Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Yost, University of Detroit Mercy; Mohan Krishnan, University of Detroit Mercy; Mark Paulik, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

to match the dramatic growthin the ECE field, creating an overloaded curriculum and encouraging opportunism; that is, thedevelopment of strategies to cope with testing requirements without the attendant deep-seated Page 13.421.2learning. 2 The program we have developed directly addresses these issues while building ontraditional program strengths, including design, practice, and a strong humanities-based corecurriculum. The broad goals of our curricular implementation plan are summarized below. • The plan is intended to improve student motivation, innovation, and learning through the use of teaching paradigms that are mindful of the

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jerry Samples, University of Pittsburgh -Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

, policies, and planning documents aboutteacher-scholar models at various institutions of higher learning. For instance, the teacher- Page 13.839.2scholar model at the University of Michigan - Dearborn is endorsed over a research-scholarmodel. They state: “We seek faculty who value and are committed to excellence in teaching andresearch. We believe the two are inextricably linked, and that on-going research contributes tothe intellectual vitality characteristic of quality classroom instruction.”[2] Clearly, there is aconcern as to the relative importance of teaching compared to research, and at other school,research compared to teaching. Excellence

Conference Session

Investigating Fuel Cells and Alternative Fuels in the Classroom and Lab

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brandy Bratton, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; David Dillard, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Michael Ellis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maggie Bump, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

collaborative student activities provided a good start in thetransition to a learning community model. More activities can be adapted as described in thefollowing section.Plans for 2008For the 2008 Fuel Cell REU program, we plan to implement several changes and additionalprograms to continue to build collegiality and to attract students to research in alternative energysources. The brown bag lunches will continue in some form agreed upon by the students. Thisyear, we will add a “book club” element. We plan to provide the book, Hydrogen - Hot StuffCool Science: Discover the Future of Energy 4 by Rex Ewing. We’ll read and discuss the role offuel cells in the future through this fun and imaginative yet scientifically grounded book thatpaints a picture of

Conference Session

New Trends in ECE Education I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Baker, Texas Tech University; Brian Nutter, Texas Tech University; Mohammed Saed, Texas Tech University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

met with the team in the early planning phases and discussedpractical aspects of design and implementation. This team visited a senior citizenscenter, but did not have a clearly identified customer. The adaptive bicycle team had amentor from out of state that serves on the TTU ECE Industrial Advisory Board and is an Page 13.406.4avid cyclist. This mentor met personally with the team at the beginning and at the end ofthe project, and communicated via telephone and e-mail on numerous occasions. Thisteam also had a specific customer, a disabled child, who met with the team,communicated her needs, and later evaluated the final result. Each team had a

Conference Session

Contemporary Instrumentation Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Robertson, Arizona State University; Barbara Rampel, Arizona State University; James Edwards, Raytheon

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

engineering function throughout the product life-cycle.For those involved in the process of system design and validation, the important jobfeatures are: Plan all data acquisition and its management over the whole life of the product. Recognize that the quantity of data will be large. Organize the data structure to facilitate the way it will be used. Have consistent descriptions for all variables with complete supporting Page 13.672.6 documentation. No mistakes with units and conversions. Build-in adequate scope for calibration and validation. Assume no data will ever again be lost or destroyed. Never

Conference Session

The Year of Dialogue: What We Have Learned So Far

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. P. Mohsen, University of Louisville; Ronald Barr, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Campus Representatives

discussions at many of the section meetingsmade that clear. If one wants to pursue a pathway to rigorous research in engineering education, theresearch methodology in engineering education should be no different than the samemethodological approach used in technical engineering research: 1. define the research questionor hypothesis, 2. write a proposal or plan, 3. seek funding or other appropriate support, 4. do thework rigorously, and 5. publish the results in peer-reviewed journals. In this sense, engineeringeducation research should be considered favorably in promotion and tenure. One caveat ineducational research is that the student (human subject) is the target of study, and it makes the“experiment” more complicated. Thus, it is reasonable

Conference Session

Innovation in Construction Engineering Education II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sofia Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg; Joseph Cecere, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg

Tagged Divisions

Construction

AC 2008-1628: A MODEL PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN PENN STATEHARRISBURG’S CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMAND THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRYSofia Vidalis, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg Dr. Vidalis is an assistant professor of Civil Engineering at Penn State Capital College in Harrisburg, PA. She earned her B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the University of Florida. She has worked with Florida Design Consultants for a couple years as a Transportation Engineer. Her current research focuses on quality assurance in pavement construction and materials, construction management, and transportation planning and operations.Joseph Cecere, Pennsylvania State University-Harrisburg Dr. Cecere is an

Conference Session

Institutional and Curricular Reform

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Goldberg, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Andreas Cangellaris, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Michael Loui, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Raymond Price, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Bruce Litchfield, Univ Of Illinois-Urbana Champaign

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, collaborative team to move ahead with pilot changes tothe curriculum. This group has been meeting since September 2007, and plans for the firstiFoundry class are being set for September 2008.Voluntary participation. It is best to staff such a pilot program with faculty who are trulyinterested in undergraduate education and students who are amenable to change. Even the mostresearch-oriented institution has a cadre of dedicated undergraduate teachers, and many studentstoday are interested in many of the modifications to the curriculum that have been proposed inthe 2020 reports and elsewhere. iFoundry began with faculty and chief advisors from fivedepartments, and student leaders joined the discussion in September 2007.Signatory authority and variances

Conference Session

Instructional Innovations in AEC Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Phillips, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

, couldpotentially be used as real life examples of the process of architecture, engineering andconstruction. The question is how to go about deciding the limits of what could or shouldbe used in the classroom, and determining how to go about documenting the process atthis time. This paper will look at the collaborative process of planning for the use of theproject as a teaching tool, and arrive at a decision on the material that will bedocumented to be utilized in using the expansion and renovation of the School ofArchitecture as an educational experience for our students.IntroductionWith an enrollment of 22,000 students, the main campus of Oklahoma State Universityincludes the School of Architecture as part of the College of Engineering, Architectureand

Conference Session

Focus on Emerging Topics Around the World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen Bursic, University of Pittsburgh; Kim Needy, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Industrial Engineering

clearly defined and students werepresented with a variety of ways in which it could be satisfied. During registration for spring2008, each sophomore student met with their academic advisor (IE faculty members serve asacademic advisors) to discuss how they planned to meet the international requirement. Sincesophomores are scheduled to take a Humanities or Social Science elective in the spring of theirsophomore year, they were encouraged to take a globally-focused course as defined in therequirement. Students and advisors were encouraged to discuss if and how the student plannedto meet the travel portion of the requirement (Option A in Figure 1). Many sophomores havealready completed the travel requirement since they have participated in the Plus3

Conference Session

International CIase Studies: Collabs, Exchanges & Interactions

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Willie Ofosu, Pennsylvania State University - Wilkes-Barre

Tagged Divisions

International

cannot be overstated. While theuse of computers is common in some places such as tertiary institutions and hospitals,computer applications have not assumed the proportions that render the computer as atool as is the case in Western societies. It must be noted that the digital divide isexperienced even in advanced Western nations such as the US3,4. A timely andappropriate action in third world countries will therefore alleviate this problem early intheir development5.The government of Ghana has put in place, a development plan for the people of Ghana.A necessary requirement in achieving the objectives of the plan is informationdissemination as stated above. The development plan is intended to be comprehensive inorder to initiate solutions that

Conference Session

History and Future of Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. This was a somewhat unanticipated consequence resultingfrom the project. However, it was one of the best possible outcomes from the experiment.Doing something different in class to break the routine is welcomed and appreciated by thestudents. As a result additional activities and surprises are planned. Many will occurunannounced and without prior warning offering new opportunities to experience old and newtechnologies.The only drawback from this active learning exercise was the extensive preparation timerequired to gather material and make the tools. However, it was an enjoyable experiencerecreating the past. A real plus was the cost involved, virtually none. Not many academicprojects can actually make that claim. In the future costs will be

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Describing the Engineering Student Learning Experience Based on CAEE Findings: Part 1

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Helen Chen, Stanford University; Krista Donaldson, Stanford University; Ozgur Eris, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Debbie Chachra, Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering; Gary Lichtenstein, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University; George Toye, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

