Collection

2009 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Bahar Zoghi Moghadam

good health and cleanliness require atotal daily supply of about 8 gallon per person. A recent government survey showed at least 36 states areanticipating local, regional, or statewide water shortages by 2013. This is the reason that water becomes a nationalpriority. LEED v3 is subdivided into six groups for which there are prerequisites, subcategories, and credits in placeof possible points. The six categories are: Sustainable Sites (SS), Water Efficiency (WE), Energy and Atmosphere(EA), Material and Resources (MR), Indoor Environmental Quality (EQ) and Innovation in Design Processes (ID).Water efficiency is one of the categories. Buildings are major users of our potable water supply. The goal of theWater Efficiency credit category is to

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Design

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ertunga Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Agnes Galambosi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

AC 2009-1143: BENCHMARKING DISTANCE EDUCATION IN ENGINEERINGMANAGEMENT PROGRAMSErtunga Ozelkan, University of North Carolina, Charlotte Ertunga C. Ozelkan, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Systems Engineering and Engineering Management and the Associate Director of the Center for Lean Logistics and Engineered Systems (CLLES) at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNC Charlotte). Before joining academia, Dr. Ozelkan worked for i2 Technologies, a leading supply chain software vendor in the capacity of a Customer Service and Curriculum Manager and a Consultant. He also worked as a project manager and a consultant for Tefen Consulting in the area of productivity improvement for

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pramod Chaphalkar, Grand Valley State University; Shirley Fleischmann, Grand Valley State University; Janice Pawloski, Grand Valley State University; Hugh Jack, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2009-1737: PREPARATION FOR AN INNOVATIVE COURSE SEQUENCE INSTATICS AND SOLID MECHANICSPramod Chaphalkar, Grand Valley State UniversityShirley Fleischmann, Grand Valley State UniversityJanice Pawloski, Grand Valley State UniversityHugh Jack, Grand Valley State University Page 14.971.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Preparation for Innovative Statics and Solid Mechanics Course SequenceAbstractGrand Valley State University has a strong partnership with local industry. We strive to matchour curriculum to their needs while maintaining high educational standards. The contents ofpresent mechanics courses and their

Conference Session

Integrating Computer-based Technology in the Civil Engineering Classroom

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harry Cooke, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

STUDENT COMPREHENSION OF FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND CAPACITYAbstractComputer modeling in engineering and technology is not only a powerful analytical tool fordesign, it also has significant potential as an educational tool to help students better visualize andunderstand the behavior of different elements in engineering systems. Some prior studies havebeen performed by others where computer simulations were used in an attempt to increasestudent comprehension of certain concepts in engineering courses. Improvements in learningwere observed in some of these investigations, but overall the reported impact and effectivenessof this approach appears to be mixed. Few prior studies have investigated the effect of computermodeling on

Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Jesa H. Kreiner; Peter W. Othmer; Timothy W. Lancey

each and every design project.The principal objective of this sequence of courses is for the students to develop anunderstanding of the design process as it applies to a serious mechanical engineeringproject. Students must to be able to select standard off-the-shelf components as well asdesign non-standard mechanical sub-systems. One of the key features of these two coursesis the creative utilization of contemporary software packages i.e. Pro-E, Fluent, Ansys, SolidWorks as well as MathCad, MatLab, AutoCad and Project Management software.Simulation is readily utilized and the students readily appreciate ability to virtually analyzea real system rather than engage in costly sequence of physical prototypes designediteratively by intuition and/or

Conference Session

Educational Research

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Susan Lord, University of San Diego; Matthew Ohland, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-315: REASONING ABOUT CATEGORICAL DATA: MULTIWAY PLOTSAS USEFUL RESEARCH TOOLSRichard Layton, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Richard A. Layton is the Associate Director of the Center for the Practice and Scholarship of Education and an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology. His areas of scholarship include student team management, assessment, education, and remediation, laboratory reform focused on student learning, visualization of quantitative data, and engineering system dynamics. He is a guitarist and songwriter in the alternative rock band “Whisper Down”.Susan Lord, University of San Diego Susan M. Lord received a B.S

