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Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Chad S. Korach, University of Mount Union; Margo Miller, University of Mount Union
Paper ID #40449An Interdisciplinary General Education Capstone Course Intersecting Artand Engineering DesignDr. Chad S. Korach, University of Mount Union Chad Korach is the Director of the School of Engineering and an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Mount Union in Alliance, Ohio.Margo Miller, University of Mount Union ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 An Interdisciplinary General Education Capstone Course Intersecting Art and Engineering Design Chad S. Korach
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Spencer Miller, Gannon University Biomedical Engineering; Xiaoxu Ji, Gannon University; Davide Piovesan, Gannon University
North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2023, American Society for Engineering Education2.1 Data Generation: Using MATLAB (MathWorks, 1984), a code is written to generate a sinusoidal plot overa sixty second time period for trials 1-9 and a twenty second time period for trials 10-12. Thechange in time period for trials 10-12 is due to the number of waves present when graphed whichmakes differentiating between the calculated and recorded waves very difficult. A time interval of0.0305 seconds is used to obtain all data points. This step is done to match the values generated tothe values collected with the polling rate of the Arduino sensor (19200 baud or 45 points/s Twelveindividual data sets (path trials) are
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Susie Huggins, West Virginia University
. A., & Hensel, R. A., & Raisa, S. A., & Atadero, R. A., & Casper, A. A., & DeLyser, R. R., & Griffin, C. D., & Leutenegger, S. T., & Morris, M. L., & Paguyo, C., & Paul, J., & Park, S., & Rambo- Hernandez, K. E., & Roszelle, B. N. (2021, July), “Leveraging Changes in Engineering and Computer Science Curricula to Engender Inclusive Professional Identities in Students” Paper presented at 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual Conference. https://peer.asee.org/37454[3] C. Finelli, and M. Kendall-Brown, “Using an interactive theater sketch to improve students’ perceptions about and ability to function on diverse teams,” in American Society for Engineering
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Susie Huggins, West Virginia University; Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University
intervening to try to resolve the issue presented.In the online webinar version, the “empty chair” exercise was replaced by a “debriefing” of thecharacters, in role. Characters took turns explaining to the audience how the actions of the othergroup members made them feel [2].This poster describes the Interactive Theatre Sketch activity for both in-person and virtualenvironments, identifies implementation challenges, and includes observations andrecommendations.References[1] J. T. Polzer, L. P. Milton, and W. B. Swarm Jr, “Capitalizing on diversity: Interpersonal congruence in small workgroups,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 296-324, 2002.[2] Pedersen, B. A., & Hensel, R. A., & Raisa, S. A., & Atadero, R. A
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Diane L Peters P.E., Kettering University
thatparticular paper or because the author(s) felt it was an obvious part of any such program. Table 3: Bridge Program Non-Academic Content References Advising Social Professional Skills College Knowledge [35, 16] X X X [22] X X [27] X X X [3, 25, 21, 24] X X [29, 8, 46] X X [10, 11] X X [34, 23, 36, 19, 20] X [12, 13] X X [37] X X
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Shehla Arif, University of Mount Union
oflearners. This involves uncovering implicit biases in our own training as engineering educatorsthat favor one set of learners6.Documenting the continuing race, ethnicity, and gender-based achievement gaps in science &engineering (S&E), the National Science Foundation concludes, “Maintaining the preeminenceof U.S. S&E higher education, while serving Americans of all backgrounds, represents acontinuing aspiration.”7 Data collected by the Department of Education’s Office of Civil Rightson access to Mathematics and Sciences courses in high schools across the nation indicatessignificant demographic-based gaps.8 “Nationwide, 78% of high schools offer algebra 2, 48% offer calculus, 72% offer chemistry, and 60% offer physics (Table
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
development efforts, and served in several administrative roles. She has been recognized for her teaching, advising, service, and research and as an Exemplary Faculty Member for Excellence in Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Evolution of a Student Transition and Success Program Reflections on a 10 Year JourneyAbstractA lot has happened since 2012 – in society, in education, and in one engineering studentdevelopment program, called The Academy of Engineering Success (AcES)! AcES started in2012 at West Virginia University (WVU), a large, mid-Atlantic, R1 institution, and receivedNSF S-STEM funding beginning in 2016 and corporate
