Conference Session

Teaching Strategies in Graphics

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sridhar Condoor, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; Lawrence Boyer, Saint Louis University; Sanjay Jayaram, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

these traditional graphics courses have a strongbias towards Mechanical Engineering which often resulted in incomplete training for thegraduates1.In the last decade, many schools have integrated the feature-based, parametric solid modelingtechnology into the course curriculum. To encourage the integration, several solid modelingpackages, such as ProEngineer, SolidWorks, CATIA, and UniGraphics, are academically priced.Most books reacted to this technology by adding a chapter or two on this new technology. Somebooks primarily focused their attention on teaching the software with no consideration to the Page 13.1202.2theory. A disjoint approach to

Conference Session

Innovations in the ChE Laboratory

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Felecia Nave, Prairie View A&M University; Michael Gyamerah, Prairie View A&M University; Irvin Osborne-Lee, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. The Bioengineering option will require that studentscomplete 20 hours of course materials, of which 17 hours are integrated into the currentcurriculum, specific to bioengineering concepts, which is spread amongst the current chemistryand chemical engineering requirements and is detailed in Table 2 below. The courses wereselected that would build the students knowledge, skills, and expertise in basic fundamentalbioengineering concepts. Students choosing the Bioengineering option will thus complete 141hours for an undergraduate baccalaureate degree in chemical engineering. Additionally,bioengineering concepts are being vertically and horizontally integrated throughout the chemicalengineering curriculum. The concentration requirements were

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Bhattacharya, Southern University & A&M College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

commercial implementations need new training in ethicsbefore developing the applications for global and distributed geographies. For the pastfew decades most computer users in the test measurement and analysis fields have beentrying and relying on the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) over Transmission ControlProtocol (TCP), but TCP though reliable requires an acknowledgement and produceslong round trip time as well as possibility of infiltration when in wireless mode or cyberspace. This should be as much a topic of ethics in computer communication andengineering field but also in computer science education in cyber security. Research shows that the supply of materials and research workers in U.SMechanical Engineering is slipping since 1999, a

Conference Session

Industry Collaborations in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Landis, The Technology Collaborative; Stan Komacek, California University of Pennsylvania; Carol Adukaitis, PA State System of Higher Education; Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Community and Economic Development funded position as statewide Program Manager for 2+2+2 Workforce Leadership Grants, and is co-PI of an NSF-ATE Advanced Manufacturing Project in PA.Robin Shoop, Carnegie Mellon University Robin Shoop is a lifelong teacher who was identified as teacher of the year in 1999. Currently he is the director of Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Academy; the preeminent educational robotics curriculum development center in the world. Before he came to Carnegie Mellon he taught in the Pittsburgh Public School System for 28 years where he helped lead the district in the transition from Industrial Arts Education to Technology Education. Mr. Shoop is PI on the NSF funded Robotics

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Issues in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Barbara Bekken, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sean McGinnis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 The Earth Sustainability Course SeriesAbstractA four semester Earth Sustainability-themed general education curriculum was developed byVirginia Tech in response to urgent calls for a more seamless integration of liberal and technicaleducation. It provides a basic framework for understanding worldviews, water, energy, food,shelter, waste, and health from interdisciplinary viewpoints. Incorporating a learning communitypedagogy promotes deep and meaningful learning by inviting participants to become activeparticipants in their own learning.The focused curriculum of many engineering programs is not in and of itself adequatepreparation for meeting the needs of employers or our

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wookwon Lee, Gannon University; Fong Mak, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Management for First-Year Graduate Students in Electrical and Computer EngineeringAbstractThe electrical and computer engineering (ECE) department at the University offers a graduatecurriculum that is designed to help students develop skills for system integration and acquireeffective business and technology practices, as well as, fundamental knowledge in the ECE field.As part of the curriculum, a new course on engineering project and management has beenrecently introduced to first-year graduate students. This new course guides students through acomplete design cycle from inception to completion with a pre-defined project of a complexsystem. This paper focuses on the experience and lessons learned from offering the Capstone

