Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Senay Purzer; Alison McKay, University of Leeds; Mark Henderson, Arizona State University; Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Alan de Pennington, University of Leeds

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2008-1709: COMPARING THE DESIGN PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESSESOF PRODUCT DESIGN AND ENGINEERING STUDENT TEAMS IN THE US ANDUKSenay Yasar Purzer, Arizona State University Senay Yasar-Purzer is a Ph.D. candidate in Science Education, Department of Curriculum and Instruction at Arizona State University (ASU). She currently works as a graduate research associate in the Communication in Science Inquiry Project, an NSF-funded teacher professional development program. She earned her master’s degree in Science Education at ASU. She has a BS degree in Physics Education and is currently pursuing another B.S.E degree with a concentration in mechanical systems. In 2007, she received the Dean’s Excellence award

Conference Session

DEED Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology; Jonathan Weaver, University of Detroit Mercy; Daniel Dolan, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2008-1264: TEACHING CONCEPT GENERATION METHODOLOGIES INPRODUCT DEVELOPMENT COURSES AND SENIOR DESIGN PROJECTSKarim Muci-Küchler, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Karim Muci-Küchler is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Before joining SDSM&T, he was an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Detroit Mercy. He received his Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics from Iowa State University in 1992. His main interest areas include Computational Mechanics, Solid Mechanics, and Product Design and Development. He has taught several different courses at the undergraduate and graduate level, has over 30 technical

Conference Session

The Best of Design in Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Zemke, Gonzaga University; Diane Zemke, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

interested, please contact the first author via email.The first author is also particularly interested in creating activities that specifically teachcollaboration skills such as active listening, giving peer feedback, or assigning tasks on teams.These skills are especially relevant to engineers today but represent a significant challenge toteach well. If you are interested in developing an effective and tested curriculum in this area,please also contact the author.Finally, we wish to thank Brent Fales for his effort in creating half of these activities. Brenttaught a parallel section to the one in this study. Without his help, this study would not havebeen possible.References1. Smith, K. A., Sheppard, S. D., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

X. Chang Li, Lamar University; Kendrick Aung, Lamar University; Jiang Zhou, Lamar University; Xuejun Fan, Lamar University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the reference point. An arrow from the reference point to the left is labeled ascooling and to the right as heating. An alternative is to make an arrow to the reference pointfrom the left as heating and from the right as cooling. In this way, the reference point willrepresent the desired conditions, and all the arrows to the reference point will be the tasks to bedone for different surrounding conditions. Different groups of students are surveyed to assessthe improvement, and the students’ feedback is included in this paper. Additional considerationto reinforce the teaching/learning process is also covered.IntroductionThermodynamics is an important curriculum for undergraduates in Mechanical Engineering, andit is often taught in two semesters

Conference Session

Gender & Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeff Davis, Georgia Institute of Technology; Jeff Rosen, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2008-750: DIVERSIFYING PARTICIPATION IN FIRST LEGO LEAGUEMarion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Marion C. Usselman is a Senior Research Scientist at the Center for Education Integrating Science, Mathematics and Computing (CEISMC) at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Marion received her Ph.D. in biophysics from Johns Hopkins University and has taught in the Biology Department at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte. She focuses on equity issues in education and K-12 educational reform. She has co-directed the Georgia FLL program since 2001.Jeff Davis, Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Jeffrey Davis, an associate professor of computer engineering at Georgia Tech

Conference Session

Two Year College Tech Session I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Jonassen, University of Missouri; William Miller, University of Missouri; Matthew Schmidt, University of Missouri; Matthew Easter, University of Missouri; Rose Marra, University of Missouri

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

contexts.Architecture of the online learning environmentWe have developed an online learning environment that is an integral part of the RPTcurriculum. This technology is tightly integrated into the curriculum. The online learningenvironment has three major structural components: navigation, a case library, andlearning supports (Fig. 1). The navigational scheme enables learners to navigate torelevant cases, and also facilitates accessing answers to questions contained within thesystem. The case library is comprised of primary and transfer scenarios (cases asexemplars and as problems to solve respectively) as well as operating experience andevent reports (cases as remindings). The learning supports in the learning environmentconsist of embedded narratives, the