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Mohammed Mustafa Hussain; Sagnik Basumallik, West Virginia University; Anurag K. Srivastava, West Virginia University; Mohamed Hefeida, West Virginia University
support from Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories.References [1] D. U. Case, “Analysis of the cyber attack on the ukrainian power grid,” Electricity Information Sharing and Analysis Center (E-ISAC), vol. 388, pp. 1–29, 2016. [2] N. M. Flores, H. McBrien, V. Do, M. V. Kiang, J. Schlegelmilch, and J. A. Casey, “The 2021 texas power crisis: distribution, duration, and disparities,” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, pp. 1–11, 2022. [3] A. M. Miller, “NC power station shootings show major vulnerability of u.s. power grid that requires action: Experts,” Dec 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.foxnews.com/us/ nc-power-station-shootings-show-major-vulnerability-u-s-power-grid-that-requires-action-experts
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Robert Michael, Gannon University; David Gee, Gannon University; Mark Keith Kurchena
Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, Mar. 27 – 28, 2020. 2. Michael, R.J. and Piovesan, D., “Use of Engineering Software Programs for Self-Directed Learning,” Acad. Process Educators 2018 Conference, Gannon University, Erie, PA, June 2018. 3. Pollino, M., Sabzehzar, S., Michael, R., “Mechanical Behavior of Base Isolated Steel Storage Racks Designed for Sliding-Rocking Response,” Eleventh U.S. National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, June 25 – 29, 2018. 4. Piovesan, D., Church, D., Herron, S., Oldham, C. Sebald, M., Michael, R., Bitticker, S., “Orthopedic anterior cruciate ligament evaluator (or A.C.L.E.),” Proc. ASME 2015 International Mechanical
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Sudipta Chowdhury, Marshall University; Ammar Alzarrad, Marshall University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Understanding of Science. 2008;17(1):35-54. www.sagepublications.com 64. Godec S, Archer L, Dawson E. Interested but not being served: mapping young people’s participation in informal STEM education through an equity lens. Res Pap Educ. 2022;37(2):221-248. doi:10.1080/02671522.2020.18493655. Morales-Doyle D, Vossoughi S, Vakil S, Bang M. In an era of pandemic and protest, STEM education ’can’t pretend to be apolitical. Truthout. Published 2021. Accessed December 30, 2022. https://truthout.org/articles/in-an-era-of-pandemic-and-protest-stem-education-cant-pretend-to-be- apolitical/#:~:text=Education%20%26%20Youth
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Ammar Alzarrad, Marshall University; Sudipta chowdhury, Marshall University; Fernanda Delduque
from teachers across West Virginia.Data Collection For this research, in-person interviews will be performed with seven K-12 teachers in WV.The participants (i.e., teachers) would be selected based on simple random sampling. Eachparticipant was chosen independently with no correlation to the preceding or proceeding subject.A total of seven participants were ultimately chosen. A qualitative study will be implementedbased on teachers’ shared experiences, training, and activities provided by The NEED Project. PartI of the survey contains demographic questions about the teacher’s gender, age, years ofexperience, education attainment, teaching grade(s) level and subject(s), etc. Part II of the surveyincluded issues/challenges questions
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Marcela Alexandra Mera Trujillo, West Virginia University; Yasser Alshehri, Yanbu Industrial College ; Dale G Dzielski MBA, CMA, PMP, SAFe 4 Agilist, West Virginia University; Katerina Goseva-Popstojanova, West Virginia University
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ardakani, Ohio Northern University; Grace Hattery, Ohio Northern University
. Prins, “Providing Hands-On Context to Frames and Machines Analysis”, 2017 ASEEAnnual Conference & Exposition, Columbus, Ohio, USA, June 24–28, 2017.[2] C. Ramming and J. Phillips, “Improving Retention of Student Understanding by Use of Hands-on Experiments in Statics”, 2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, June 15–18, 2014.[3] S. Wodin-Schwartz, K. LeChasseur, and C. Keller, “Hands On Learning in a Remote Introduction to Statics Classroom Environment”, 2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual Meeting, July 26-29, 2021.[4] S. Ardakani and J. Ellis, “Developing a 3D-Printed Statics Modeling Kit,” 2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition Proceedings, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Xinyu Zhang, West Virginia University; Jeremy G. Roberts; Amanda Parrish
Tagged Topics
Diversity
O. Barambones, "A Multidisciplinary PBL Approach for Teaching Industrial Informatics and Robotics in Engineering," IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 21-28, 2018, doi: 10.1109/te.2017.2721907.[3] H. G. Denton, "Multidisciplinary team-based project work: planning factors," Design Studies, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 155-170, 1997.[4] J. K. L. Leung, S. K. W. Chu, T.-C. Pong, D. T. K. Ng, and S. Qiao, "Developing a Framework for Blended Design-Based Learning in a First-Year Multidisciplinary Design Course," IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 65, no. 2, pp. 210-219, 2022, doi: 10.1109/te.2021.3112852.[5] B. Tiwari, P. Nair, and S. Barua, "Effectiveness of Freshman Level Multi-disciplinary Hands
