Conference Session

Potpourri Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica Buck, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-2685: FEMALE AMALGAMATION INTO INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGYAND FACTORS CAUSATIVE TO RECRUITMENT AND RETENTIONJessica Buck, Jackson State University Assistant Professor Jackson State University Department of Technology Mississippi State University - PHD -Technology Ed Mississippi State University -MST- Technology Alcorn State University - BS - Industrial Tech Page 12.740.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007Female Amalgamation into Industrial Technology and Factors Causative to Their Recruitment and Retention Page 12.740.2Introduction

Conference Session

Potpourri Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Danny Bee, University of Wisconsin-Stout; Brenda Puck, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Peter Heimdahl, University of Wisconsin-Stout

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-2850: TEN YEARS OF STEPS SUCCESS: SIGNIFICANT IMPACT INATTRACTING GIRLS TO SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND ENGINEERINGCAREERSDanny Bee, University of Wisconsin-Stout DANNY J. BEE is an Assistant Professor of Manufacturing Engineering since 1995 and the former Program Director for Manufacturing Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Stout. He earned a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and a M.S. in Manufacturing Systems Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. He has design/manufacturing experience in the aerospace and computer industries. In addition, he worked as a Quality Specialist in the Janesville/Beloit, WI region at Blackhawk Technical

Conference Session

K-12 Programs (Co-sponsored by K-12 Division)

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Stwalley, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-2055: THE EFFECTS OF GENDER ON ELEMENTARY-AGEDSTUDENTS' INTEREST IN TECHNOLOGY: A PRELIMINARY REPORTCarol Stwalley, Purdue University Dr. Carol S. Stwalley earned her BS, MS, and Ph.D. degrees from the School of Agricultural and Biological Engineering at Purdue University and is a registered professional engineer in Indiana. She performed the described research while the Assistant Director for the Purdue Women in Engineering Program. Currently, she performs assessment for the Purdue Minority Engineering Program. Dr. Stwalley also is the President of Paradocs Enterprises, Inc. which is a consulting engineering firm specializing in renewable energy projects and property transfer issues

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Steven Thomas, Lockheed Martin Corporation

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-355: WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTS THAT HINDER AND ASSIST THECAREER PROGRESSION OF WOMEN IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYRose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana ChampaignSteven Thomas, Lockheed Martin Corporation Page 12.1616.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 1 Workplace Environments that Assist and Hinder the Career Progression of Women in Information Technology AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the workplace environmentcharacteristics that hinder and

Conference Session

The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Backer, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-228: TECHNOLOGY AND GENDER ISSUES: DEVELOPMENT ANDASSESSMENT OF A FRESHMAN GENERAL EDUCATION COURSE IN THECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERINGPatricia Backer, San Jose State University Patricia Backer is a Professor and chair of the Department of Aviation and Technology in the College of Engineering at SJSU. She holds a BS degree in Chemical Engineering from Rutgers University, a MA and MS degree from Tennessee Temple University, and a MA and PhD from Ohio State. Her research interests are in the integration of multimedia and web-based learning into technology instruction. Page 12.1377.1© American

Conference Session

Potpourri Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mara Wasburn, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-233: CAN A MEDIA STRATEGY BE AN EFFECTIVE RECRUITMENTAND RETENTION TOOL FOR WOMEN IN ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY? A PILOT STUDYMara Wasburn, Purdue University Page 12.338.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Can a Media Strategy be an Effective Recruitment and Retention Tool for Women in Engineering and Technology? A Pilot StudyAbstractDespite the fact that many Western nations face a critical shortage of skilled professionals inscience, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) and despite abundant jobopportunities in STEM disciplines, few women still prepare themselves for careers in thesefields. Recently, there have been suggestions that

