Conference Session

Sustainability in Construction Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yong Han Ahn; Hyuksoo Kwon; Annie Pearce; John G. Wells

Tagged Divisions

Construction

Integrated Sustainable Construction: A Course in Construction for Students in the U.S.A.AbstractThe construction industry actively adopts the concept of sustainability to minimize the impact onthe environment through accepting sustainable design and construction practices. This growingtrend in sustainable construction requires both new knowledge and new skills for sustainability,in addition to conventional knowledge, such as scheduling, estimating, contracting etc. This is aparadigm change in the construction industry. Construction programs in the U.S.A should offersustainable construction courses in order to teach sustainable knowledge and skills to theirstudents before their entrance into

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas at Austin; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas at Austin; Kristin Wood, University of Texas at Austin; Richard Crawford, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2008-1064: ACTIVE LEARNING IN ACTION, UNDERSTANDING THEEFFECTS: WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THE “NEW” WEARS OFF IN TEACHERTRAININGAustin Talley, University of Texas at Austin AUSTIN TALLEY is a graduate student in the Mechanical Engineering Department at The University of Texas at Austin. His research focus is in design methodology and engineering education. He received his B.S. from Texas A&M University. He previously worked for National Instruments Corporation. Contact Austin@talleyweb.comKathy Schmidt, University of Texas at Austin KATHY J. SCHMIDT is the Director of the Faculty Innovation Center for the College of Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. In this position, she promotes

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K12 Teachers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

readings were provided on-line and participants wereable to submit assignments on-line. Three graduate credits from Endicott College weremade available to participants in each institute. After the summer sessions of eachinstitute, participants designed and field tested in their own classrooms a lesson onalternative energy. At the end of each institute, participants received kits of smallelectrical parts or SNAP circuits and digital multi-meters to use with their classes.During the summer of 2006, a 45-hour Summer Content Institute entitled STEMS(Science, Technology and Engineering for Middle Schools) was held at Northern EssexCommunity College in Massachusetts. The STEMS Content Institute provided educatorsat the Grade 6-12 level with science and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pradeep Bhattacharya, Southern University & A&M College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Change To achieve excellence in engineering learning and instruction today’s engineersnot only need to acquire all the skills of the predecessors but have to understand manymore and in broader areas. Faculty’s weakness in engineering practice causes a sizeablebreach between the lessons taught in school and what employers and customers expectfrom graduating engineers. Engineers design and create products and processes toimprove safety, health and welfare of the public in the performance of their professionalduties. This definition was given by the Accreditation Board for Engineering andTechnology (ABET) to substantiate ethics and professionalism engineers have to have.However, in doing the first part, engineers should give paramount

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vijay Renganathan, Institute of International Education; Lester Gerhardt, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Peggy Blumenthal, Institute of International Education; Allen Greenwood, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

International

2 above, ofthe over 200,000 students that study abroad each year, less than 3% are engineeringstudents – this percentage that stayed fairly flat for the past decade.5 With a greatnumber of their graduate students (and much of their faculty) foreign-born,engineering schools may find it hard to see the logic in sending their own studentsabroad for further training, or how that will enhance their students’ professionaldevelopment. Without pressure from employers or government agencies, there hasbeen little incentive to change this approach, although the leadership within the fieldof engineering is beginning to encourage change through the peer-based accreditationsystem, as well as through competitive pressure to recruit the best

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K12 Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajesh Ganesan, George Mason University; Donna Sterling, George Mason University; Philip Henning, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

education projects from kindergarten through graduate school. She has extensive experience in designing, directing, and evaluating science education programs. Dr. Sterling is a frequent speaker at national and international conferences and an author of over seventy-five articles, books, and reports.Philip Henning, James Madison University Phil Henning is an Adjunct Associate Professor in the department of Integrated Science and Technology at James Madison University. He is the external Project evaluator for SUNRISE at George Mason University. Page 13.964.1© American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Successful K-12 Programs for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Tolley, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Deborah Sharer, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Anthony Brizendine, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Michael Phillips, Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Adam Harris