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Vincent Rodney Sheeler, Ohio Northern University; Lacey Lynn Wernoch, Ohio Northern University; Jed E. Marquart P.E., Ohio Northern University; Hui Shen, Ohio Northern University
besensitive to mechanical stresses and help explain the experience of motion sickness. The superiorvestibule was modeled and analyzed as the head is rapidly turned. It was found thatcomputational fluid dynamics can be utilized to observe the desired flow characteristics of thesystem.Nomenclaturedt = time step (sec)CFL = Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy Numberρ = air density (kg/m! )u = x-component (cm)v = y-component (cm)w = z-component (cm)U-velocity = fluid velocity in the x- direction (cm/s)IntroductionThe vestibular system is responsible for spatial orientation, maintenance of balance, andstabilizing vision [1]. The middle ear (ME) contains three semicircular canals, which sense headrotations and angular
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Austin Maverick La Mothe, School of Engineering, Eastern Michigan University; Qin Hu, Eastern Michigan University
short betweenthe 11.3V supply and the IRFP460’s gate, turning on the MOSFET. When the MOSFET turns on,its gate voltage is at 11.3V and the 2N3904 turns off due to a lack of biasing from its base voltage.To turn off the MOSFET, the LMC555’s output goes low causing a voltage difference betweenthe PNP transistor’s (2N3906) emitter and its base leading to current flow and a short between theIRFP460’s gate and the ground of the circuit; this short discharges the MOSFET, turning it off.After the MOSFET is discharged, there is no longer a voltage difference between the emitter andbase of the 2N3906 so it returns to being an open circuit. This circuit is a trade-off betweenefficiency and quiescent power loss. To reduce the efficiency and decrease the
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Matthew Cavalli, Western Michigan University; Anetra Grice, Western Michigan University
to each meeting. Sample discussion topics andsuggestions for meeting structure were also included in the training materials. All protégé s andmentors were encouraged to establish short, medium, and long-term SMART goals (Specific,Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Timebound).Separate trainings were established in late August/early September for both mentors and protégésbased on best practices for mentoring relationships15,16. Of the 50 students who had previouslyexpressed interest, only about 10 signed up for the trainings despite multiple outreaches. Thereasons for the drop-off in first-year student interest are not clear. One hopeful possibility is thatstudents found other commitments around campus (e.g., student organizations) to which
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Mohammed Ferdjallah, Marshall University; Asad Salem
. ed.). 2007.8. Paolo D, Maria Chiara C, Antonella B, Arianna M. Micro-systems in biomedical applications. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering. 2000/06/01 2000;10(2):235. doi:10.1088/0960-1317/10/2/3229. Malinowski A, Yu H. Comparison of Embedded System Design for Industrial Applications. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics. 2011;7(2):244-254. doi:10.1109/TII.2011.212446610. Ravi S, Raghunathan A, Chakradhar ST. Tamper resistance mechanisms for secure embedded systems. 17th International Conference on VLSI Design Proceedings. 2004:605- 611.11. Kopetz H. The Complexity Challenge in Embedded System Design. 2008:3-12.12. Sharma A. Advanced Semiconductor
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Mohammed Ferdjallah, Marshall University
Technology from Ghardaia Technology Center, Algeria.References1. Asgari S, Mehrnia A. A novel low-complexity digital filter design for wearable ECG devices. PLOS ONE. 2017;12(4):e0175139. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.01751392. zaman A, Luo X, Ferdjallah M, Khamayseh A. A New Tvar Modeling in Cascaded Form for Nonstationary Signals. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 01/01 2006;3doi:10.1109/ICASSP.2006.16606633. Cadzow J. Digital notch filter design procedure. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1974;22(1):10-15. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1974.11625334. Yadav S, Yadav R, Kumar A, Kumar M. A novel approach for optimal design of digital FIR
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Todd R Hamrick, West Virginia University
, Arizona. https://peer.asee.org/29208, 2017[9] R. Zaurin, & S. D. Tirtha, & N. Eluru, N. “A Comparison between Mixed-Mode and Face-to-Face Instructional Delivery Approaches for Engineering Analysis: Statics.” Paper presented at2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual On line. 10.18260/1-2—33985,2020[10] P. Panindre, & R. S. Thorsen, “Assessment of Learning Effectiveness in Online and Face-to-Face Learning Environment for Engineering Education” Paper presented at 2020 ASEEVirtual Annual Conference Content Access, Virtual On line . 10.18260/1-2—34190, 2020