Advancement of EngineeringEducation (CAEE) is a cross-university study that systematically examines how engineeringstudents navigate their education, and how engineering skills and identity develop during theundergraduate period. Through the collective work of the APS, two instruments have emerged –the Persistence in Engineering (PIE) survey and the Academic Pathways of People LearningEngineering Survey (APPLES). This paper describes the redesign of the longitudinal PIE surveyinstrument for the cross-sectional administrations of APPLES as informed by emerging findingsfrom other APS methods. We discuss the challenges of the evolution of PIE and APPLES whileaddressing the comparability of these instruments to each other, and outline plans for

Conference Session

Writing and Portfolios

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne Nichols, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

AC 2008-1113: USING CALIBRATED PEER REVIEW AS A TEACHING TOOLFOR STRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY IN ARCHITECTUREAnne Nichols, Texas A&M University Dr. Nichols is an Assistant Professor of Architecture at Texas A&M University. She teaches structural analysis, design, and planning at the undergraduate and graduate level. She is a civil engineer with research interests in the structural mechanics and modeling of masonry and cement materials. Page 13.1331.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Using Calibrated Peer Review as a Teaching Tool for Structural

Conference Session

K-12 Programs for Girls and Young Women

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joan Kowalski, Penn State University - New Kensington; Tracie L. Brockhoff, Penn State University - New Kensington

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

(use 146)* Missing participant due to last minute cancellation.** Participant unable to be reached for comment*** Deceased, Spring 1998# Number of Participants% Percentage of ParticipantsThis study is undertaken every year in an effort to revise the statistical data regarding the formerparticipants who have reached college age. Page 13.1229.6The 2007 FIRSTE Program Marks Its Fifteenth Consecutive YearAs described in a preceding section, former participants are personally contacted each year upongraduation from high school so as to identify their career plans (i.e. academic major andcollege/university). But this milestone in 2007 warranted more

Conference Session

Preparing a Modern Aerospace Workforce

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

development will equip students for both industry and graduate school.Some concepts being explored by my group are shown in Table 3. The first two have beendescribed in papers including undergraduate co-authors7-9. The first (space economy planning)has been developed through several years of participation in NASA-sponsored space businessplanning exercises, interacting with teams from business and advertising schools. The third item,Micro-Renewable Energy Systems, is being developed through a new course under theInternational Plan at our institution. The five students who dared to sign up for this completelynew area, are pursuing five different projects, each in a team of two. Five abstracts to anUndergraduate Research Symposium promise unique

Conference Session

Assessment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patrick Terenzini, The Pennsylvania State University; Lisa Lattuca, Pennsylvania State University; Matthew Ohland, Purdue Engineering Education; Russell Long, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

SourcesThe methodology to be used in this study must be carefully designed if it is to be credible andprovide useful psychometric insights on widely used measures of engineering learning, as well ason the validity of self-reported learning outcome measures in educational research. In this paper,we thus present an analytical plan for evaluating the criterion-related validity of the scalesdeveloped for the EC2000 study using data available through the Multi-Institution Database forInvestigating Engineering Longitudinal Development (MIDFIELD) project, including student FEexamination scores and grade-point averages (from transcript records). Presentation anddiscussion of the study design and procedures at ASEE will permit the engineering

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Gash, United States Military Academy; C. Conley; Scott Hamilton, United States Military Academy; Paul Krajeski, U.S. Naval War College; Stephen Ressler, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

International

Defense logistics system, they had no desks!Instead they had energetic, motivated instructors prepared to teach them the basics of CivilEngineering. Without the help of the Faculty of Engineering at Kabul University this would nothave been possible. Beyond lesson plans and lectures the adjuncts brought to NMAA bothprofessional and academic credibility. Three adjuncts had recently graduated at the top of theirrespective classes from Kabul University. The fourth was a seasoned educator with years ofexperience. These credentials ranked them among the elite of Afghanistan’s scholars andeducators making them much more qualified to teach at the college level than most of NMAA’smilitary faculty. Their connections to Kabul University increased the