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the NCJETSteams advanced to the national competition based on their TEAM+S scores.Two week-long resident technology camps are also held each summer on the UNC Charlottecampus. One camp targets middle school students and the other targets high school students. Thepurpose of both camps is to introduce students to engineering and engineering technologythrough fun and educational hands-on activities. Club sponsors are also invited to a day-longworkshop each summer as a way to share best practices and identify opportunities forimprovement.Lee College of Engineering students, some of whom participated in NCJETS in high school,serve as mentors for some of the clubs. They meet weekly with NCJETS participants and provideguidance regarding the design

Conference Session

Computer Education Management Tools II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

AC 2008-1332: COMPUTER-AIDED LEARNING AND ASSESSMENT: THENATURAL PARTNER FOR PROJECT-BASED LEARNINGRoger Hadgraft, The University of Melbourne Roger Hadgraft is a civil engineer with more than 15 years involvement in engineering education research. He has published many papers on engineering education, with a particular focus on problem/project-based learning and the use of technology to support learning in this way. He was instrumental in introducing a project-based curriculum into civil engineering at Monash University, commencing in 1998. From 2002-6, his work at RMIT was in curriculum renewal to embed graduate capabilities, specifically through a stream of project-based courses/subjects, one

Conference Session

Accreditation and Assessment Concerns in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Casey, George Mason University; Ellen O'Donnell, George Mason University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

roughly one quarter of the programssurveyed13. Thus, the median of these programs is near the 75th percentile in degree production.This suggests that larger programs, as can be seen from Table 2, may be more likely to have aDC-type IAB.Comparing IAB programs with Third-Party RankingsA stated goal of this study was to determine whether the presence and level of involvement of aprogram-oriented IAB has an impact on the success of the program. As previously stated,success can be difficult to measure because of perceived reputation, asymmetricundergraduate/graduate programs, and other factors. As a cursory comparison, the productivityand research expenditures per B.S. student for the IAB DC programs (Table 1) were comparedwith schools in the US News

Conference Session

Web-Based Learning in Engineering Technology

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Uhlig, National University; Ali Farahani; Howard Evans, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University; Mark Sotelo, National University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Page 13.140.1 Teacher Award for his performance in Fort Hays State University's College of Business and Leadership. He served as the chair of the department of Management and Information Systems at National University (2002 – 2004.) Dr. Farahani’s research interests are in optimization theory and algorithm design. He is also interested in mathematics and computer science education© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 focusing on innovative integration of technology to enhance teaching and learning.Shekar Viswanathan, National University Dr. Viswanathan is a Professor and Chair of the Department of Applied Engineering and Lead Faculty for Engineering Management and Homeland

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Frederick Berry, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

two different products were combined into one product.CPR 4: Product A Project Design Specification (PDS) should reflect the commonDesign knowledge of the team about the project. The students make use ofSpecification (PDS) their preliminary research to develop environmental, performance, and technology specifications for their projects.CPR 5: Social Requires students to reflect on their proposed project and write an Page 13.1370.3Impact Statement impact assessment using the IEEE Code of Ethics [3] as the guidelines. For this assignment the students write one or two

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Willis, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; James Conrad, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

intended to stimulate studentinterest. No significant conclusions can be made regarding the impact of these materials on studentproficiencies on course outcomes. Yet, positive student feedback on the historical course materialsindicate that there may be a link between these materials and achieving course outcomes. Hence,teaching this course provided new insights regarding the inclusion of historical topics in engineer-ing courses. In addition, this paper presents effective rubrics for oral presentations and effectivetechniques for designing projects that may be completed by both undergraduate and graduate, i.e.,students with different enrollment status. The large enrollment for the course (15) relative to thattypically observed in other

Conference Session

Cooperative Education and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tylisha Baber, Michigan State University; Norman Fortenberry, National Academy of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