Conference Session

Workplace Concerns, Realities, and Intangibles

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Gunn, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

surveys of these incoming freshmen finds some startlingrevelations. Comments range from, “I will never have to write again,” to “I’m going to be anengineer and that means NO English!” We realize that with a little thought from thesestudents on the reality of life in the world of engineering will ultimately change thisperspective. But it is an incoming group that sees engineering in a different light from thefaculty and academic staff. It is important, therefore, to make every effort to juxtapositionthe teaching of the necessary technical material with those skills that will make an engineerboth suited for the real world technically and fully capable of communicating his or herengineering expertise to a waiting public.Obviously it is important to

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Montserrat Rabago-Smith, Kettering Univeristy; Jennifer Aurandt, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

AC 2009-772: INCORPORATION OF GREEN PRINCIPLES INTO ORGANICCHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERSMontserrat Rabago-Smith, Kettering UniveristyJennifer Aurandt, Kettering University Page 14.728.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Incorporation of Green Principles into Organic Chemistry for Engineers Promoting environmentally responsible engineers and scientistsnecessitates the integration of green chemistry into the undergraduateengineering curriculum. In response to this need we have developed a pollutionprevention (P2), Green Chemistry, and Green Engineering course designed forundergraduate engineering students that have taken

Conference Session

Information and Network Security

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

AC 2009-2454: IEEE 802.11N WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS STANDARD:Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University TOKUNBO OGUNFUNMI, Ph.D., P.E. is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California. He earned his BSEE (First Class Honors) from Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly University of Ife), Nigeria, his MSEE and PhDEE from Stanford University, Stanford, California. His teaching and research interests span the areas of Digital Signal Processing (theory, applications and implementations), Adaptive Systems, VLSI/ASIC Design and Multimedia Signal Processing. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, Member of Sigma Xi, AAAS and

Collection

2009 Fall ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Wm. Hugh Blanton

Convolution for Engineers, Technologists, Scientists, and Other on-PhDs Wm. Hugh Blanton, East Tennessee State University ABSTRACT One of the more important and one of the least understood principles in electronic engineering technology is convolution. The convolution integral provides a convenient mathematical equation that expresses the output of an linear time invariant system based on an arbitrary signal, x(t), and the system's impulse response, h(t). Because the interpretation takes some effort, most instructors take advantage of the linear transformation into the frequency domain where convolution becomes simply multiplication, eg. Laplace and Fourier transforms

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design Constituents

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Farison, Baylor University; Zhuocheng Yang, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

AC 2009-282: MULTIDISCIPLINARY ENGINEERING PROGRAMS AND ASEE'SROLE AS THE LEAD SOCIETY FOR THEIR ABET ACCREDITATIONJames Farison, Baylor University Dr. Jim Farison is Professor Emeritus in Baylor University's Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and is also the academic coordinator for Baylor's multidisciplinary B.S. in Engineering program. He is a member of ASEE's Accreditation Activities Committee, and past chair of the Multidisciplinary Engineering Division, and served many years as Baylor's ASEE campus representative. He received his B.S.E.E. degree from The University of Toledo, then M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Stanford University, before returning to serve on the faculty at UT

Conference Session

Sustainable Education and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Omer Onar, Illinois Institute of Technology; Alireza Khaligh, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

AC 2009-649: AN ENERGY-HARVESTING CURRICULUM DEVELOPED ANDOFFERED AT THE ILLINOIS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYOmer Onar, Illinois Institute of Technology (IEEE S’05) received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Yildiz Technical University, Turkey, in 2004 and 2006 respectively. He was a research scholar in Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the University of South Alabama (USA) from August 2005 to August 2006 and involved US Department of Energy projects based on power management for fuel cell applications. Currently, he is a doctoral research assistant at the Energy Harvesting and Renewable Energies Laboratory (EHREL) at the Electric Power and Power Electronics Center