Conference Session

Engineering in Middle Schools

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Cathell, Drexel University; Michael Birnkrant, Drexel University; Jean Robinson, Martha Washington Elementary School; Priscilla Blount, Martha Washington Elementary School; Adam Fontecchio, Drexel University; Eli Fromm, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

were exposed to engineering through inquiry-based interactive learning,with lesson activities that both complemented and enhanced the standard math and sciencecurriculum.StrategiesThe 6th grade science core curriculum in the School District of Philadelphia is based on a triad ofthree major units designed around Pennsylvania educational standards: Landforms, Astronomyand Environments. Each of these units is designed as an inquiry-based science experience,supported by FOSS activity kits (Landforms and Environments) and Holt Science andTechnology Short Course materials (Astronomy). Modular lesson plans incorporating SimCity 4were developed to support the Landforms and Environments units of the 6th grade curriculum.By accompanying and enhancing

Conference Session

FPD6 - First Year Curricula Development

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana; Richard Ruhala, University of Southern Indiana; Eric Sprouls, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

-Year Pr ogr amready for college-level mathematics ctg"tghgttgf"vq"cu"Ðrtg-gpikpggtkpiÑ"uvwfgpvu."cpf"must passintermediate algebra before they are eligible for the five-year program. Unfortunately it ishighly unusual that pre-engineers are able to successfully complete the engineering curriculum6.Note that all math classes mentioned require a C to proceed.While developing the curriculum, five freshmen engineering courses were specifically designedto bring students into immediate contact with both the engineering faculty and student peers7.Two courses were designed exclusively for students on the five-year plan. These are ENGR103, Principles of Problem Solving, and ENGR 104, Applied Problem Solving5.Three courses were designed for all students

Conference Session

Assessing the Efficacy of Non-traditional Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lanny Griffin; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Robert Crockett, California Polytechnic State University; Robert Szlavik, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

engineer and Principal Investigator on projects to develop technology evolution plans for the Space Station.Robert Szlavik, California Polytechnic State University Page 13.142.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Action at Distance: A MS Degree Offered Through Distance Learning as a Vector to Student Enrichment and Industrial InteractionAbstractThis paper describes the development and implementation of a flourishing MS program offeredthrough distance learning (DL). The program serves the mission of the university – polytechniceducation. It provides an intense life

Conference Session

Engineering Accreditation Around the World

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jaime Salazar, Ibero-American Association of Engineering Education (ASIBEI); Jorge Ignacio Velez Munera, Universidad Sergio Arboleda, ACOFI; Maria M. Larrondo Petrie, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

International

traditional guidelines issued by the Plan Experimental de Evaluacion -PEE- and the Proyecto Piloto Europeo de Evaluación de la Enseñanza -PPEEE-, academic programs in Spain and other European countries were evaluated. ̇ The above mentioned experience allowed the Science and Education Ministry to formulate the National Plan for Quality Evaluation in Universities -PNECU-, applied between 1995 and 2000. ̇ All universities concurred at the PNECU, although simultaneously appeared autonomic agencies of evaluation. ̇ The LOU, Ley Orgánica Universitaria, formulated the 2nd Plan of Institutional Quality in 2001 and in parallel the ANECA, Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad y

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Annette Casey, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences, Department of Automotive Engineering,; Emilia Bratschitsch, Joanneum Univeristy of Applied Sciences; Adrian Millward-Sadler, Joanneum University of Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

International

Sciences Mechanical ComponentsDescriptive Geometry Surface TreatmentChemistry Maintenance, Recycling, Environmental Technologies and Consequences of TechnologyMechanical Technologies Planning and Project ManagementFiling Processes and Measuring Technologies in Production Professional English 2Introduction to Automotive Engineering and Transport SystemsMachine Shop 1Semester 2: Semester 6: (in English)Engineering Mathematics 2 Engine

Conference Session

Marketing Engineering to Minority Students

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Northern, Prairie View A&M University; Brandon Green, Prairie View A&M University; John Attia, Prairie View A&M University; Teasa Northern, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

themselves as African-American,3 as Hispanic • 7 students were seniors • 7 of 7 students that are seniors are planning to attend Prairie View A&M University • 10 students are going to be studying Algebra this year;2 students are in Algebra II; 2 of the students is taking Trigonometry;3 of the students are taking Pre- Calculus;2 of the students are in Calculus;1 student is in Geometry Page 13.1028.6 • 11 of the students are in Chemistry this year;2 of the students are in Biology; 4 of the students are in Physics; 1 of the students is in College Chemistry;1of the students is in IPC; 1 of the students is complete with