Conference Session

Sustainability in AEC and AEC Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Kirby, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Hilal Ozcan, Prairie View A&M University; Fouad Fouad, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

entitled“Engineering Sustainable Design and Construction.” The course pairs students frominterdisciplinary teams with community partners to address real-world sustainability designproblems geared toward public service in the US as well as in other nations across the world. Page 13.1127.6The student design teams were vertically integrated to include architectural and mechanicalengineering students to provide realistic solutions to provided design problems14.Boston Architectural College has a program in sustainable design and presently offers acertificate in the subject area. The certificate program is an option for individuals that areultimately

Conference Session

BME Courses & Curricular Content

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Patzer, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

with tissue engineering.IntroductionThermodynamics has been an integral part of the core undergraduate curriculum in theDepartment of Bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh since inception of the department.The decision was not taken lightly – considerable debate revolved around whether a preciousrequired course should be devoted to thermodynamics when students were exposed tothermodynamic concepts in other required courses such as physiology, transport, and cellbiology. However, we felt that the heuristic nature of presenting and using a relation, e.g., theVan't Hoff relation for osmotic pressure, without appreciation of the underlying principles for therelation was detrimental to fostering engineering design and development skills. A

Conference Session

Teaching Engineering and Public Policy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cindy Orndoff, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

. Page 13.112.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 A Student Overview In Practical SustainabilityAbstractOne purpose of teaching sustainability in an engineering curriculum is to foster civicresponsibility and develop informed citizens who are responsible to their professions,communities, posterity and to the world. This paper provides a series of five reports authored byundergraduate students which portray the student perspective on green construction practices andhow the implementation of such practices impact on sustainability in real world applications.Students explore various techniques for construction professionals, property owners and policymakers that promote the aesthetic and economic benefits of

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rose Marra, University of Missouri; Demei Shen, University of Missouri; David Jonassen, University of Missouri; Jenny Lo, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. (2003).”Epistemological Development: An Implicit Entailment of Constructivist Learning Environments”. In Seel, N.M., & Dijkstra, S. (Eds.), Curriculum, Plans and Processes of Instructional Design: International Perspectives (pp. 75-88). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.42. Davis, E. A., & Linn, M. (2000). Scaffolding students’ knowledge integration: Prompts for reflection in KIE. International Journal of Science Education, 22(8), 819–837AcknowledgementThe authors would like to acknowledge the National Science Foundation Grant #DUE-0618459that provided funding for this project. Page 13.622.17 Appendix A. Perry’s scheme of

Conference Session

Mechanics Education Programs and Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bridget Wadzuk, Villanova University; David Dinehart, Villanova University; Edward Glynn, Villanova University; Shawn Gross, Villanova University; Frank Hampton, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

engineeringcurriculum and importance for a civil engineering graduate. The Department has taken theinformation collected from the survey and catalog to develop a sequence of mechanics coursesthat incorporates the most important topic areas with innovative practices, such as integration oftopic areas across disciplines, integration of lecture and laboratory experiences and applicationsto real world examples. The new mechanics sequence will be launched in fall 2009.The authors have found the survey to provide a wealth of information and it played an importantrole in the development of a reformed mechanics curriculum. Future curriculum changes canbenefit from this survey and surveys directed at specific ideas, such as problem based learningand service learning

Conference Session

Public Engineering of Engineering, K12 Standards, and Overview

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Sanders, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

final section willaddress the most recent trends in technology education, including recent efforts to effectivelyincorporate engineering content and method into K-12 technology education practice. Theunderlying purpose of this paper is to enable engineering educators to better understand thevalues and ideals that led Technology Education to its current place in K-12 education, and tobetter understand why technology educators have sought to integrate more math, science, andengineering content and method into their discipline over the past two decades.Historical Antecedents of Technology EducationManual TrainingIn the late 19th century, the transition from an agrarian to an industrial culture precipitated thegrowth of cities, demand for