Conference Session

Perceptions of Women's Success in STEM

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-436: IT TAKES A VILLAGE TO CHANGE THE PERCEPTION OFENGINEERINGSusan Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology is Senior Advisor of the Center for Innovation in Engineering and Science Education (CIESE) at Stevens Institute of Technology. Throughout her career, Susan has worked to increase the participation of women in engineering and science. As the founding executive director of the Lore-El Center for Women in Engineering and Science at Stevens she developed and implemented pre-college and college level programs to increase the representation of women in STEM fields at Stevens and nationally, serving more than 15,000 women. In recognition of this contribution, the Lore-El Center

Conference Session

Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen Hein, Michigan Technological University; Amy Monte, Michigan Technological University; Kerri Sleeman, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-977: FOUR YEARS OF HELPING UNDERREPRESENTED STUDENTSSUCCEED IN ENGINEERINGGretchen Hein, Michigan Technological University Gretchen Hein is a lecturer in the Department of Engineering Fundamentals at Michigan Technological University. She received her BSME at Kettering University in Flint, MI and her MSE at Purdue University and Ph.D. from Michigan Technological University. Prior to pursuing her master’s degree, she worked as a mechanical engineer at General Motors Corporation. Gretchen teaches first year engineering courses and Thermo/Fluids for non-Mechanical Engineers.Amy Monte, Michigan Technological University Amy E. Monte is a lecturer in the Department of Engineering

Conference Session

K-12 Programs (Co-sponsored by K-12 Division)

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lynn Fujioka, isisHawaii and Women in Technology; Sheryl Hom, isisHawaii and Women in Technology; Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

its firstthree years, the paper discusses survey highlights, anecdotal findings and programrevisions/enhancements that produced successful results.BackgroundIn Hawaii, as across the nation, critical shortages in the science, technology, engineering, andmath (STEM) workforce have generated substantial interest from government and industryleaders to increase the recruitment and retention of women, and other underrepresented groups inSTEM education and employment1.“At a time when we face a shortage of skilled STEM workers who are U.S. citizens, womenprovide an untapped national resource to fill the workforce pipeline,” acknowledged U.S.Senator Inouye (D-HI)2 in his 2004 floor statement to the Senate.According to the U.S. Department of Labor’s

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moshe Hartman, Retired; Harriet Hartman, Rowan University; Jennifer Kadlowec, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

early socialization experiences from parents, Page 12.776.2teachers, academic preparation and success, work experience, and play (summarized recently byMargolis & Fisher9, and Tillberg & Cohoon14 ). Self-efficacy in the skills and characteristicsperceived as necessary to the major has also been noted as a motivator for choice of major3. Aprominent explanation for women’s selective representation across engineering disciplines hasbeen that women prefer majors in which the benefit to society is most clear5,13. The socialbenefits of science and technology seem to be much more important to women than to malestudents in similar fields11. As a

Conference Session

Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kieran Sullivan, Santa Clara University; Ruth Davis, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

success for women engineering students at Santa Clara University. We examinedpsychosocial factors, such as commitment to engineering and confidence in engineering abilities,as well as the effect of a specific intervention on the retention rate of young women engineeringstudents.Studies have shown that among students with adequate aptitude for STEM (Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), girls drop out more often than boys. Severalprograms have been developed to encourage girls to persevere in their interests in STEM fields.In the summer of 1999, SCU hosted a National Science Foundation workshop[1] gatheringdirectors of such programs to share their experience and insights. Forty-four people representingover 30 STEM programs for girls

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yong Zeng, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; John R. Duncan, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-2377: WOMEN: SUPPORT FACTORS AND PERSISTENCE INENGINEERINGYong Zeng, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign Yong Zeng is currently a Ph.D. Student at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in Human Resource Education department and has completed as Masters in Education (2005) and Bachelor in Engineering (1995). Yong is a doctoral fellow with the National Centre for Engineering Technology Education (NCETE). He has worked as engineer in the field of mechanical engineering and computing engineering since graduation in 1995. Served as co-PI, his proposal of ‘Women, Career Choice, and Persistence in Engineering’ was funded in June 2005 through NCETE. Yong is an active member of

Conference Session

The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Curriculum Studies and is currently pursuing a PhD in higher education at OISE/UT. Research interests include teaching & learning in higher education, engineering education, first year experience, STSE in higher education and gender issues in science and engineering. Page 12.295.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007Attracting and Retaining Females in Engineering Programs: Using a Science, Technology, Society and the Environment (STSE) Approach Page 12.295.2 Attracting and Retaining Females in Engineering Programs

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Dale Baker, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, characterization of materials, and materials selection and design. He conducts research in innovative education in engineering, including a Materials Concept Inventory, and also in adapting design, engineering and technology concepts to K-12 education.Chell Roberts, Arizona State University Chell A. Roberts is an associate professor and Director of Engineering at Arizona State University Polytechnic. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from Virginia Tech in 1991. He has a MS in Industrial Engineering and a BA in Mathematics from the University of Utah. He is a member of the board of directors for the Society for Computer Simulation International and has been

Conference Session

Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helene Finger, California Polytechnic State University; Tracy Van Houten, University of Southern California; Barbara Curry, California Polytechnic State University; Jennifer Harris, United Parcel Service; Malia Francisco, United Parcel Service; Betsy Sale, United Parcel Service

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Women Educational Equity Award.Tracy Van Houten, University of Southern California Tracy Van Houten is the lead Systems Engineer for Jet Propulsion Laboratory's advanced concepts development team, Team X. She has a B.S. in Aerospace Engineering from Cal Poly and is currently working on a M.S. in Astronautics and Space Technology at the University of Southern California. She was the Cal Poly SWE President from 2002-2003, and has continued her SWE involvement as the Region Collegiate Representative Coordinator on the Collegiate Interest Committee.Barbara Curry, California Polytechnic State University Barbara Curry has a B.S. in Mechanical Engineering from UC Santa Barbara, and a M.S. and

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julie Mariga, Purdue University; Alka Harriger, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-959: A MULTI-PRONGED APPROACH TO ADDRESS THE IT GENDERGAPJulie Mariga, Purdue University Professor Mariga teaches in the Department of Computer and Information Technology (CIT) at Purdue University, in West Lafayette, IN. Her areas of interest include virtual technologies and increasing the number of women students within CIT. CIT offers degrees in both information systems development and network engineering technology. She has co-authored a textbook, edited a second textbook, and written five chapters for other texts. She has published over fifteen referred articles and has written or co-authored numerous grants aimed at increasing the number of women students in CIT. She has

Conference Session

MentorNet

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Jo Wellenstein, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Susannah Sandrin, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh; Karen Showers, Wisconsin Technical College System; Leslie Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board; Jennifer Chou-Green, MentorNet; Carol Muller, MentorNet; Laurie Mayberry, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Ann Bloor, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Isla Yap, Maui Economic Development Board

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Wilkins, Maui Economic Development Board Wilkins is Vice President of Maui Economic Development Board in Hawaii.Carol Muller, MentorNet Muller, PhD, is CEO and Founder of MentorNetJennifer Chou-Green, MentorNet Chou-Green is Director of Programs at MentorNet.Ann Bloor, Milwaukee School of Engineering Bloor is Director of Research Administration at MSOE.Laurie Mayberry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Mayberry is Assistant to the Provost University of Wisconsin-MadisonIsla Yap, Maui Economic Development Board Yap is Project Manager, Women in Technology Project Maui Economic Development Board. Page

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Burger, Virginia Tech; Soyoung Lee, Virginia Tech; Anne Laughlin, Virginia Tech; Peggy Meszaros; Elizabeth Creamer, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

women’s interest and choice in careers in information technology. Creamer has an extensive publication record, including three authored and co-authored books and 45 refereed journal articles and book chapters. Page 12.741.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Female Student Views about IT Careers In High School and CollegeIntroductionThe low overall number of women engaged in computer-based college majors and occupationshas been noted for decades. While programs and activities have been offered to remedy thatinequality, systematic, theory-based studies of