AC 2008-154: THE ACADEMIC VALUE OF COOPERATIVE EDUCATION: ALITERATURE REVIEWTylisha Baber, Michigan State University At the time this paper was written, Dr. Tylisha Baber was serving as a National Academies Christine Mirzayan Science and Technology Policy Fellow. She earned a B.S. degree in chemical engineering from North Carolina State University and a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Michigan State University. Tylisha’s dissertation focused on the design and implementation of a biomass conversion process for improving the fuel properties of biodiesel. She is currently an adjunct assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering at North Carolina A&T

Conference Session

Innovations in Biological/Agricultural Education-I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Rosentrater, USDA-ARS; Jerry Visser, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Biological & Agricultural

, manufacturing curricula need to provide more emphasis onsustainability issues, including green engineering,21 not only at an undergraduate level, but alsofor graduate students.22 Incorporating biomass processing and utilization into engineering andtechnology curricula is one way to do this.7 In this vein, there has been a growing interest. Forexample, student research projects on bio-based polymers,23 and laboratory experiencesexamining biodegradability behavior of polymers24 have been discussed. Beyond these,unfortunately, there is a surprising lack of discussion regarding the manufacture of biologicalmaterials in terms of educational opportunities for curricular enhancement.The research literature, on the other hand, is rich with many examples of

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Issues in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Barbara Bekken, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sean McGinnis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Center for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching (CEUT). With the support of the Provost’s Office and CEUT, she is directing the Earth Sustainability project and the Living in the 21st Century liberal education program. The Earth Sustainability project is a holistic learning program that is designed to foster student intellectual development within a learning community. Dr. Bekken has a Ph.D. from Stanford University.Sean McGinnis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Dr. Sean McGinnis is the Director of the Virginia Tech Green Engineering Program and a research faculty jointly appointed in Materials Science and Engineering and Biological Systems Engineering. Dr. McGinnis

Conference Session

Learning Needs and Educational Success

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brenda Hart, University of Louisville; Veronica Hinton-Hudson, University of Louisville; James Lewis, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

faculty chooses the session to be used and notifies the INSPIRE directoraccordingly.Non-engineering related sessions are conducted by a combination of the program director,graduate students, and alumni of the engineering school or consultants depending on the sessionobjectives, resource availability and expertise, and effectiveness. These sessions provide theparticipants with information on what it really takes to be prepared to major in engineering,exposure to various work environments of practicing engineers as well as an assessment of theirlearning styles.Minimum course taking guidelines for graduation requirements have been enacted by manystates in the U.S. since the early 1980s. These minimum course taking standards are usuallyconsistent

Conference Session

Public Engineering of Engineering, K12 Standards, and Overview

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Sanders, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

activity. The “design brief,” an idea importedfrom the United Kingdom, was typically a 1- or 2-page description of a design challenge thatprovided just enough structure to direct students to use the tools and materials of a TE laboratoryto design, build, and test a technological solution to the problem posed in the brief. A subset of“problem-based learning” (PBL), this “technological method” (also commonly referred to as“technological design,” “engineering design,” “design & technology,” or just design-basedinstruction”) challenged students in ways that the project method generally did not. Design briefstypically provided students with opportunities for “research” (information gathering), higherlevel thinking, intellectual and aesthetic

Conference Session

Sustainability and Engineering Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reisdorph, the GreenTeam Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

graduate course in Sustainability andInternational Standards. The course conveys the importance of voluntary internationalstandards, such as from ASTM International or the International Organization forStandardization (ISO), to sustainability. The curriculum uses an innovative experiential learningapproach whereby students research and develop a standard using the ASTM Internationalprocess. One driven student joined ASTM International and worked to see her class projectcatalyze the publication of ASTM E 2348 Guide for Framework for a Consensus-BasedEnvironmental Decision-Making Process.IntroductionIn 2004, the Oklahoma State University Environmental Institute established a graduate-levelcourse covering sustainability and international standards

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University; Valerie Fuchs, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