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University; Stephany Coffman-Wolph, Ohio Northern University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Ada, Ohio 45810 Email: j-estell@onu.edu, s-coffman-wolph@onu.eduIntroductionFemale representation has been - and continues to be - an issue within computing, includingcomputer gaming. It spans the gamut from exclusion via being forced to play the role of a maleprotagonist,1 to a “surface equity” where women are present but their gender is notacknowledged,2 to where women are objectified in a hypersexualized manner. 3 Even softwarethat at first glance appears benign can have underlying issues. As an example, for over 50 yearsThe Oregon Trail computer game4 has been used in social studies classrooms across the UnitedStates to teach about Westward Expansion, allowing students to outfit a wagon for a 2000-miletrek where
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Leslie Hopkinson, West Virginia University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
in Engineering Fast Facts—Society of Women Engineers. (2022). Retrieved January 11, 2023, from https://swe.org/research/2021/women-in-engineering-fast-facts/3. Jarvis, A. (2017). Educators step up to build assessment literacy. 38(6).4. Home—TimeMapper—Make Timelines and TimeMaps fast! - From the Open Knowledge Foundation Labs. (n.d.). Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://timemapper.okfnlabs.org/5. Interactive presentation software. (n.d.). Mentimeter. Retrieved January 10, 2023, from https://www.mentimeter.com/6. Ledlow, S. (2001). Using Think-Pair-Share in the College Classroom.7. DeFrank-Cole, L., & Tan, S. J. (2022). Women and leadership: Journey toward equity. SAGE.8. Career-Related Classroom Assignments | Career & Co
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2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Wesley Thomas Noble; Zachary Owen Dickinson; Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University
. 9 Proceedings of the 2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2023, American Society for Engineering EducationBibliography [1] S. Adler et al., “Device-free indoor localisation using radio tomography imaging in 800/900 MHz band,” Proc. of the 2014 International Conference on Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN), 27-30 Oct. 2014; DOI: 10.1109/IPIN.2014.7275527.. [2] M.A. Kanso and M.G. Rabbat, “Compressed RF Tomography for Wireless Sensor Networks: Centralized and Decentralized Approaches,” Proc. 5th IEEE Int. Conf. Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems, 2009, pp. 173–186. [3] J. Wilson and N. Patwari, “Radio Tomographic Imaging with Wireless
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Mehrdad Zamirian, West Virginia University; Shahab D. Mohaghegh, West Virginia University
study allocated minimal effort and time on hyperparameters tuning (only was done onthe first ANN sequence) is a good example.References 1. Akinnikawe, O., Lyne, S., and Roberts, J. 2018. Synthetic Well Log Generation Using Machine Learning Techniques. Presented at SPE/AAPG/SEG Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, Houston, Texas, USA. URTEC-2877021-MS. https://doi.org/10.15530/URTEC-2018- 2877021. 2. Alimohammadi, H., Mahmodi, S., and Chen, Sh. 2020. Presented at the Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference, Abu Dhabi, UAE. SPE-203283-MS. https://doi.org/10.2118/203283-MS. 3. Alzate, G., Arbelaez, M., Agudelo, A., Rmoreo, R., Escalante, D., Gomez, S
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Caleb Edward Scheideger, Ohio Northern University ; Guang Yang; Hui Shen, Ohio Northern University; Kyler Pang
/10.1007/978-1-4614-8515-5_13[3] Scott Kozin, “Syndactyly”, Journal of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2001. p. 1-13, doi:10.1053/jssh.2001.21778[4] Upton J., “Congenital anomalies of the hand and forearm”, Plastic Surgery, Vol 8, 1990, p. 5280-5308[5] Upton J., “Management of disorders of separation – syndactyly”, The hand and upper limb, 2006, Vol. 8, p. 139–84.[6] S. Wang, S. Zheng, N. Li, Z. Feng, Q. Liu, “Dorsal Hexagon Local Flap Without Skin Graft for WebReconstruction of Congenital Syndactyly”, J. Hand Surg Am. 2020, 45(1):63.e1-63.e9,https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31079892/[7] Juan Liu, Huaiyuan Zheng, Zhenbing Chen, Xinyi Dai, Arndt F. Schilling, Hans-Günther Machens,“Dorsal plane-shaped advancement flap for
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Emily Spayde, West Virginia University; Robin A.M. Hensel, West Virginia University; Dustin Spayde
. G. McCullouch and L. M. Chang, "Macrolevel and microlevel frameworks of experiential learning theory in construction engineering educatio," Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, vol. 134, no. 2, 2008.[3] S. Lancastle, C. Barlow and L. Davidson, "A Flipped Classroom in Engineering Education - