Conference Session

Engineering Without Borders: Programs Involving Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Lin, North Dakota State University; Frank Peloubet, North Dakota State University; Huizhen Wang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Yajun Zhang, Beijing Institute of Civil Engineering and Architecture

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-2361: ENGINEERING FIELD EXPERIENCE ? AN INTERNATIONALAND CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTSWei Lin, North Dakota State University Dr. Wei Lin is an Associate Professor of environmental engineering in North Dakota State University. He also serves as the Director of the interdisciplinary Environmental and Conservation Sciences graduate program. Dr. Lin teaches environmental and water resources courses at undergraduate and graduate levels. His research areas include water and wastewater treatment technologies, wetland studies, and river water quality modeling and management. Before join NDSU, Dr. Lin was a senior engineer with Ecology and Environment, Inc. He has

Conference Session

IE and EM Program Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Megan Brunkhorst, University of Missouri; Halvard Nystrom, University of Missouri; Donald Myers, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

ten years. He received his Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering with an emphasis in Management of Technology from Arizona State University. He earned his MBA from Stanford and a B.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering at the University of Illinois, Urbana. His research interests are in marketing, technology management, financial management and engineering education. He also has fourteen years of industrial experience with Digital Equipment Corp., Castle and Cooke Inc. and Westinghouse (R&D Center). Dr. Nystrom was awarded a Fulbright Scholar Grant in 2005 to teach in Oman.Donald Myers, University of Missouri Don Myers is a Professor of the Engineering Management Department at the

Conference Session

Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers in the World of Corporate Business

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Donna Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

needs, working to endpoverty, or providing students with cross-cultural design experience in preparation for careers ina globalized economy, numerous small-scale engineering projects have proliferated indeveloping countries, either driven by or with participation from U.S. engineers and engineeringstudents. Many different models have been employed to this end, curricular and co-curricular, incollaboration with foreign governments, educational institutions or non-governmentalorganizations, with entrepreneurial, sustainable, appropriate technology and/or community-basedapproaches to design.These engineering projects are occurring in the context of globalization and broader economicdevelopment efforts. It is important that we in the engineering

Conference Session

Trends in Construction Engineering II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Currin, Southern Polytechnic State University; Timothy Zeigler, Southern Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

which it has become a reality.Lessons learned during this process are presented along with advice to those who seek tofollow a similar path.Special emphasis is given to the interaction between multiple academic departments, thecollaboration of several colleges and universities and the vital role industry played in theprocess. Input was obtained from universities in several states including sisteruniversities within the state of Georgia. The program's development was unique in thatcivil engineering technology, construction management, and architecture faculty allplayed key roles as full partners in the process. Their contributions/interactionsthroughout the project is presented as well as development of a curriculum which meetsthe needs of

Conference Session

Sustainability & Environmental Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Gaughran, University of Limerick; Stephen Burke, University of Limerick; Sonya Quinn, University of Limerick

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

educational intervention modules for SMEs as well as for engineering and design undergraduates for Interregional EU application. He lectures in design for sustainability across a number of courses in UL, and endeavours to link academic research with industry, through seminars and onsite coaching. He believes that the application of sustainability strategies is not just a moral obligation in manufacturing, but also helps secure competitive advantage. He holds a PhD in Design and Ergonomics from Brunel University.Stephen Burke, University of Limerick Stephen Burke graduated from the University of Limerick with a 1st Honours in Technology Education in 2002. He has served for two years as a teaching

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fernando Tovia, Philadelphia University; Muthu Govindaraj, Philadelphia University; David Brookstein, Philadelphia University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

Engineering Education, 2007 A New Multidisciplinary Engineering Education Initiative at Philadelphia UniversityAbstractPhiladelphia University is developing a new engineering school based on a strategic decisionmade three years ago to re-engineer its School of Textiles and Materials Technology and expandundergraduate educational offerings beyond its legacy B.S. textile engineering program. Today,the school has re-emerged as the School of Engineering and Textiles, currently offeringbaccalaureate degrees in Industrial and Systems Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, andGeneral Engineering with a choice of minor concentration tracks in Industrial, Mechanical,Environmental, Textile, or Architectural Engineering

Conference Session

Global Engineering in an Interconnected World

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Mariasingam, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Sandra Courter, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Thomas Smith, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Gregory Moses, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

International

Engineering Education, 2007 1 Globalization and Engineering Education for 2020IntroductionThe emerging global trends in business have a great impact on the workforce needs, and theeducation and training of the workforce. The engineers of tomorrow will be expected to functiondifferently from today as they face new ever changing work environment that includesglobalization, outsourcing and emerging technologies. What do these emerging changes andchallenges mean to the employers, the institutions that prepare engineers, and the organizationsthat assure quality? What should be their response to these trends as they unfold? In

Conference Session

Effective Learning Innovations in Civil Engineering Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Evers, United States Military Academy; C. Conley; James Ledlie Klosky

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

work will be extended and integrated with structural engineering, construction managementand other aspects of the project as the students work to complete their capstone experience. The other useful feature of the course is that it is also proving to be a convenient vehiclefor discussing or incorporating advances in technology and discussing current events. CE390 isan excellent method for introducing and evaluating some of the American Society of CivilEngineers developed Body of Knowledge outcomes that are more difficult to judge performancein with more traditional CE courses. Page 12.980.2Why teach a Site Design course? Recent

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xiaoqi Zhang, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Clifford Bruell, University of Massachusetts-Lowell; Yexin Yin, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Praveen Jayaradu, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Mark Hines, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

undesirable byproducts [9].Lead is among the most toxic elements and has widespread presence in the environment [10, 11].Common treatment technologies for lead removal include chemical precipitation and adsorption.However, precipitation becomes less effective and more expensive at high metal concentrations[12] and successful adsorption depends on finding low-cost, high-capacity sorbents [12-23] ormicroorganisms that accumulate toxic metals [24-26]. Innovative nanospheres have shownpromise for lead complexation.Despite the research progress that has been made, there is very little effort to introducenanotechnology into undergraduate environmental engineering curriculum. The objective of thisproject was to introduce nanotechnology experiences into

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management / IE and EM Program Mangement / Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Mary Cordova-Wentling, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

literature shows thatthey lack the people skills that are needed in order to have a successful long term career (ABET,2004; Baren, & Watson, 1991; Darling, & Dannels, 2003; Manseur, 2003; Selinger, 2003). Human Behavior Skills for EngineersOver a decade ago, the U.S. engineering community (industry, academe, and government)collectively concluded that engineering students need to be trained on human behavior skills inorder to succeed within the modern American industry, and that consequently, a change inengineering education needed to be made (Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology,2004). Since then, some actions have been taken to incorporate human behavior skills as part of

Conference Session

Ethical Responsibilities of Engineers in the World of Corporate Business / Engineering and Poverty

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

; to point to somenew efforts in engineering and engineering education that begin to address ourresponsibilities towards the poor; and to encourage a vigorous and ongoing conversationfocused on our responsibilities as engineers and educators towards the poor.IntroductionEngineering and its product, technology, hold immense promise and unlimited potentialfor all of us who share our destinies on planet Earth. Each of us can imagine a time in thefuture at which all of the world’s dreaded diseases are eliminated, there is abundance forall and each of us can live our life to its maximum. No doubt it will be the problemsolvers of society, the engineers, who will be called upon to get us to that point. Thequestion then becomes will engineering as we

Conference Session

International Case Studies:Collaborations, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ian Robinson, Edge Hill University; Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; John Rowe, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

International

, to manage the developmentand implementation of new technologies, coupled with the ability to appreciate and take cost/benefit account of the financial, social and political implications of decisions taken’ 1.In short, engineering graduates were required to be business-minded for the first time.By 1988, the Engineering Council was becoming more outspoken, observing that ‘educationfor working life rather than first job should...be the aim’. The engineer in industry must be‘an authority on technology, a leader of others, a communicator’ and engineering coursesmust ‘improve working habits’ 5. The council was itself beginning to warm to the theme ofintervention in the undergraduate curriculum, and would indeed be funding and influencing

Conference Session

CE Poster Session in Exhibit Hall

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Clara Fang; David Pines, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

instructor-led "chalk and talk" byenabling students to explore complex traffic modeling processes in computerized learningenvironments, and the new learning experience enables students to think critically abouttransportation problems and solutions.1. Introduction Technology innovations play an increasingly important role in engineering education asan effective tool for enhancing classroom learning. My experience in both teaching and studyingtransportation engineering has me realize that computer simulation, one of these innovations,complements traditional transportation engineering education methods. Conventionalapproaches to transportation education emphasize rationality and are dominated by analyticaltraining, which tends to

Conference Session

ABET Accreditation of Multidisciplinary Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred DePiero, California Polytechnic State University; Lynne Slivovsky, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

responsibility in making decision”. Here, aprofessional organization has broadened the view of its standards. This is in contrast tothe narrowing focus of many academic departments, and further emphasizes the need for Page 12.1087.2change in academia.Expectations for ABET AccreditationBoth accreditation requirements and global industry needs are pushing engineeringprograms to find creative means to include multidisciplinary (MD) team skills in theircurricula. The Accrediting Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) requiresprograms receiving accreditation to ensure that all graduates can accomplish a range ofProgram Outcomes. ABET’s Outcome 3D addresses MD

Conference Session

Retention Programs for Women Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kieran Sullivan, Santa Clara University; Ruth Davis, Santa Clara University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

success for women engineering students at Santa Clara University. We examinedpsychosocial factors, such as commitment to engineering and confidence in engineering abilities,as well as the effect of a specific intervention on the retention rate of young women engineeringstudents.Studies have shown that among students with adequate aptitude for STEM (Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics), girls drop out more often than boys. Severalprograms have been developed to encourage girls to persevere in their interests in STEM fields.In the summer of 1999, SCU hosted a National Science Foundation workshop[1] gatheringdirectors of such programs to share their experience and insights. Forty-four people representingover 30 STEM programs for girls

Conference Session

Teaching Innovation in Architectural Engineering I

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Hector Estrada, University of the Pacific

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

in both AE and CE awarded in the 2004-2005academic year for those schools with accredited AE programs.1 Milwaukee School of Engineering isthe one school in the study that does not offer a civil engineering program. Also, the University ofOklahoma was not accredited by ABET until 2006. University Department College/School1 Drexel University Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering2 Kansas State University Architectural Engineering and Engineering Construction Science3 Illinois Institute of Technology Civil and Architectural Engineering4 University of

Conference Session

Methods & Techniques in Graduate Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Kane, New Jersey Institute of Technology; Clarisa Gonzalez-Lenahan, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

AC 2007-378: THE DOCTORAL PATHWAY, AN INSTITUTIONAL JOURNEY OFDEVELOPMENTRonald Kane, New Jersey Institute of Technology Ronald S. Kane is Dean of Graduate Studies and Assistant Vice President for Academic Affairs at New Jersey Institute of Technology. Before that he had been Dean of Graduate Studies, Research, and Continuing Professional Education and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology and before that served as Mechanical Engineering Department Chair at Manhattan College. He has industrial experience in the energy and aerospace industries and worked for a number of years on nuclear safety and alternative energy systems, with focus on modeling and

Conference Session

Academic Boot Camp

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorja Kimball, Texas Engineering Experiment Station; Bryan Cole, Texas A&M University; Margaret Hobson, Texas Engineering Experiment Station; Karan Watson, Texas A&M University; Christine Stanley, Texas A&M Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

AC 2007-2963: A STUDY OF MINORITY ENGINEERING STUDENTS AND TIMETO COMPLETION OF FIRST YEAR REQUIRED COURSES AT TEXAS A&MUNIVERSITYJorja Kimball, Texas Engineering Experiment Station Dr. Jorja Kimball is the Director of Strategic Research Development office for the Texas Engineering Experiment Station, an agency of the Texas A&M University system. She holds a Ph.D. in Higher Education Administration, BBA and MBA. Her research interests and publications involve engineering education, diversity, and underrepresented engineering groups and issues.Bryan Cole, Texas A&M University Dr. Bryan R. Cole is Professor of Educational Administration in the Department of Educational

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Building for Developing Countries

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Saleh Keshawarz; MohammadOmar Andar, Kabul University; Maria Beebe, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-2356: CIVIL ENGINEERING EDUCATION IN AFGHANISTANM. Keshawarz, University of Hartford M. Saleh Keshawarz is Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Hartford in Connecticut, USA. He has been involved in engineering curriculum issues both in the US and Afghanistan for many years. He has assisted Kabul and Herat universities in Afghanistan in revising their engineeing curricula.MohammadOmar Andar, Kabul University Mohammad Omar Andar is an Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Kabul University. He is currently working on his masters degree in mechanical engineering in Japan. He has been very active in curriculum revision at Kabul

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Introductory Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George List, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

customers, in practice and research. REFERENCES[1] Rasdorf, W. J., “Computer Programming in the Civil Engineering Curriculum,” Journal of Professional Issues inEngineering, 111:4, pp. 141-148, October 1985.[2] Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), Accreditation Criteria for Engineering Programs,2007-2008, Baltimore, MD, 2007 (http://www.abet.org/forms.shtml).[3] Brady, A. H., “The Introductory and Service Courses in Computing: Some Experiences and a CriticalAssessment,” ACM SIGCE Bulletin, 2:2, pp. 31-36, June-July 1970.[4] Gruener, W. B., and S.M. Graziano, “A Study of the First Course in Computers,” ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 10:3,pp. 100-107, August 1978.[5] Austing, R.H., B.H. Barnes

Conference Session

Design Methodolgy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Foley, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

theability of an engineer to undertake good sketches. The sketch as a means ofcommunication cannot be underestimated. More often than not, most great ideas, insightsand general ‘eureka’ moments occur when computers are not readily available. Theinteraction one can have with others over a sketch is also hard to beat. The informationdensity in a sketch also far surpasses that of the written word, the old adage ‘a picture isworth a thousand words’ still stands true today. The sketch also, by its very informality,encourages others to contribute to its development and the use of a pencil generally formsno technological barriers. All in all, it remains a tremendous tool for design and so shouldcommandeer its fair share of a design course’s allotted time

Conference Session

MIND - Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atin Sinha, Albany State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

. Page 12.1152.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Perspective of a Transfer Engineering ProgramAbstractThe transfer engineering program at Albany State University conducted in collaboration withGeorgia Institute of Technology has undergone a number of structural changes in the last fiveyears leading to a more comprehensive educational experience for the students that have beenreflected in higher enrollment figure and improved matriculation rate. Curriculum enhancementwith introduction of five new engineering courses and revamping the materials of others toensure smooth transition to Georgia Tech, addition of laboratory component to the engineeringcourses, conducting workshops for high school students and

Conference Session

Collaborative & New Efforts in Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University; Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1015: PROMOTING LEARNER AUTONOMY IN ENGINEERINGMichael Bramhall, Sheffield Hallam University Mike is Head of Learning, Teaching and Assessment at Sheffield Hallam University's Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Sciences. He is the Associate Director of the Centre for Promoting Learner Autonomy at Sheffield Hallam. He is also the Associate Director of the UK Centre for Materials Education at Liverpool University, which is part of the UK Higher Education Academy.Keith Radley, Sheffield Hallam University Keith is a Lecturer in Curriculum Innovation at Sheffield Hallam University,(specialising in media and resources)in the Learning and Teaching Institute. Keith has 25

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Xiaoyan Mu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

AC 2007-765: CIRCUITS LEARNED BY EXAMPLE ONLINE (CLEO)Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Edward Doering is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, where he teaches courses in circuits and systems, digital systems, image processing, and electronic music synthesis. His research interests include technology-enabled education, image processing, and FPGA-based signal processing.Xiaoyan Mu, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Xiaoyan Mu is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology (RHIT). Currently she teaches classes of electrical circuits and

Conference Session

Engineering Management Program Management

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin High, Oklahoma State University; Paul Rossler, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

Technology Management Program and co-directs the Legal Studies in Engineering Program at Oklahoma State University and is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Management. He is a licensed professional engineer and holds a M.S. and Ph.D. in industrial engineering from Virginia Tech. Page 12.643.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Engineer ing Malpr actice: Avoiding Liability thr ough EducationIntr oduction Not many engineers consider malpractice when they receive their engineeringdegrees or, for that matter, give it much thought during their employment. Most degreedengineers are

Conference Session

Liberal Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanne Lax, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

instruct these students in the use of appropriately worded emailcorrespondence as many of them seek internships and full-time employment in North Americaafter graduation.References1. M Abdullah. (2003, Dec.). The impact of electronic communication on writing. ED477614. [Online]. Available: http://www.eric.ed.gov.2. D. Carpenter. (2006, Dec.). “Business schools increase efforts toward written communication,” in Lafayette Journal and Courier, D3.3. N. Baron, “Why email looks like speech,” presented at Language, the Media, and International Communication, Oxford, U.K., March 29-April 1, 2001.4. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, “Criteria for accrediting engineering programs.” [Online] Available: http://www.abet.org5. J

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

AC 2007-2484: A WEB-BASED TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTING PEER REVIEWPatricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Patricia A. Carlson received the BS from the College of William and Mary in 1968 and the MS and Ph.D. degrees from Duke University in 1969 and 1973 respectfully. Currently Dr. Carlson is Professor of American Literature and Director of PRISM, Department of Humanities and Social Science, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology.Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology Dr. Frederick C. Berry received the BS, MS, and DE degrees from Louisiana Tech University in 1981, 1983, and 1988 respectfully. He taught in the Electrical Engineering Department at Louisiana

Conference Session

What's New in the Mechanics of Materials?

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Lidvin Kjerengtroen, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

AC 2007-1374: A NEW APPROACH FOR TEACHING IN-PLANE PRINCIPALSTRESSES, PRINCIPAL DIRECTIONS AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS FORPLANE STRESSKarim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Dr. Karim Muci-Küchler is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Before joining SDSM&T, he was an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Detroit Mercy. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from Iowa State University in 1992. His main interest areas include Computational Mechanics, Solid Mechanics, and Product Design and Development. He has taught several different courses at the undergraduate and graduate level

Conference Session

CE Poster Session in Exhibit Hall

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Candace Sulzbach, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Success in this competition is based on a combination of factors; theability to combine recent advances in concrete technology with the concepts of navalarchitecture; the use of effective project management; and the motivation, creativity and spiritof a team of young men and women who take extreme pride in their work.4At the concrete canoe competition, there are four main areas that are judged; finished product,oral presentation, written technical report and the races, each part now worth 25% of the totalcompetition points. To successfully address the project of designing and building a concretecanoe, students must plan the structure of their engineering design team. Initially, the teamsmust focus on designing a fast and maneuverable hull, a

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kris Mattila, Michigan Technological University; Ke Li, Michican Technological University; James Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy

AC 2007-3125: DEMONSTRATING CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTIVITYKris Mattila, Michigan Technological UniversityKe Li, Michican Technological UniversityJames Pocock, U.S. Air Force Academy Page 12.444.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Demonstrating Construction Productivity Kris G. Mattilaa, Ke Lia, and James Pocockb a Michigan Technological University/bUnited States Air Force AcademyAbstractFor many construction estimating and scheduling activities, it is generally accepted that twoworkers can perform a given task twice as fast as one worker. Similarly, four workers canperform the same task in a quarter of the time