Conference Session

Assessing Design Coursework

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marcia Friesen, University of Manitoba

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 13.1020.5Constructivism and Engineering EducationA second viewpoint that can foster meaningful responses to the ongoing challenges raised earlieris a willingness to consider professional engineering as a value-driven and value-laden activity:a local manifestation of accepted personal, professional, and cultural ideals. In this sense, valuesshould not be confused with morals or ethics in relation to standards of right and wrong. Theterm ‘values’ is invoked here as the underlying logic or normation expressed in the engineeringdesign choices made between ‘all things considered’. Viewing engineering as a value-drivenactivity opens up a place for subjectivity in what is traditionally thought to be an objectiveendeavour.Framed in this way

Conference Session

Design Communications

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Ekwaro-Osire, Texas Tech University; Innocent Afuh, Texas Tech University; Peter Orono, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

Libraries(ACRL) a division of the American Libraries Association, IL is not only closely tied to course-integrated instruction but extends beyond the coordination between the reference librarian andindividual faculty member to students demonstrating competencies in formulating researchquestions and their ability to use information as well as an understanding of ethical and legalissues surrounding information. Achieving this lofty goal requires a culture of collaboration(faculty-librarian-administration) and focuses on active student learning. The need for suchblended students becomes more critical because of demand from industry for broadly qualifiedgraduates/engineers and this can be achieved through collaboration to create an atmospherewhere

Conference Session

Successful Outcomes of Student Entrepreneurship

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jay Porter, Texas A&M University; Joseph Morgan, Texas A&M University; Richard Scruggs, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

to theindividual students, but both of the winners spent time with all six teams during a classsession to discuss their entrepreneurial experiences. In addition, one of the winnersbecame actively involved in the E4 Initiative and his company is now a sponsor of a newE4 project. Both of these gentlemen were impressed by the cross fertilization that hascome from embedding business students into the capstone design teams.Another example of the synergy that has come from the embedded student pilot dealswith expanding the scope of the ELE Seminar Series. The Ethics, Leadership, andEntrepreneurship, or ELE, Seminar is part of the first course in the capstone designsequence. Student teams must identify, successfully invite, and host a leader from

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Issues in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cortney Martin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Barbara Bekken, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sean McGinnis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

thinking, problem solving, note-taking and time management, intentional reading, ethics, writing scientific reports, and locating Page 13.1218.5and evaluating information sources (Figure 2). The group benefitted from field trips to the localwater treatment plant and to Natural Bridge, an impressive and historic geological formationwith hiking trails and a replica of a Monacan Indian village. Students completed projects relatedto fieldwork on groundwater (Figure 2), generational changes in consumption patterns, and workwith poetry and clay. Students read and discussed Water: The Fate of Our Most PreciousResource10. Figure 2

Conference Session

SE Curriculum and Course Management

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph Clifton, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Rob Hasker, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Mike Rowe, University of Wisconsin-Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

, prototyping, design, implementation, testing, maintenance activities and management of risks involved in software and embedded systems. C. Process: Graduates know various classical and evolving software engineering methods, can select appropriate methods for projects and development teams, and can refine and apply them to achieve project goals. D. Professionalism: Graduates are knowledgeable of the ethics, professionalism, and cultural diversity in the work environment. E. Quality: Graduates can apply basic software quality assurance practices to ensure that software design, development, and maintenance meets or exceeds applicable standards. F. Presentation: Graduates have effective written and oral communication

Conference Session

FPD1 - Early Success and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jale Tezcan, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; John Nicklow, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; James Mathias, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Lalit Gupta, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale; Rhonda Kowalchuk, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

inengineering. Specifically, the course aims to 1. Help students understand and become familiar with engineering professions and careers. 2. Introduce students to the various technical areas and specializations within engineering. 3. Help students form academic and personal support groups and develop the ability to communicate and work effectively with others. 4. Acquaint students with the role of engineers in society and in engineering ethics. 5. Provide students hands-on laboratory projects and theoretical background to appreciate the importance of mathematics in engineering. 6. Guide students in choosing an engineering curriculumCourse Structure and Content :The Introduction to Engineering course is a three-credit course that