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajeswari Sundararajan, College of Technology - Purdue University; Daniel Dangelo, Intel; kishore N.K., IIT Karagpur; Haritha Mogilisetti, Intel; Sundhasarath Somasundaram, Valliammai College of Engineering; umadevi S., highways; Robert Nowlin, retired

Tagged Divisions

International

system.This could be a huge opportunity if colleges adjust their curriculums to address the latesttechnology demands. One stated example was “What software programs do they use for theclass in mechatronics - a combination of mechanics, information technology and electronics?” 1.This is an area industry needs from the Indian higher educational system.Quality Engineering Education is a Worldwide ConcernRepresentatives from 31 organizations representing 10 countries and ASEE met in Rio deJaneiro, Brazil in October 2006 to launch the International Federation of Engineering EducationSocieties (IFEES). A November 2006 article titled “Engineering Educators Go Global to ShareSolutions & Resources: New Alliance to Shape International Engineering Education

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Godfrey, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Todd Taylor, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Corinna Fleischmann, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Daniel Pickles, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. Page 13.1161.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 TEACHING ENGINEERING ETHICS IN A MULTI- DISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAbstractMost engineering faculty will agree that student engineers need a strong foundation inengineering ethics. Incorporating professional ethics into an already crowdedengineering curriculum can be difficult. The engineering faculty at the United StatesCoast Guard Academy (USCGA) have implemented a multi-disciplinary approach toteaching ethics outside of the classroom environment. Our “Engineering Ethics Lunches”bring students and faculty from all four engineering disciplines: Electrical, Civil,Mechanical and Naval Architecture/Marine Engineering together in small groups todiscuss ethics

Conference Session

Unique Student Opportunities in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Linsenmeier, Northwestern University; Jean Alley, Vanderbilt University; Penny Hirsch, Northwestern University; Stacy Klein-Gardner; Julie Greenberg, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Mark Bourgeois, Northwestern University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

dissemination. This summer, the focus ison ultrasound and nuclear medicine imaging modalities. These materials cover the basicfundamentals, techniques, applications, and imaging features of each modality.Additionally, since the curriculum is designed for the high school level, it must beaffordable; the required materials for an experiment must not cost more than $25. Thetools and resources under development follow the format of the Legacy Cycle, achallenge-based instructional approach that supports the How People Learn framework.A grand challenge is introduced, and students research multiple perspectives and perform Page 13.128.10experiments in order to

Conference Session

Focus on Emerging Topics Around the World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Bursic, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

registered Professional Engineer in the state of Pennsylvania.Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh Kim LaScola Needy is an Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. She received her B.S. and M.S. degrees in Industrial Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh, and her Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from Wichita State University. Prior to her academic appointment, she accumulated nine years of industrial experience while working at PPG Industries and The Boeing Company. Her research interests include engineering economic analysis, engineering management, integrated resource management, and sustainable engineering. Dr. Needy is a member of ASEE, ASEM, APICS, IIE

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Vincent Drnevich, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

students were likely to encounter in professional practice 5, 6. EC 2000 Criterion 3fstates that an outcome of accredited engineering and technology programs should be graduateswho can demonstrate an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility 7. Subsequent Page 13.1299.2to the EC 2000 implementation, the engineering education literature has generated a largevolume of material that discusses a variety of pedagogical methods and curriculum integrationmethods 1, 2, 6, 8, 9. However, the literature appears to be lacking in long-term studies of trends inethical judgment among engineering students.Much of the instructional material

Conference Session

Bridging and Freshman Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy James, Oklahoma State University; Karen High, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2008-1277: FRESHMAN-LEVEL MATHEMATICS IN ENGINEERING: AREVIEW OF THE LITERATURE IN ENGINEERING EDUCATIONWendy James, Oklahoma State University Wendy James is a PhD student in the College of Education at Oklahoma State University. Currently she has a fellowship promoting collaboration between the College of Education and OSU's Electrical and Computer Engineering department on an NSF funded curriculum reform project called Engineering Students for the 21st Century. She has her M.S. in Teaching, Learning, and Leadership from OSU, and her B.B.S. in Mathematics Education from Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene, Texas. She has taught math and math education classes at both the high school and

Conference Session

Anything New in Dynamics?

