generations. In addition, the Accreditation Board for EngineeringTechnology (ABET) requires curriculum that directly addresses sustainability through criterions3(c) and 3(h). Criterion 3(c) states, “an ability to design a system, components, or process tomeet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social,political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability” while criterion 3(h)states, “the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineering solutions in aglobal, economic, environmental, and societal context” [3]. Incorporating sustainability as partof ABET requirements ensures that students are prepared for sustainability challenges; howevercurrent civil
Conference Session
Assessment of Student Learning – New Engineering Educators Division
Collection
2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hani Serhal Saad, Eastern Washington University; Kyle Frederick Larsen P.E., Eastern Washington University; Heechang Bae, Eastern Washington University; N.M. A. Hossain, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
New Engineering Educators
UniversityDr. N.M. A. Hossain, Eastern Washington University Dr. Hossain is working as a Professor in the Department of Engineering and Design at Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA. His research interests involve the computational and experimental analysis of lightweight space structures and composite materials. Dr. Hossain received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Materials Engineering and Science from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2018Investigating Students Performance for Textbook and in House Homework AssignmentsABSTRACTHomework assignments have always been an integral part of learning in all majors and
Conference Session
Assessment in Mechanics Courses
Collection
2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Sevier, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Vincent Prantil, Milwaukee School of Engineering
is typically doneutilizing both theory and practical application via commercial FEA software. Unfortunately, boththe “user-friendliness” and generality of commercial software may make it more difficult forstudents to understand its inner workings (e.g., how geometrically assigned constraints aretranslated to nodal constraints). The work presented in this paper attempts to address this issueby having students contribute to their own 2D FEA code. This allows the student to see howconcepts, such as 2D element quality checks, are integrated as each is brought in as an additionalsubroutine to the code. Also, writing one’s own code allows one to showcase more easily whereexactly simplified element formulations recover exact solutions from strength