Conference Session

Mobile Robots in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Barrett, University of Wyoming; Chad Hager, University of Wyoming; Mike Yurkoski, University of Wyoming; Robert Lewis, University of Wyoming; Matthew Jespersen, University of Wyoming; Zachary Ruble, University of Wyoming

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

prepared for engineering practice through the curriculum culminating in a majordesign experience based on the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier course work andincorporating engineering standards and multiple realistic constraints.” These constraintsare further defined in Criterion 3. Program Outcomes and Assessment which states,“Engineering programs must demonstrate that their students attain: (c) an ability todesign a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraintssuch as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety,manufacturability, and sustainability [1, 2].In this paper we will describe how we solved these two challenges by updating ourmicroprocessor laboratory facilities on a

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Design in the Classroom

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tongele Tongele, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

through the curriculum culminating in a major design experience basedon the knowledge and skills acquired in earlier coursework and incorporating engineeringstandards and realistic constraints that include most of the following considerations: economic;environmental; sustainability; manufacturability; ethical; health and safety; social; andpolitical.”1 In the new ABET criteria for accrediting engineering programs during the 2008-2009accreditation cycle, it is under criterion 5, explicitly titled “Curriculum”, that the requirement forusing engineering standards is placed - in these terms: “Students must be prepared forengineering practice through a curriculum culminating in a major design experience based on theknowledge and skills acquired in

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Odon Musimbi, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; David Munoz, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

funding from theFlora and William Hewlett Foundation, have undertaken a curriculum development initiative thatemphasizes the human component of engineering. This program embraces the concept thatengineers and the field of engineering serve a critical role in society. This interdisciplinarycollaboration at CSM has created a sequence of courses designed to help engineering studentsunderstand the ethical, cultural, historical and technical dimensions of engineering work appliedto community development in the U.S. and abroad7. One of the primary goals of this effort is tocreate a culture of acceptance and value of community and international service activities amongCSM’s faculty and students

Conference Session

Technical Capacity Bldg for Developing Countries & Service Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Jordan, Baylor University; Glenn Blalock, Baylor University; Walter Bradley, Baylor University; Cynthia Fry, Baylor University; Anne Grinols, Baylor University; Brian Thomas, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2008-1421: USING TECHNICAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SERVICELEARNING TO PROMOTE AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE IN ANUNDERGRADUATE ENGINEERING PROGRAMWilliam Jordan, Baylor University WILLIAM JORDAN is the Mechanical Engineering Department Chair at Baylor University. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in Metallurgical Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, an M.A. degree in Theology from Denver Seminary, and a Ph.D. in mechanics and materials from Texas A & M University. He teaches materials related courses and does research concerning appropriate technology in developing countries. He also writes and does research in the areas of engineering ethics and engineering education.Glenn Blalock

Conference Session

FPD6 - First Year Curricula Development

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gregory Wight, Norwich University; R. Danner Friend, Norwich University; Jacques Beneat, Norwich University; William Barry, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

introduction to engineering course. The committeealso directed that the course be developed with the following goals in mind. The freshmanexperience should engender improved retention, be efficiently delivered, allow students topostpone selection of a major field without consequence, be project-based, and place equalemphasis on design, analysis, some important technical skills, and “soft” skills like ethics,societal sensitivity, communication, and teaming.With this charge, the detailed development of the course was conducted during the summer of2007 by a team of four experienced and junior faculty from all three engineering disciplines.These four faculty members would also become the instructors for the course, which allowed for

Conference Session

Issues in the Professional Practice of Faculty Members in Civil Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Allen Estes, California Polytechnic State University; Brent Nuttall, California Polytechnic State University; Cole McDaniel, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

X teams 5 Ability to identify, formulate, and solve XX X XX engineering problems 6 Understanding of professional and X X X XX ethical responsibility 7 Ability to communicate X X X XX Effectively 8 The broad education necessary to X X XX XX understand the impact of engineering solutions in a global and societal context 9 Recognition of the need for, and an XX XX X ability to engage in, life-long learning 10 Knowledge of contemporary