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Watkins, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

utilizes a two-semester capstone course in senior design project. The intent isfor students to utilize competencies developed in the first three years of the curriculum in thesolution of a real-world design problem. The fall semester is predominantly spent in designactivities, while the spring encompasses prototype building and testing. Projects may come fromlocal industry, may be competition based, or may come from other sources.During the fall semester, weekly lectures are given that cover many aspects of the designprocess. Selected topics include specifications definition, conceptual design, decision making,project planning, cost estimating, budgets, documentation and formal reports. Students arerequired to give three oral presentations during

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experiences

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soumya Keshavamurthy, Mississippi State University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Anurag Srivastava, Mississippi State University; Noel Schulz, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

assistants but faculty should also encourage the students who havedifficulty in understanding to attend these workshops.When a student approaches graduation, planning is necessary to coordinate their graduate datewith the start date of applying for an H-1B visa12, which is explained in the next section. If astudent plans to work in the United States after graduating and does not intend to work for a non-profit company, then H1-B visa with an annual cap is important. The student has to apply for anEmployment Authorization Card (EAD) via Optional Practical Training13 (OPT) before filing fora H-1B visa. The best time to graduate is currently summer as the student will remain on F-1 orJ-1 status until the H-1B visa start date (October 1st). After

Conference Session

Careers and Professional Development in BME

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Allen, University of Virginia; Shayn Peirce-Cottler, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

, every student in our Capstone class was assignedhis/her first or second choice of project.Solutions WorkshopsOnce a week the Capstone instructors and teaching assistants (TAs) hold “SolutionsWorkshops”, which are hour-long discussion sessions where four to five Capstone Teams areasked, one at a time, to orally summarize (in the span of approximately ten minutes) the progressthey have made to date on their Capstone projects, any hurdles or problems that have arisen, anyrecent successes that the team has experienced, any resources that are required at that juncture,and work plans for the upcoming weeks. After each team presents this information, the project isopen for discussion by the Capstone students on other teams, the instructors, and the

Conference Session

Sustainability in AEC and AEC Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jason Kirby, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Hilal Ozcan, Prairie View A&M University; Fouad Fouad, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

. The term has been defined bythe World Commission on Environment and Development2 as “Meeting the needs of the presentwithout compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” Sustainablebuildings, also referred to as “green construction”, require special techniques and materials toachieve the desired characteristics of functionality, indoor air quality, economy, safety, andaesthetics. Sustainability must be achieved over the entire life cycle of the building whichincludes: planning, design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, renovation,and removal. Environmental life cycle assessments must consider the various stages of aproduct’s existence and it’s ecological impact to aid in selection of building

Conference Session

LabVIEW and Mindstorms Based Experiments

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nebojsa Jaksic, Colorado State University-Pueblo; Dawn Spencer, Colorado State University-Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

5 Applies logic in solving problems and analyzes problems from different points of views. Translates academic theory into practical applications using appropriate technical techniques, processes, and tools. 2 Communication Skills 4.5 Articulates ideas in a clear and concise fashion and uses facts to reinforce points. Written materials flow logically and are grammatically correct. Plans and delivers oral presentations effectively. Uses technology and graphics to support ideas and decisions. 3 Creative Problem-solving 4.75 Develops many potential solutions to

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Plebani, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

provide a framework and base computer code forstudents to achieve an ease of modeling and solution for dynamic programming similar towhat has been achieved for linear programming. In so far as the teaching dynamicprogramming, this will allow educators in operations research to focus their teaching onissues relevant to dynamic programming as opposed to computer programming issues; andallow students in operations research to focus their learning on the power of dynamicprogramming, as opposed to the nuances of computer implementations.Since the formulation of Dynamic programming (DP) by Bellman,1 it has been successfullyapplied to a variety of problems, including capacity planning, equipment replacement,production planning, production control