Conference Session

Climate Issues for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiang-Yun Du, Aalborg University; Anette Kolmos, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

different focuses: the first one is from Page 12.779.4the perspective of psychology [15] and the second one is from the perspective of social learning [4].Based on difference methods, the two studies shared similar findings and conclusions in relation to thegendered experiences of studying engineering, in particular, in hard core technology based studyprograms. The following of the paper will present selected findings from the two PhD studies. Theseresults will be discussed in relation to the issue of whether and how PBL environment is gender friendlyin engineering education based on a comparison of the presented results.Findings and

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

C. Diane Matt, WEPAN

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

providesummer programs to middle school girls, and introduce girls and students of color to engineeringthrough the use of engineering-based hands-on curriculum presented in the classroom, all ofwhich are undertaken by WIE programs.• EXITE Exploring Interest in Technology and Engineering (EXITE) is a week-long summer program designed to expose middle-school girls to engineering and computer science. The pilot project, supported by IBM and managed by WEPAN took place at six U.S. universities during the summer of 2000. Women engineers from IBM, university professors and graduate students served as project teachers, speakers and mentors. EXITE had 219 students ranging from 5th to 8th grades participating in the summer program. Students

Conference Session

Issues of Diversity

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fonda Swimmer, Northern Arizona University; Karen Jarratt-Ziemski, Ft. Lewis College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

involved in K-12 STEM education for American Indian students and connecting applications of traditional indigenous knowledge within science and engineering education. Dr. Jarratt-Ziemski is Mississippi Choctaw. Page 12.956.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Intersections between Science & Engineering Education and Recruitment of Female and Native American StudentsAbstractAuthors will present an extensive overview of women and minorities in science, technology,engineering and math; provide discussion of the importance of multicontextuality as a tool in theuse of effective pedagogy

Conference Session

Perceptions of Women's Success in STEM

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Brunette, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; paula rayman, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; meg bond, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Lu Yuan, University of Massachusetts-Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Massachusetts-Lowell Page 12.34.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007A Delphi Study to Structure a Working Conference on Women’s Success in STEMIntroductionAlthough there is vast information regarding the difficulties that women face in thescience, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields, still it is still not veryclear how the critical work-related factors interact and have an impact on the attraction,retention, and advancement of women in STEM fields. Since there is little evidenceregarding the magnitude and direction of established relationships between these work-related factors and women’s success, it is critical

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yolanda George, AAAS; Patricia Campbell; Tom R. Kibler, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc; Rosa Carson, Campbell-Kibler Associates, Inc.; Shirley M. Malcom, AAAS

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) education and issues of race/ethnicity, gender and disability since the mid 1970's. Her BS, from LeMoyne College is in Mathematics, her MS, from Syracuse University, is in Instructional Technology and her PhD, also from Syracuse University, is in Teacher Education. Dr. Campbell, formerly a professor of research, measurement and statistics at Georgia State University, has authored more than 100 publications including co-authoring Engagement, Capacity and Continuity: A Trilogy for Student Success and Upping the Numbers: Using Research-Based Decision Making to Increase Diversity in the Quantitative Sciences with Eric

Conference Session

The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Keathly, University of North Texas; Robert Akl, University of North Texas; Ryan Garlick, University of North Texas

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

encourage young women to participate inthe program.Evaluation StructureThe summer camp programs were designed to motivate student learning and improve recruitingby including creative problem-solving laboratory experiences, as well as higher education andcareer exploration and planning activities related to Science, Technology, Engineering and Math(STEM) disciplines. The project’s overall goal was to develop summer camp programs thatattract young women into science and engineering disciplines, as well as to implement strategiesoutside the scope of this paper to retain these students once they are in STEM disciplines.The evaluation plan included both formative measures to provide feedback to project developers,and summative assessment to address

Conference Session

An International Perspective

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Maldonado, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Tatiana Ramirez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Idalis Vazques, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

surrounding businesses topay for their lodging.Status of the UPRM’s College of Engineering in the islandThe UPRM is a highly recognized university in Puerto Rico. Its image comes from being one ofthe best universities specialized in Engineering and Science in the Caribbean. Engineeringgraduates get very competitive job offers from the many pharmaceutical, bio-technology andelectronics companies in the island 7.Having a positive image of the career and university settingis one of the recognized attraction factors into STEM careers. Graduate school is also an optionas all engineering specialties have well-established graduate programs and many prestigiousengineering schools in the continental US come to recruit students, offering full scholarships

Conference Session

Perspectives for Women Faculty

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Mara Wasburn, Purdue University; Valarie young, Ohio University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

/ 2 College of Technology Purdue University West Lafayette, IN 47907 / 3 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Ohio University Athens, OH 45701AbstractIncreasingly, women are having or caring for children while in tenure-track faculty positions.This paper focuses on the experiences of pregnant engineering faculty members, usingqualitative data derived from a survey of women faculty who are members of the AmericanSociety for Engineering Education Women in Engineering

Conference Session

K-12 Programs (Co-sponsored by K-12 Division)

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanne Hubelbank, WPI Evaluation Consulting; Chrysanthe Demetry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Shelley Errington Nicholson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Stephanie Blaisdell, Independent Consultant; Paula Quinn, Independent Consultant; Elissa Rosenthal, Marketing Research Consultant; Suzanne Sontgerath, Independent Consultant

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She co-founded Camp Reach and has co-directed the program from 1997-98 and 2003-present. Her teaching and research interests include use of educational technology, classroom formative assessment, development of intercultural sensitivity, and K-12 engineering outreach. She received the ASM Bradley Stoughton Award for Young Teachers in 2000 and WPI's Trustees' Award for Outstanding Teaching in 2002.Shelley Errington Nicholson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute SHELLEY ERRINGTON NICHOLSON serves as the Director of Women’s Programs at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. She has co-directed Camp Reach since 2006. Prior to joining WPI Shelley has worked at several

Conference Session

Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-2456: OUTREACH INITIATIVE FOR RECRUITING WOMEN TOENGINEERING: DOING A GOOD DEED FOR GIRL SCOUTSDavid Cottrell, University of North Carolina-Charlotte DR. DAVID S. COTTRELL is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1978 and retired in 2000 after more than 22 years of service with the US Army Corps of Engineers. Studies at Texas A&M University resulted in an MS Degree in Civil Engineering in 1987 and a PhD in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer and has taught courses in statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, graphic communications, engineering

Conference Session

The Impact of Curriculum on the Retention of Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Marra, University of Missouri; Barbara Bogue, Pennsylvania State University; Kelly Rodgers, University of Missouri; Demei Shen, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

AC 2007-124: SELF EFFICACY OF WOMEN ENGINEERING STUDENTS ?THREE YEARS OF DATA AT U.S. INSTITUTIONSRose Marra, University of Missouri ROSE M. MARRA is an Associate Professor in the School of Information Science and Learning Technologies at the University of Missouri. She is PI of the NSF-funded Assessing Women and Men in Engineering (AWE) and Assessing Women In Student Environments (AWISE) projects. Her research interests include gender equity issues, the epistemological development of college students, and promoting meaningful learning in web-based environments.Barbara Bogue, Pennsylvania State University BARBARA BOGUE is Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Women in

Conference Session

Perceptions of Women's Success in STEM

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Catherine Claiborne, University of Washington; Suzanne G. Brainard, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

, skillgaps, immigration restrictions after September 11, 2001, and growing competition abroad fromcountries that historically supply S&E workers11,12,17,28,. According to the Congressional Page 12.751.2Commission on the Advancement of Women and Minorities in Science, Engineering, andTechnology Development (CAWMSET), the shortage could be avoided “if women,underrepresented minorities, and persons with disabilities were represented in the U.S. science,engineering, and technology (SET) workforce in parity with their percentages in the totalworkforce population” 7. In 2005 women and underrepresented minorities (African Americans,Hispanics, and