International

. Hope for those overlooked by engineers, and hope for academics to rejuvenate interest in engineering education, research, and practice. At University X multiple international sustainable development programs focused on developing communities have coalesced into the D80 Center, focused on providing hope to the 80% of the world’s population poorly served by engineered goods, services, and infrastructure. Based on ten years of experience, the programs clearly resonate with a more diverse student body and produce more well-rounded, global-minded engineers, as compared to traditional programs. Future obstacles include dealing with the demand of such programs with limited faculty, staff, and financial support

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

International

student remarked, “we had toproblem-solve, for example, find a way to get solar panels onto roofs.” Students alsocommented on the enormous sense of accomplishment, seeing their designs implemented, thepotential to make an impact, a new passion for their vocation, and a chance to see the lives thatcan be changed by their work. As related by one female student, “When you know that yourwork will impact someone’s life, you know you need to get it right, and it makes you driven tosucceed. I think that all too often, students are more focused on just getting the work done,rather than on the impact their work may have in the future.” Another female studentcommented that, “the obstacles were learning experiences. I learned much more from solvingcommunity

Conference Session

Global Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Prashanth Jayaraman, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Garrett Bradley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Odis Griffin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; John Dooley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

International

Polytechnic Institute and State University VINOD K. LOHANI is an associate professor in the Department of Engineering Education and an adjunct faculty in Civil & Environmental Engineering at Virginia Tech. He received a Ph.D. in civil engineering from Virginia Tech in 1995. His areas of teaching and research include engineering education, international collaboration and hydrology & water resources.Garrett Bradley, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Garrett Bradley currently works for Amsted Rail –Griffin Wheel division as an international manufacturing engineer, with current project assignment in Xinyang, Henan, China. Garrett graduated from Virginia Tech in 2007 with a

Conference Session

FPD1 - Early Success and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alicia Boudreaux, Louisiana Tech University; Kelly Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; James Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Galen Turner, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

partnering with area high school math and science teachers in Discovery Weekends for high school students. • Louisiana Tech’s S-STEM Scholarship Program – NSF-0631083 – scholarship program supporting the Freshman Enrichment Program (FrEP) students. • Innovation through Multidisciplinary Projects and Collaborative Teams (IMPaCT) – NSF-0536082 – motivates students to look at the “big picture” in a horizontally and vertically integrated program centered on year-long design projects. • Living with the Lab – NSF-0618288 – encourages students to develop a “can do” attitude by giving students ownership of a mobile experiment platform. • University Seminar

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science and Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregg Janowski, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Melinda Lalor, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Hassan Moore, University of Alabama at Birmingham

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

AC 2008-2167: A NEW LOOK AT UPPER-LEVEL MATHEMATICS NEEDS INENGINEERING COURSES AT UABGregg Janowski, University of Alabama at BirminghamMelinda Lalor, University of Alabama at BirminghamHassan Moore, University of Alabama at Birmingham Page 13.72.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 NEW LOOK AT UPPER-LEVEL MATHEMATICS NEEDS IN ENGINEERING COURSES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAMAbstractA four semester-hour course is being designed to follow Calculus II, with the intention ofreplacing Calculus III and Differential Equations in the engineering curricula at the University ofAlabama at Birmingham. As part of the planning

Conference Session

Preparing the Future Workforce in Aerospace

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

-worked or lazy, the pathof least resistance seems to be the assigning of an A grade, or at least an inflated grade, toeveryone”. Long quotes Zirkel23: “Stripped of its rationalizations, grade inflation exists becauseit is simply easier for teachers to give high grades…easier on students, parents, administratorsand certainly on teachers themselves. At Lake Wobegone, after all, everyone is not only aboveaverage, everyone is also happy and politically correct” (Zirkel, 1997, p.A15).Why is there higher resistance along other routes? Doesn’t faculty peer pressure make objectivegrading the path of least resistance? Long quotes Edwards24: “Research in the area of gradeinflation has led scholars to cite post-secondary administrative practices and the

Conference Session

Information Technologies Classroom Instruction

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert MacDonald, Purdue University; Raheel Malik, Whirlpool Corp.; Anthony Smith, Purdue University; James Goldman, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