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Nordenholz, California Maritime Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

that generally grow with time (due to the time integration). An estimationof acceleration and angular velocity measurement errors can be made by calibrating theaccelerometer and rate gyro using simple homemade devices.After describing how these experiments can be set up and performed in general, this paper willdescribe a specific experiment done in the author’s junior mechanical engineering laboratorycourse. The rigid body object under study is a remote controlled car. The technique describedabove is used to find the position, velocity, orientation, and angular velocity of the car as afunction of time. Results of the measurements and data analysis are compared with observationsof the car’s motion viewed by a video camera. An examination of

Conference Session

Pedagogical Issues in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jahangir Ansari, Virginia State University; Amir Javaheri, Virginia State University; Stephen S. Tompkins, Virgina State University; Keith Williamson, Virginia State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

AC 2008-2236: OUTCOME ASSESSMENT PROCESS IN A MANUFACTURINGENGINEERING PROGRAMJahangir Ansari, Virginia State University Jahangir Ansari is an Associate Professor of Manufacturing Engineering in the Department of Engineering and Technology at Virginia State University. He received his M.S. degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1979 and Ph. D. degree in Mechanical Design and Production Engineering in 1983 both from Seoul National University. He joined the faculty at VSU in 2002. He has over 18 years of industrial experience in different areas including shipbuilding and cement plant industries. His research interests include Structural Vibration, FEM, CAD/CAM/CNC, and Computer Integrated

Conference Session

Impacts of Public Policy on Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zarjon Baha, Purdue University; Bahawodin Baha, University of Brighton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

, laboratories, and the bulk of the academic staff were provided by USSR as partof technical assistance. This program, too, had an organized plan to train Afghan faculty tocarry the academic operation of that institute in the future. The curriculum of Polytechnicwas devoted to the Civil Engineering, Mining, and Geology fields. The curriculum in eacharea was much more specialized at the undergraduate level than the typical undergraduateprogram in the US institutions of higher learning. The Polytechnic curriculum was a five-year BS program with six months practical. Most of the teaching materials were translatedinto the local languages, Pashto and Dari. In some cases, students in the last few semesterscould use Russian textbooks in their courses.Both male

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sean Brophy, Purdue University; Gemma Mann, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2008-2535: TEACHERS’ NOTICING ENGINEERING IN EVERYDAYOBJECTS AND PROCESSESSean Brophy, Purdue University Sean P. Brophy, PhD. is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Purdue University. Dr. Brophy is a learning scientist and engineer; his research focuses on the development of learners’ ability to solve complex problems in engineering, mathematics and science contexts. As a research scholar with INSPIRE he has been investigating teacher and students cognition of engineering problem solving and perceptions of engineering.Gemma Mann, Purdue University Gemma E. Mann is a research associate with INSPIRE in Purdue University’s department of Engineering Education. She received her

Conference Session

Emerging Issues in Engineering Education Research and Pedagogy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Walden, University of Oklahoma; Cindy Foor, University of Oklahoma; Deborah Trytten, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

embarking on educational research [1]. The last hurdle inBorrego’s assessment (a very engineer-like construct) was to integrate social scientists intoengineering education research teams. Essentially, her description of this process implies that thesocial scientists will be consultants supporting the efforts of the engineering educators.However, what we found was that our scholarship was improved and our experience moresatisfying when we moved beyond an engineer-consultant relationship to an integratedpartnership. Our research process is similar to those strategies espoused in recent forums andreports on qualitative research in engineering education and the work of social scientists studyingengineering education. (Ref. such as [2-21]) We will share

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Chamberlain, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

university begin in the General EngineeringProgram (GEP). The two primary objectives of the GEP are to provide students with asound academic preparation for engineering study and to give them an opportunity to Page 13.913.3explore various engineering fields. Most students spend two to three semesters in thiscore curriculum as they learn the basic tools and fundamentals of engineering[3] whilebeing introduced via departmental presentations to the various engineering disciplinesthat are available on campus. As part of its overall mission, the GEP offers generaladvising, career counseling and engineering education.Students who leave the GEP and choose NOT to