Conference Session

Improving Technical Understanding of All Americans

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kara Harris, College of Technology - Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

AC 2008-688: RECRUITMENT IN ENGINEERING/TECHNOLOGY TEACHEREDUCATION: FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FEMALESKara Harris, College of Technology - Purdue University Page 13.1029.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Recruitment and Retention in Engineering/Technology Teacher Education: Factors that Influence Females It is not breaking news that there is an under representation of females in Science,Technology, Engineering, and Mathematic (STEM) disciplines nationwide (NationalAcademy of Engineering, 2004). In fact, studies indicate that enrollment (both male andfemale) in Engineering/Technology Teacher Education (ETTE) programs have been on adownward spiral

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teac

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Krause, Arizona State University; Robert Culbertson, Arizona State University; Marilyn Carlson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

with Science and Math, the conceptual knowledge ofproportionality and the Universal Gas Law is applied as a predictive tool in the design processfor the Hot Air Balloon Project. Here we report on, from qualitative analysis of teacherreflections, the research question, "What is the effect of an integrated math-science-engineeringprofessional development project on high school math and science teachers' classroom practiceusing the core concept of function that is integrated into the delivery of contextualized content byteam-based inquiry learning."IntroductionProject Pathways is an NSF Math Science Partnership professional development project whichtargets mathematics and science learning and achievement in grades 9-12 by connectingmathematics

Conference Session

The Latest in Improving Learning in ChE Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Silverstein, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

Office suite, which is a collection of web-browser basedapplications which mimic members of its office suite. Its spreadsheet equivalent, however, iscurrently not intended as a calculation tool.1MathWorks. MATLAB, one of the most common math packages in use in chemical engineeringdepartments, does not offer integrated collaborative functionality. However, since it is modeledafter traditional development software, it does interface with industry standard source controlsoftware provided from other vendors. This is a library management approach with somerevision tracking handled by the server.2PTC. Mathcad offers user the capability to share worksheets including an edit-protected modeof “live” worksheets, but does not allow multiple users to edit a

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas at Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas at Austin; Kristin Wood, University of Texas at Austin; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

closely models experiences that engineers practice in the workplace. Design projects allow for the integration of multiple concepts and cause-effect reasoning. Example: The teachers create devices that could solve one of several control design challenges presented to them, such a scale model of an amusement park rider or a colored ball sorter.. They solve the challenge using a LEGO® MINDSTORMS® NXT kit combined with other materials they choose. Examples of solutions created in a recent DTEACh institute are shown in Figures 1 and 2.5. Project Reporting: Presenting design solutions to the rest of the participants reinforces the accomplishments made and provides an opportunity for the instructor to assess the participants

Conference Session

Engineering in Middle Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Quincy Brown, Drexel University; William Mongan, Drexel University; Dara Kusic, Drexel University; Elaine Garbarine, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Department of Education’s academic standards specifically cite “TechnologyEducation” as an objective at all K-12 grade levels.11 Included in this set of standards are missivessuch as, “apply basic computer operations and concepts,” with minimal guidance as to how todesign and implement lesson plans to advance the student’s technical proficiency. While thisopenness enables freedom within curriculum development, it can also mean that technologyprograms are underdeveloped, understaffed and without the technical support needed to sustainsuch programs on a daily basis. To address these challenges, educational Fellows of the National Science Foundation’s (NSF)GK12 program have introduced a pilot program of computer-aided instruction (CAI) at two site

Conference Session

Innovations in Laboratory Studies

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Al-Bahi, King Abdulaziz University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

doing. ‚ From the earliest days of engineering education, laboratories have been an essential part of any engineering curriculum. Prior to the emphasis on engineering science in the early Page 13.380.2 seventies most engineering instruction took place in the laboratory. ‚ While engineering programs became more theoretical in the seventies, industry continued to require individuals who possessed more practical skills. Many institutions developed programs in engineering technology. ‚ Around 1980, ABET became the organization responsible for engineering and technology accreditation. With clearly defined

Conference Session

Anything New in Dynamics?