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement & Assessment of ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Skvarenina, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and Assessing ABET “Soft Skills” in the Technical CurriculumAbstractTAC-ABET accreditation requires that each program develop program outcomes that embraceABET criteria 2a to k. Several of those, such as diversity, internationalization, and ethics, areoften referred to as the soft skills. Generally students exposure to these items is through theirelective (or required) courses in the humanities and social sciences. However, ABETaccreditation also requires that the achievement of the outcomes be assessed and evaluated.Obtaining direct evidence of achievement of the outcomes by the students can be problematicalas the other departments may not be doing assessment. Even if they are, the technology studentsin a humanities

Conference Session

STEM Pipeline: Pre-College to Post-Baccalaureate

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gillian Nicholls, University of Pittsburgh; Harvey Wolfe, University of Pittsburgh; Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; Larry Shuman, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

, University of Pittsburgh Harvey Wolfe is the William Kepler Whiteford Professor of Industrial Engineering at the University of Pittsburgh. After many years working in the area of applying operations research methods to the health field, he is now active in the development of models for assessing engineering education. He is a co-author of Engineering Ethics: Balancing Cost Schedule and Risk - Lessons Learned from the Space Shuttle (Cambridge University Press, 1997). He holds the B.E.S. in Industrial Engineering, M.S.E. in Operations Research, and Ph.D. in Operations Research (Johns Hopkins University).Mary Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh Mary Besterfield-Sacre is an Associate

Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gisele Ragusa, University of Southern California; Michael Khoo, University of Southern California; Ellis Meng, University of Southern California; Joseph Cocozza, University of Southern California

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

andparticipation in an ethics workshop. The ethics workshop provided BMERET teacherswith the opportunity to consider the role of the scientist and engineer in the educational,political, health and social realms, the ethical challenges facing scientists/engineers todayand in the near future, and the role and responsibility of scientists/engineers to society.Throughout the BMERET program, an education specialist (faculty) from theuniversity’s school of education worked with the teachers on translating their new foundknowledge and technological skills into lesson plans and classroom activities. Theschool of education faculty assisted the teachers in designing scientific curricula thataddressed state science standards and to demonstrate to 6-12th graders the

Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Debbie Mullins, Texas Space Grant Consortium; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas at Austin

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

engineering program mustdemonstrate that graduates have: (a) an ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, science, and engineering -- TDC participants apply knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering in the development of the designs to meet NASA requirements (b) an ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data -- TDC participants must analyze and interpret data that results from their design trade studies in order to choose from design alternatives (c) an ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raghu Echempati, Kettering University; Enayat Mahajerin, Saginaw Valley State University; Anca Sala, Baker College

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

and bearings, springs, and fundamentals of gear analysis, including terminology,forces, and stresses. One additional requirement for this course is working on a team-baseddesign project. For the Fall 2002 and 2003 classes, a common feature of such design project wasto present a case study on any one of the ethical issues that are available in the literature alongwith some engineering calculations to appreciate how engineering ethics play a very importantrole in the design of a system or a component5,6.Course Learning Objectives (CLO’s) 1. Develop, set-up, and solve mechanical component design problems based upon given data and requirements 2. Develop corrective action (define the cause for a problem and the design fixes) for field

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Teaching Part Three

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Collins, J.P. Morgan Chase; Gerard Lennon, Lehigh University; John Ochs, Lehigh University; Richard Weisman, Lehigh University; Vincent Munley, Lehigh University; Joseph Sterrett, Lehigh University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

"dcemitqwpf" to complete the design. 2. Design a sports facility including the evaluation of considerations such as economics, ethics, societal, environmental impacts, and constructability. 3. Write a project report that is of a quality commonly found to be acceptable in the engineering profession. 4. Orally present the results of an engineering design project to a wide audience of students, faculty, staff, including coaches and student athletes, using a presentation package such as PowerPoint that is of a quality commonly found to be acceptable in the engineering profession.B. Project SelectionThe process of selecting feasible projects is especially crucial to the success of thecourse. They must present workable