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vijay Renganathan, Institute of International Education; Lester Gerhardt, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Peggy Blumenthal, Institute of International Education; Allen Greenwood, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

International

competent” graduates who are able to functioneffectively in the global marketplace and provide leadership in the international arena.The approaches of different types of institutions to implement this vision vary widelyand are still evolving. But the direction is clear and is reinforced by a growingcommitment to this same goal within various agencies at the federal and state level,and through the professional and regional accrediting agencies.The issue is especially challenging for engineering schools, where the curriculum istightly focused on acquiring a set of technical skills and where faculty havetraditionally not seen much value in sending students abroad for an internationalexperience. Referring to the Open Doors 2007 report and Figures 1 and

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar; José Carrillo; Jesús García

Tagged Divisions

International

VIEWPOINTS TO DEVELOP QUALITY POLICIES IN ENGINEERING PROGRAMS IN EUROPEAN HIGHER EDUCATION AREAAbstractQuality assurance in Higher Education is by no means only a European concern. All over theworld there is an increasing interest in quality and standards, reflecting both the rapid growth ofhigher education and its cost to the public and the private purse. Accordingly, if Europe is toachieve its aspiration to be the most dynamic and knowledge-based economy in the world, thenEuropean Higher Education will need to demonstrate: it takes the quality of its programmes andawards seriously and is willing to put into place the means of assuring and demonstrating thatquality. The initiatives and

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Cady, (Retired) Montana State University; John McLellan, Freescale Semiconductor

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

components these days arefar too small and complex to allow an inquisitive student to explore and satisfy their curiosityabout how these gadgets work. These students often take to exploring mechanical systemsinstead and are thus led away from Electrical and Computer Engineering. Similarly, withadvances in computer simulations of engineering circuits and models that produce realisticresults, engineering programs have transitioned away from physical hardware and hands-onexperimentation. This trend away from having students being able to "tinker" with real hardwareis detrimental to their development into well rounded engineers. In addition, as globalizationcontinues, engineers must broaden their team-work and technical skills.This paper describes a

Conference Session

Problem Solving and Misconceptions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Jackman, Iowa State University; Sarah Ryan, Iowa State University; Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University; Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Engineering at Iowa State University. She has integrated complex, ill-structured problem solving experiences into her engineering economy course. Dr. Ryan's research focuses on decision-making under uncertainty in energy systems, asset management with condition monitoring, and closed-loop supply chains.Craig Ogilvie, Iowa State University Dr. Craig Ogilvie is an Associate Professor in Physics and Astonomy at Iowa State University. He is a recognized leader in both nuclear physics and in the teaching of problem-solving skills in large enrollment physics classes.Dale Niederhauser, Iowa State University Dr. Dale Niederhauser is an Associate Professor in Curriculum and Instruction at Iowa State

Conference Session

Physics Education Research (PER) Relevant for Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Meltzer, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2008-1505: INVESTIGATING AND ADDRESSING LEARNING DIFFICULTIESIN THERMODYNAMICSDavid Meltzer, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA Page 13.812.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Investigating and Addressing Learning Difficulties in ThermodynamicsAbstractStudy of thermodynamic principles forms a key part of the basic curriculum in many science andengineering fields. However, there are very few published research reports regarding studentlearning of these concepts at the college level. As part of an investigation into student learning ofthermodynamics, we have probed the reasoning of students

Conference Session

Service - Learning Projects

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mansour Rahimi, University of Southern California; Alex John, USC

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

Page 13.826.5and needs. The literature in quality engineering is full of references to the fact that the user of asystem must be an integral and an indispensible component in the decision-making process3. Inthis respect, EWB-USC functions predominantly as a technical planner, system integrator, andfinancial fundraiser (see “Partnering Organizations” and “Initial Design Preparation”). 5.1 Participatory Model From the start, we became aware that the any approach to solving the problem should be performed cooperatively; as opposed to EWB-USC defining La Estanzuela’s “problem”, doing the work, and imposing the “solution” without further consultation4. For example, the villagers served as guides for the