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron Newberry, Oklahoma Christian University of Science and Arts

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

students are challenged to formulate an appropriate dragmodel through a literature search and must justify their choice. A second flight model isformulated using an equivalent impulse, based on the experimental thrust data, as loading. Thestudents calculate flight trajectories based on both nonlinear models using numerical methods andcritically compare/contrast the results. The project has been found to engage students and toeffectively provide hands-on insight in the value, and limitations, of impulse loading methods.Introduction & MotivationA typical mechanical engineering program will address the concept of impulse loading at multiplepoints within the curriculum. The mathematical definition of impulse loading and the subsequentsolution of

Conference Session

Engineering in the Elementary School

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mercedes McKay, Stevens Institute of Technology; Augusto Macalalag, Stevens Institute of Technology; Carol Shields, Stevens Institute of Technology; Debra Brockway, Stevens Institute of Technology; Beth McGrath, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

13.963.3teachers will have an impact on student learning of science topics and processes, technology, andengineering. The program was designed to integrate engineering/technology and science in away that supports the learning in each of these disciplines. Engineering complements theinstruction of science by supplying a context for application outside of the science lesson.Curricula Content and Structure of Teacher Professional DevelopmentEach year of the three-year MSP program focuses on a different science discipline. The firstyear, which ends in June, 2008 focuses on life science, environmental science and technology.Table 1 shows the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards covered in the first year.Subsequent years will focus on earth science and

Conference Session

Engineering in the Elementary School

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Cunningham, Museum of Science, Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

—the engineering design process. This process might encompass anumber of other science, mathematics, and engineering skills such as visualization, inquiry, datacollection, data analysis, modeling, communication, and graphing. In PD sessions we aim tobuild participants’ fluency and comfort with these skills and processes. Elementary teachersenthusiastically embrace the process and often apply it as a unifying problem-solving techniquefor all the disciplines they teach.Integration: Based on feedback from teachers and curriculum coordinators, the EiE project isgrounded in an approach that aims to integrate engineering with other elementary disciplines andtopics. In our PD sessions we highlight the opportunities for integration and demonstrate

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alyssa Magleby, University of Utah; Cynthia Furse, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

communications systems in aircraft, including intra-vehicle MIMO performance. She has been involved in the Society of Women Engineers and the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers chapter government and activities. She is presently involved in the TA Scholar Program at the University of Utah working on a project to improve teaching and learning in her department.Cynthia Furse, University of Utah Dr. Cynthia Furse is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Utah and the Associate Chair for Undergraduate Studies. She is the PI of an NSF DLR project – Integrated System Level Design -- and an NSF STEP program -- Utah’s Engineers: A Statewide Initiative

Conference Session

Recruitment & Retention in ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Dudeck, Pennsylvania State Univ.-Hazleton Campus; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

programs or to meet the needs of local industry.Obviously, modernizing the curriculum to ensure technical currency is an initiative thatall programs across the country must do periodically to insure quality. This activity helpsimprove recruitment by making the graduates of the program desirable for employment inindustry. The other points will be detailed in the following sections.Current CurriculumThe Pennsylvania State University College of Engineering offers programs in bothengineering and engineering technology at various campus locations across thecommonwealth. Thirteen engineering majors are available at University Park and twomajors are offered at other campus locations. Generally engineering students completetheir first two years at

Conference Session

Engineering in Middle Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Crips, Laramie Middle School; William Parker, Laramie County School District 1; Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Jerry Hamann, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Cheyenne, Wyoming a grant of $230K to integrate mathematics,science, and language arts into the district’s seventh grade curriculum. The overall goalof the grant was to enhance the technical and cultural literacy of the students. To achievethis goal an objective was set that all seventh grade students would improve theirauthentic critical thinking skills by developing inquiry skills through the use of DiscoveryBoxes that would integrate mathematics, science, and language arts skills. A DiscoveryTeam was formed to implement the grant. The team consisted of professional educators.Approximately 20 team members were teachers from constituent middle schools withinLCSD#1. The remaining six team members were subject matter experts includingeducators from