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University; Alaa E. Abdel-Hakim, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

) Outcome 6 An ability to identify, analyze and solve technical problems (ABET 2.f ) Outcome 7 An ability to communicate effectively (ABET 2.g ) Outcome 8 A recognition of the need for and ability to engage in lifelong learning (ABET 2.h ) Outcome 9 An ability to understand professional, ethical and social responsibilities (ABET 2.I ) A respect for diversity and a knowledge of contemporary professional, societal and global Outcome 10 issues (ABET 2.j ) Outcome 11 A commitment to quality, timeliness and continuous improvement (ABET 2.k) The application of circuit analysis and design, computer programming, associated software, Outcome 12 analog and digital electronics

Conference Session

FPD2 - First-Year Advising and Transition

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Kampe, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christi Boone, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

, so two lectures and two workshops wereheld each week. In moving to the summer 2007 offering, which spanned only six weeks, alecture and then a workshop were held each weekday, with a two-hour break between them. Afaculty member ran the lectures and workshops, but the workshops also had a teaching assistant:a graduate student in fall 2006 and an upper-class undergraduate in summer 2007. Thebreakdown of course content and delivery is presented in the Appendix (see Table A1, which is acompressed version of the summer course syllabus). The major content items for the courseinclude graphics, design, problem solving, graphing, computer programming, handling digitaldata, project management, communication, and ethics. In each offering of EngE2984, a

Conference Session

Design Project Based Learning

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

to designing, constructing, and operating the ventilation system, the studentswere required to submit a professional-quality report documenting all aspects of theirwork. The students were also required to give an oral presentation to engineering facultyand students on Senior Design Presentation Day at the end of the semester.VII. Outcomes AssessmentThe two ABET outcomes relevant to this project are outcomes (c) and (g):ABET (c): An ability to design a system, component, or process to meet desired needswithin realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social, political, ethical,health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.ABET (g): An ability to communicate effectively.The two student groups were evaluated by faculty

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vince Bertsch, Santa Rosa Junior College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

systems.Topics and ScopeCentral topics and themes include but are not limited to: Page 13.1185.5I. The scientific method and the engineering design processII. Ethical frameworks of science and engineeringIII. Conservation of energy and materialsIV. Cost-benefit analysis and the risks and safety of technological products and systemsV. The history and evolution of science and technologyVI. Scientific versus technical writingThe central themes will be explored through a series of (7-30) casestudies. The case studies will build in complexity over the course of thesemester and will span the broad numbered categories listed below.Specific lettered examples listed are

Conference Session

Learning to Communicate with Engineers and Non-Engineers

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Potter, Iowa State University; John Jackman, Iowa State University; K. Jo Min, Iowa State University; Matthew Search, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

outcomes can be divided into “engineering” skillsand “professional” skills, with professional skills including not only communication, butteamwork, ethics, professionalism, engineering solutions in a global and societal context,lifelong learning, and a knowledge of contemporary issues.2 ABET prioritized these professionalskills as relatively equal in importance to those of technical competence in its Criteria forAccrediting Programs, and in doing so, made it possible for engineering programs to not onlyrecognize the importance of professional skills, but to teach them to their students. ABET’sdecision to formalize this priority reflects what industry has been emphasizing in its recruitingand advising for many years. Companies such as IBM and

Conference Session

Continuous Improvement & Assessment of ET Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jung Oh, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

fields. The project and its merits were presented in details previously.5.6.7Chemistry course student survey over a period (2004-2007) indicates that overall studentperception of library instruction, computer literacy, critical thinking, communication, ethics, andlifelong learning as information literacy components has steadily increased. Students spendmore time on the assignment, according to their self-statements, average from 2.9 hours in 2004to 8.7 hours in 2006. More importantly, the instructor has observed a distinct improvement inthe quality of cited references, as well as the quality of the search process and path. Duringsummer 2007, this assignment expanded further as virtual team activities to build a teampresentation as a team of four