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Leopold, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Daniel Tauritz, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-338: AN INTERACTIVE, STUDENT-DRIVEN PROGRAM TOFACILITATE SCHOLASTIC ACHIEVEMENT IN COMPUTER SCIENCE,ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICSJennifer Leopold, Missouri University of Science and TechnologyDaniel Tauritz, Missouri University of Science and Technology Page 14.203.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 An Interactive, Student-Driven Program to Facilitate Scholastic Achievement in Computer Science, Engineering, and MathematicsAbstractThis paper describes experiences and lessons learned from a National Science Foundation-funded Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) scholarship program

Conference Session

Instrumentation in Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Asad Yousuf, Savannah State University; Yan Zeng, Savannah State University

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

passed through the emission filter. The pinhole in the imageplane blocks any fluorescence light not originating from the focal region. Afterwards, thelight is focused onto the detector, preferably a photomultiplier with single photonsensitivity. Future plan is to incorporate this research experience into our SummerUndergraduate Research Training Program (SURTP) for our students.IntroductionSpectroscopy (1) is originally the study of the interaction between radiation and matter asa function of wavelength. In fact, historically, spectroscopy referred to the use of visiblelight dispersed according to its wavelength. Later the concept was expanded greatly tocomprise any measurement of a quantity as function of either wavelength or

Collection

2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Hassan Badkoobehi

231 Application and Practice of Sustainable Development in Engineering Hassan Badkoobehi National University, San Diego, CAAbstract— In recent years there has been an ever increasing need for sustainable design. Howeversustainable design sometimes may be in conflict with existing design standards. The topic that thisstudy addresses is the ethical dilemma between design standards and Sustainable design. This is anewly arising conflict resulting from the recent “green” Movement. This is a new challenge facing themodern engineer

Conference Session

New Research on Retention of URM Groups in STEM

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fredericka Brown, University of Texas, Tyler; Kristian Trampus, University of Texas, Tyler; Michael Odell, University of Texas, Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AbstractNumerous national policy papers and studies have reported that the continued lack of recruitmentand retention in STEM fields among historically under-represented populations has a serious impacton the economic well being of the United States and its citizenry. Much attention has been paid tothe attitudes and interests of minority students regarding their desire to pursue postsecondaryeducation in STEM as well as their persistence in these efforts. In addition, various efforts havebeen made to increase the recruitment and retention of these populations through outreachprograms, mentoring, and summer activities. Less attention has been paid to the pervasive attitudesand actions of their peers within the STEM fields and throughout the STEM pipeline

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University; Karen High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2009-2080: WRITING TO LEARN: THE EFFECT OF PEER TUTORING ONCRITICAL THINKING AND WRITING SKILLS OF FIRST-YEAR ENGINEERINGSTUDENTSRebecca Damron, Oklahoma State University REBECCA DAMRON earned her B.A. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1987 in South Asian Studies, her M.A. in Teaching English as a Second Language in 1992 from Oklahoma State University, and her Ph.D. in Linguistics in 1997 from Oklahoma State University. Dr. Damron worked in the writing program in the department of English at the University of Tulsa from 1996-2001, and is currently an Assistant Professor of English and Director of the OSU Writing Center at Oklahoma State University. Her main research interests

Collection

2009 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Sustainable water in Hydraulic Course for construction management studentsAbstract:Water is the source of the life for human use and maintains the health of local ecosystem. Waterresources sustainability is the ability to use water in sufficient quantities and quality. Sustainablewater use has been defined as “the use of water that support the ability of human society toendure and flourish into indefinite future without undermining the integrity of the hydrologicalcycle or the ecological systems that depends on it.6” There is need for adding the new section inthe syllabus of hydraulic and hydrology that is been teaching to the colleges, especially technicalcolleges. As a part of this move to the greener environment in State College we are

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cordelia Brown, Purdue University; Yung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue University; Melissa Yale, Purdue University; Deborah Bennett, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2009-1487: ON-LINE EXAMINATIONS FOR OBJECT-ORIENTEDPROGRAMMINGCordelia Brown, Purdue UniversityYung-Hsiang Lu, Purdue UniversityMelissa Yale, Purdue UniversityDeborah Bennett, Purdue University Page 14.925.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 On-Line Examinations for Object-Oriented ProgrammingAbstractOn-line content (such as handouts) have been widely adopted in today's classrooms. On-lineexaminations have yet to be accepted due to several reasons. For example, computers andnetworks may be unavailable during an examination; email and instant messaging maycompromise academic honesty. This paper reports our experience in using on-line examinationsfor a