AC 2008-2591: COMPARATIVE FRAMING ANALYSIS FOR TEACHINGWIRELESS NETWORK MOBILITYRobert MacDonald, Purdue University Robert MacDonald is a graduate student with the College of Technology at Purdue University. He completed his undergraduate degree in 2006, obtaining his BS in Network Engineering Technology from Purdue University as well. Robert is expecting to complete his MS in December of 2008. His interests lie in advanced internetwork design, wireless networking, and applied network security. His thesis research is focused on the implementation of secure routing protocols.Raheel Malik, Whirlpool Corp. Raheel A. Malik is a senior analyst with the Information Security and Audit Compliance

Conference Session

The Academic Environment

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa McClain, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

all equity issues should be handled in the same way and will bereceived with the same degree of satisfaction by differing groups.DiscussionAlthough most universities have policies in place designed to promote equity, unfortunatelywomen and other minority faculty often become professionally stalled by subtle forms ofdisadvantage interwoven into university culture which policy alone fails to eliminate.3,17 This istrue for faculty university-wide as well as for S&E faculty as indicated by survey responses. Thedevaluation of a faculty member’s “non-traditional” research agenda, the inflexible weighting ofteaching/research/service workloads related to promotion and tenure, toleration of sexist or racistcomments, de facto exclusion from

Conference Session

Engineering Education in the Mid-East / Asia

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Stanton, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

International

technical and non-technical audiences - Design effective and usable IT-based solutions and integrate them into the current environment - Recognize the need for, and engage in, continuing professional development - Develop proficiency, both oral and written, in the English languageThese should evolve over time as the CS department continues to implement its curriculum andthe faculty collectively develops a better understanding of what it actually wants from graduates,but establishing a foundation and teaching the faculty an appropriate model for the developmentprocess is essential to the mentor’s role. The mentor must ensure that the faculty will continue toask, answer, and

Conference Session

Re-Imagining the Higher Ed Classroom -- Tablet PCs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vinod Lohani, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ricky Castles, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Aditya Johri, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Dewey Spangler, Virginia Western Community College; David Kibler, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

their final product design. Final marked-up CAD Vision panelsare then sent back to the reviewed team and to the instructor.3.2 Assessment Data – Mechanical Engineering ApplicationTo study the impact of the new Tablet PC technology on learning in undergraduate engineeringcourses, a questionnaire was developed in collaboration with experts in education research tomeasure changes in the learning strategies of the students in ME 2024. The pilot study not onlyallowed for implementation of new technology but also it allowed for a field test of the measurewith pilot study participants (69 students total) to ensure validity. A section of the assessmentincluded questions mirroring the ECAR Research Study 67 that examined student skill level

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Petros Katsioloudis, Berea College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and works towards a Best Practices international Symposium that will benefit the educators of Cyprus and other countries. Page 13.679.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Identification of Quality Indicators of Visual-Based Learning Material in Technology Education Programs for Grades 7-12.Abstract – The purpose of this study was to identify the quality indicators of visual-basedlearning material in technology education for grades 7-12. A three-round modified Delphimethod was used to answer the following research questions: RQ1: What indicators

Conference Session

Educational Outreach Efforts Led by the US Navy

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Giver, The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers; Stephen Michetti, NSWCCD

Tagged Divisions

Ocean and Marine

means to build therobot. Sea Perch was born!The MIT Ocean Engineering Department recognized the value of the Sea Perch underwater robotas a tool for Outreach, and developed the prototype of a program, a listing of the parts required tobuild the robot, and a rudimentary design plan. The Sea Perch project was introduced to severallocal high schools in the Boston area, generating immediate interest. MIT sought and receivedfunding from the Sea Grant Program and the Office of Naval Research to expand the program,and one by one, schools became involved with the project.As the Sea Perch project continued through word of mouth, and as more teachers becameinvolved, a more developed curriculum was required. MIT, and many of the teachers whoinitially