Conference Session

Engineering for Nonengineers: Ideas & Results

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah Mechtel, U.S. Naval Academy; Andrew McCue, U.S. Naval Academy; Keith Kintzley, U.S. Naval Academy; Robert Voigt, U.S. Naval Academy

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

leadership, ethics and law where some ofthese topics are addressed. Page 13.266.7The assessment process for both courses is evolving. The Electrical and ComputerEngineering process for ABET accredited courses is currently being modified to betterassess students outcomes for department courses intended to increase technologicalliteracy but not produce practicing engineers.Both courses are well received by the students. Students have commented that the coursematerial is worthwhile and pertinent and that they feel better prepared and more confidentto undertake their future profession in an increasingly technologically based military.When they encounter a

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuju Wu, Southeast Missouri State University; Ragu Athinarayanan, Southeast Missouri State University; Xiaobing Hou, Southeast Missouri State University; Sophia Scott, Southeast Missouri State University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

, operating systems, network gaming, computer programming and applications, microcontroller systems.Sophia Scott, Southeast Missouri State University Dr. Sophia Scott is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Industrial and Engineering Technology at Southeast Missouri State University. She currently teaches courses in technical communication, supervision and project management. Dr. Scott received her Ph.D. in Technology Management from Indiana State University. Her research interests include curriculum and lab development, teams, leadership, ethics, experiential learning and project management

Conference Session

ET Leadership, Administration, and Articulation

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Crossman, Old Dominion University; Guido Lopez, Old Dominion University; Anthony Dean, Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

will be able to describe contemporary approaches to management and demonstrate management and marketing skills relevant to the motorsports industry. 9. Students shall demonstrate effective verbal, oral and written communication skills applicable in a business setting. 10. Student will demonstrate acceptable ethical behaviors and interpersonal skills that reflect an understanding of diversity and teamworkThe ODU - NCI Partnership and Common GoalsFrom its inception, the mandate of the New College Institute (NCI) has been to respond to theeducational needs of the City of Martinsville, and its surrounding counties5. NCI has

Conference Session

NAFP Panel Discussion: NASA Administrator's Fellowship Program (NAFP); Panel Discussion and Fellow Presentations

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Alim, Alabama A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

FlexibilityThe NASA Administrator’s Fellowship Program allows flexibility on the startingdate. This is a conducive to the individual faculty’s schedule to return to theinstitution on the anticipated date upon completion of the fellowship at a NASAcenter.Results and Outcomes1. Management and LeadershipManagement and leadership skills are developed via individual standing on theproject(s) and exercising necessary freedom of work ethics. Flexible schedule ofworking is a great advantage for the fellows. Often the fellows take advantage ofenjoying working during the weekends without hesitation. The gathering of thefellows administered by the UNCFSPC gives an opportunity to know each otherand may lead to future collaborations. This expansion of horizon

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Don Sweat, Prairie View A&M University; Teasa Northern, Prairie View A&M University; Brandon Green, Prairie View A&M University; James Northern, Prairie View A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

develop and expand professional skills.Major GoalsThe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering curriculum is structured to provide eachstudent with a sound background in the basic and engineering sciences and a thorough Page 13.1047.2foundation in Electrical Engineering for the analysis and design of electrical and electroniccircuits and systems. The curriculum provides courses necessary for technical competencies aswell as courses and seminars on professional ethics and the responsibilities of the engineer. Theprogram is offered with four areas of emphasis: Computer Engineering, Communications andSignal Processing, Microelectronics and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Capstone Experiences in Manufacturing Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ejiwale, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

; imaging and manipulation techniques, and tools and equipment for producing and assembling at the nanoscale. 3. to provide training and experience in the utilization of scanning probe microscopy in a variety of modes. 4. To familiarize students with mechanical testing at the nanoscale 5. To appreciate the commercial potential of nanotechnology and the required ethics for its development, application and exploitation. 6. To engage students in micro/nanotechnology research through a final project consisting of the design of a novel lab experiment for future advancement. Page 13.1148.7Required Textbooks: Ratner, D