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marc McComb, Microchip Technology, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

these labs are formatted, how to use them and the learningobjectives or benefits to the student that each provides. One lab will be chosen and dissected, toprovide the audience with an insightful overview of the general format used. Future labs willalso be discussed, to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the direction in whichthis program is moving.IntroductionThe Internet provides an opportunity for both educators and employers to offerquality educational resources for engineering students. Introductory learningmaterials developed by a manufacturer can supply students with unique insightinto a technology or process that complements what is learned in the classroom.Microchip’s Academic Program has recently dedicated a section of

Conference Session

Curricular Developments in Energy Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ray Miller, University of Cincinnati; Max Rabiee, University of Cincinnati; Elvin Stepp, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

promote the topics that should be included in PowerEngineering Technology Programs. The paper will focus on the technical description of arecently approved new Associate Degree in Power System Engineering Technology at theUniversity of Cincinnati. This new program started in the fall of 2006, and was created largelydue to the request from industry professionals. The program is jointly presented by the Electricaland Computer Engineering Technology, and Mechanical Engineering Technology departments atthe University of Cincinnati. The paper also presents a proposed formation of an Energy Centerwhich will extend the current associate level curriculum into a baccalaureate degree in PowerSystems Engineering Technology. Other degrees including nuclear

Conference Session

CAD/CAM in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Atin Sinha, Albany State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

be aware of advanced methodsby building prototypes4 as well as university students to reconstruct an object5 through hands-onexposure in reverse engineering projects in their curriculum. With a view to provide our studentsalso to experience the benefits of reverse engineering and utilize the full capability of theDimension 3D Printer and SolidWorks software, it was decided to acquire a 3D laser scanner toestablish a complete reverse engineering procedure. The goal of our effort is to identify one ormore projects where students will first scan the object multiple times, clean the unwanted data,align and merge the scans to form a watertight model if necessary by filling holes, import it intoSolidWorks to extend the original design as directed

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arlen Planting, Boise State University; Sin Ming Loo, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

portability. The course wouldintroduce just enough material from the C programming language that students could work withdevices at a low level (minimizing the overlap for the computer science students). This wouldalso give some ECE students their first exposure to the C programming language.Before updating the Microprocessors course, an experimental course addressing the usage of theC programming language for embedded applications was undertaken to investigate methods ofincorporating the C programming language in the electrical engineering curriculum. Theexperimental course included an accelerated presentation of the C language directed to specificcourse objectives. When it became apparent that some of the students were struggling with

Conference Session

Graduate Education in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Cuprak, Arizona State University, Polytechnic campus; John Rajadas, Arizona State University Polytechnic; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

as velocity and pressure are measured and the dynamics of the problem areanalyzed in a systematic manner. Data is generated by employing a two-level factorialexperimentation approach. A key requirement for this process to be successful is the availabilityof a wind tunnel facility that is capable of addressing the engineering tasks outlined for theproject. An existing low speed wind tunnel facility at ASU Poly was modified for the purpose ofconducting the experimental investigation required. The tunnel modifications included majorchanges to the inlet section to ensure that the flow entering the test section was well conditioned,a pressure survey setup involving several pressure transducers along with the attendantmeasurement systems such as a

Conference Session

Topics in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephanie Goldberg, Buffalo State College; Paul Siciliano, Buffalo State College; Clark Greene, Buffalo State College; Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

education, art, materials, science, motivational theory, curriculum development and related higher education subject matter. He helped found and teaches at a summer camp for gifted children and has a sculpture studio in West Virginia.Clark Greene, Buffalo State College Mr. Greene has 20 years of experience in classroom instruction, curriculum writing, delivering professional development and leading standards writing initiatives for technology educationSteve Macho, Buffalo State College Dr Steve Macho, a Minnesota farm boy has been involved in technology his entire life. Steve participated in an early concurrent program studying robotics technology in 1984. In the 1980s Steve worked in a variety

Conference Session

Novel Energy Applications in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Tebbe, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Brian Weninger, Minnesota State University-Mankato; Corey Thibeault, Minnesota State University-Mankato

