Behm, G. W., & Kushalnagar, R. S., & Stanislow, J. S., & Kelstone, A. W. (2015, June), Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf & Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms  Paper presented at 2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington. 10.18260/p.23995

\bibitem{asee_peer_23995}
  Behm, G. W., \& Kushalnagar, R. S., \& Stanislow, J. S., \& Kelstone, A. W. (2015, June), \emph{Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf \& Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms}
  Paper presented at 2015 ASEE Annual Conference \& Exposition, Seattle, Washington.
  10.18260/p.23995

Gary W Behm, Raja S Kushalnagar, Joseph S. Stanislow, and Aaron Weir Kelstone.  "Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf & Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms".  2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 2015, June.  ASEE Conferences, 2015.  https://peer.asee.org/23995 Internet.  26 Apr, 2024

\bibitem{asee_peer_23995}
  Gary W Behm, Raja S Kushalnagar, Joseph S. Stanislow, and Aaron Weir Kelstone.
  "Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf \& Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms".
  \emph{2015 ASEE Annual Conference \& Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 2015, June}.
  ASEE Conferences, 2015.
  https://peer.asee.org/23995 Internet.  26 Apr, 2024

@INPROCEEDINGS{asee_peer_23995
author = "Gary W Behm, Raja S Kushalnagar, Joseph S. Stanislow, and Aaron Weir Kelstone"
title = "Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf \& Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms"
booktitle = "2015 ASEE Annual Conference \& Exposition"
year = "2015"
month = "June"
address = "Seattle, Washington"
publisher = "ASEE Conferences"
note = {https://peer.asee.org/23995}
number = {10.18260/p.23995}
}

TY  - CPAPER
AB  - Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf & Hard of Hearing:        Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in a ClassroomMost deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) students cannot understand the spoken lectures without theaid of aural-to-visual access. Prior to the introduction of the earliest accessibility laws in 1974,less than 4% of DHH individuals completed college in the 1960s. Forty years later, only 16% ofDHH individuals graduate, far less than 30% of their hearing peers.Significant but subtle barriers related to using real-time text (RT) remain, especially inengineering, which makes heavy use of detailed visuals and explanations via sequential steps(Kushalnagar, 2014). Hearing students are able to look at the visuals and simultaneously listen tothe spoken explanation and combine the two effortlessly. By contrast, DHH students have toconstantly look away from RT to search and observe details in the lecture visual as shown inFigure 1. They risk losing information, as the failure to understand a single sentence can slowdown or even derail learning. As a result, they spend less time watching lecture visuals and gainless information than their hearing peers.We address two major barriers in using RT. First, the audio-to-visual nature of RT creates asimultaneous visual source for the student, who is forced to choose and switch between lookingat the RT and the current lecture visual materials (e.g., slides or demonstrations). If the studentlooks at RT, they miss slide or lecture information, or vice-versa. Second, the constantmovement of the student’s eyes or head is exhausting, and as a result, the student will focus ononly RTT to his/her detriment as shown in Figure 2. The ability to monitor and follow lectureinformation from dispersed visuals is difficult to address without accessible technology aids. Weexplore the efficacy of our accessible technology solution that mitigates the two barriersmentioned above. It projects RT above the presenter, and automatically tracks the presenter andmoves the RT to always be displayed above the presenter as shown in Figure 3.We investigate the feasibility and usefulness of using RTTD in managing visual gaze in theclassroom. We will recruit student participants to watch a live lecture with multiple visuals:instructor, slides, and whiteboard, which are used in most introductory engineering courses. Wewill set up RTTD in the lecture room as shown in Figure 3.We will describe the results of our controlled usability evaluation with quantitative measures,such as comprehension scores, and eye-tracking data. We will report on the degree ofimprovement, if any of students’ understanding of class content. We will identify benefits andlimitations of using RTTD in supporting both DHH and hearing students. We will measure andreport performance through comprehension questions, time to answer, and perceived ease offollowing the lecture. Finally, we will report student comments on their experiences in using thetechnology to follow the lecture.      Figure 1: Real-Time Text and slides           Figure 2: Dispersed visualsFigure 3: Real-Time Tracking Text Display (RTTD)
AU  - Gary W Behm
AU  - Raja S Kushalnagar
AU  - Joseph S. Stanislow
AU  - Aaron Weir Kelstone
CY  - Seattle, Washington
DA  - 2015/06/14
PB  - ASEE Conferences
TI  - Enhancing Accessibility of Engineering Lectures for Deaf & Hard of Hearing (DHH): Real-time Tracking Text Displays (RTTD) in Classrooms
UR  - https://peer.asee.org/23995
DO  - 10.18260/p.23995
ER  -