Conference Session

Two-Year/Four-Year Articulation and Cooperation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christal Wade, Western Kentucky University; Andrew Ernest, Western Kentucky University; Jana Fattic, Western Kentucky University; Karla Andrew, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

AC 2009-1731: WATER/WASTEWATER TECHNICIAN TRAINING INSTITUTE:THE FIRST YEAR RETROSPECTIVEChristal Wade, Western Kentucky University Ms. Wade holds a Master of Science Degree in Biology from Western Kentucky University. She began working in the WATERS Laboratory as an undergraduate in 2004 and accepted full-time employment as a laboratory analyst upon graduation in 2006. Ms. Wade currently holds certification under the Kentucky Microbiological Laboratory Certification Program and is an EPA Approved Principal Cryptosporidium Analyst under the Long-Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule. She manages both the Microbiological and Cryptosporidium programs at the WATERS Lab. Ms. Wade

Conference Session

Bridging the Gap and Freshman Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart; Akiko Kato, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Olivier Pfeiffer, Technische Universitaet Berlin; Erhard Zorn, Technische Universitaet Berlin

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2009-1665: PREFRESHMAN STUDENTS GEARING UP WITH EARLY BIRDSabina Jeschke, University of Stuttgart After receiving her M.Sc. in Physics at the Berlin University of Technology in 1997, graduating with distinction, Sabina Jeschke worked as an assistant teacher at the department for mathematics and natural sciences and earned her doctorate in 2004. Holding a scholarship from the German National Academic Foundation, she spent several months of research at the NASA in Moffet Field, CA. In 2000 and 2001, S. Jeschke worked as an instructor at the GaTech (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta). Since 2005, Sabina Jeschke has been associate professor for Media in Mathematics and Natural

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claudio Brito, Council of Researches in Education and Sciences; Melany Ciampi, Organization of Researches in Environment, Health and Safety

Tagged Divisions

International

Education) and RCI (Cartagena Network of Engineering). Dr. Claudio da Rocha Brito has received a B.S. degree in Electrical Engineering, B.S. degree in Mathematics, B.S. degree in Physics, M.S. and Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering all from the University of São Paulo. He is listed in "Who's Who in the World", "Who's Who in America", "Who's Who in Science and Engineering", "Five Thousand Personalities of the World", "Dictionary of International Biography", "Men of Achievement" and others similar publications. Although he was born in São Paulo City, he has received the title of Santos Citizen from Santos City Hall and he was the first American professor who has received the title “International

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlie Law, Pennsylvania State University, Schuykill; David Younger, Rice University; Ann Saterbak, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2009-1196: INVESTIGATION OF THE UNDERREPRESENTATION OFWOMEN IN THE G.R. BROWN TEACHING AWARDS AT RICE UNIVERSITYCharlie Law, Pennsylvania State University, Schuykill Charlie Law is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at Penn State Schuylkill. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Rice University in 2008.David Younger, Rice University David Younger is a junior student at Rice University with a major in Bioengineering and a minor in Business. He is interested in working for a non-profit biotechnology company that delivers health care solutions to developing countries.Ann Saterbak, Rice University Ann Saterbak is Professor in the Practice and Associate Chair for Undergraduate Affairs in the

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Dyrenfurth, Purdue University; Donal McHale, Dublin Institute of Technology; Robert Herrick, Purdue University; Richard Hayes, Dublin Institute of Technology; James Barnes, James Madison University; PU H-DA PSU DIT Students, Dublin Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

International

), Brian O’Connell (Student, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland)Faculty and programs in engineering/industrial technology often promote internationalexchange and study abroad as a desirable component of a university experience—particularly in this increasingly globalized world. But, what do students who haveactually had such experiences perceive? How do they view such experiences, before,during and after the event? The following paper evolved from the experiences of fouruniversities collaborating on an EU-FIPSE funded Atlantis project called DETECT thatconsist of the partnerships shown in Figure 1. Figure 1: Project DETECT PartnershipsCentral to this presentation and paper will be the opportunity to actually hear