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

been designed and built as part of an ASHRAEfunded senior design project. The final cost of the entire system was $4593, excluding theattached computer and LabVIEW software which was already available.The unit has undergone preliminary testing with all experiments performed by undergraduate andgraduate students. It is expected that experimental work with students will continue in thefuture. This gives them valuable hands-on experience with both the applied technology and thebasic experimentation concepts.Several potential applications currently exist within the mechanical engineering curriculum forthis demonstration unit. In the future it will be integrated into the undergraduate thermo-fluidsexperimentation course. Students will be expected

Conference Session

Laboratory Development in ECE Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bruce Dunne, Grand Valley State University; Melvin Cooke, GE Aviation

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Page 13.367.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Design of a Hardware Platform for Analog Communications LaboratoryIntroductionIn the typical electrical engineering curriculum, analog communications is usually ajunior or senior year elective. Such a course typically focuses on analog radio, coveringthe topics of amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM). Also includedis the study of noise effects in communication systems and other related concepts insignals and systems. Increasingly, the laboratory portion of an analog communicationscourse has migrated to simulation-based experiments using MATLAB1 or to quasi-simulation methods based on the capabilities of LabVIEW2. The

Conference Session

Innovations in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jianbiao Pan, California Polytechnic State University; James Harris, California Polytechnic State University; Albert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University; Dominic Dalbello, Allan Hancock College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

Highly Commended Winner of the Emerald Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2007. He is also an invitee of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Frontiers in Engineering Symposium in 2007.Albert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University Albert A. Liddicoat received his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering and his M.S. degree in Engineering Management from Stanford University in 1996, 2002 and 1999, respectively. Dr. Liddicoat worked for IBM’s Storage Technology Division from 1990 until 2002 where he held many positions in disk drive development including: servo system test and integration, ASIC development, system electronics and architecture, program management

Conference Session

Innovations in Laboratory Studies

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen McNally, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

AC 2008-1238: DOES THE INDEX OF LEARNING STYLES PREDICTLABORATORY PARTNER SUCCESS IN ELECTRONICS COURSES?Helen McNally, Purdue University, West Lafayette Dr. McNally is an assistant Professor or Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at Purdue University. She is a member of the Birck Nanotechnology Center and the Bindley Bioscience Center (BBC) at Purdue’s Discovery Park. Dr. McNally currently directs the BBC Biological Atomic Force Microscopy (BioAFM) Facility. Dr. McNally’s research interests involve the development and integration of scanning probe technologies for fluid applications. She is currently developing BioAFM short courses and courses in nano and bio technology at the

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education III

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University; Yuan-Teng Cheng, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

that self-improve based on the number ofstudent samples, and 4) an interactive graphical user interface design that includes with voice,visual, and other sensory devices.AcknowledgmentsThis material was supported by a National Science Foundation Course, Curriculum, andLaboratory Improvement (CCLI) grant (No. 0341287) and a gift from Rockwell Automation.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation orRockwell Automation.Bibliography[1] Asfahl, C.R., (1992), Robotics and Manufacturing Automation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York, NY.[2] The World Market for PLCs – 2007 Edition, Frost & Sullivan

Conference Session

Our Future in Manufacturing

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gilah Pomeranz, Sinclair Community College; Robert Mott, University of Dayton; Steve Wendel, Sinclair Community College; Shep Anderson, Sinclair Community College; Sean Falkowski, University of Dayton; Robert Wolff, University of Dayton; Jack Waintraub, Middlesex County College

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

EngineeringResource Center (MERC), which integrates two existing National Science Foundation electronicclearinghouses for manufacturing and engineering technology educators.IntroductionSince 2005, engineering technology and manufacturing technology educators have been servedby two online searchable databases for high quality materials to facilitate and improve classroomand lab activities. Funded primarily by the National Science Foundation (NSF), theManufacturing Education Resource Center (MERC, based at Sinclair Community College inDayton, Ohio) and the National Engineering Technology Education Clearinghouse (NETEC,based at Middlesex County College in Edison, New Jersey) operated cooperatively butindependently until January of 2008, at which time the