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benxin Wu, Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

survey is organized, and also share some useful findings about theeffect of the regular class survey on student evaluation and teaching quality improvement.IntroductionSince the author joined the Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering(MMAE) at University A in Fall 2007, he has been teaching classes in mechanical engineering atboth undergraduate and graduate levels, including MMAE 546 Advanced ManufacturingEngineering (graduate level) for Fall 2007 and Fall 2008, and MMAE 201 Mechanics of Solids(undergraduate level) for Spring 2008. MMAE 546 typical has an enrollment of around 20 to 25students, while MMAE 201 has an enrollment of nearly 50 students.During the first semester of his teaching at University A, the author does

Conference Session

New Research and Trends Related to Minorities in Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University; Ivan Esparragoza, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2009-726: MIND LINKS 2009: RESOURCES TO MOTIVATE MINORITIES TOSTUDY AND SUCCEED IN ENGINEERINGMaria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University Dr. Maria M. Larrondo Petrie is Vice President of the International Federation of Engineering Education Societies, Vice Chair of Engineering for the Americas, Executive Director of the Latin American and Caribbean Consortium of Engineering Institutions, and a Board Member of the Women in Engineering Division and the Minorities in Engineering Division of ASEE. She is Professor of Computer Engineering and Associate Dean of Academic and International Affairs in the College of Engineering and Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University. Her research

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hetal Jasani, Northern Kentucky University; Wei Hao, Northern Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2009-1316: INNOVATIVE NETWORK SECURITY COURSE DEVELOPMENTHetal Jasani, Northern Kentucky University Dr. Hetal Jasani is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science at Northern Kentucky University. His research interests include mobile and wireless networks, distributed systems and network security. He has published many publications in refereed journals and conference proceedings and given presentations at a variety of conferences. He is a professional member of various technical organizations such as ACM, IEEE and ASEE. Dr. Jasani received the Ph.D. from Florida International University in 2006. He also worked as assistant professor at Michigan Technological

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

AC 2009-2327: EXPERIENCES WITH ASSESSMENT TESTS FOR SYSTEMSCOURSESTokunbo Ogunfunmi, Santa Clara University TOKUNBO OGUNFUNMI, Ph.D., P.E. is an Associate Professor of Electrical Engineering at Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California. He earned his BSEE (First Class Honors) from Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly University of Ife), Nigeria, his MSEE and PhDEE from Stanford University, Stanford, California. His teaching and research interests span the areas of Digital Signal Processing (theory, applications and implementations), Adaptive Systems, VLSI/ASIC Design and Multimedia Signal Processing. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE, Member of Sigma Xi, AAAS and

Conference Session

ELD Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Larry Thompson, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Libraries

other documentsoutside of NACA / NASA , even though they are indexed in the NACA / NASA indexes, werenot included in the sampling.3) The specifics for locating citations in each title are given below. At a starting pagenumber specific to each NACA / NASA index, citations were scanned until a NACA / NASAdocument was located. In some cases the actual page number where the citation is located differsfrom the starting page number. This is because some indexes had several pages of conferencepaper, dissertation, or journal article indexing before a NACA / NASA document was located.There are three major sources for the citations in the tables: the Index of NACA TechnicalPublications, the NASA Technical Publications Announcements, and the

Conference Session

Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 1

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramesh Agarwal, Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

experience the fastest relative growthamong all modes of transportation, especially due to many fold increase in demand inmajor developing nations of Asia and Africa. Figure 1 shows the current market outlookfor airplane demand by 2025 and Figure 2 shows various categories of 27,200 airplanesthat would be needed by 2025. The total value of new airplanes is estimated at $2.6trillion. As a result of three fold increase in air travel by 2025, it is estimated that the totalCO2 emission due to commercial aviation may reach between 1.2 billion tonnes to 1.5billion tonnes annually by 2025 from its current level of 670 million tonnes. The amountof nitrogen oxides around airports, generated by aircraft engines, may rise from 2.5million tonnes in 2000 to 6.1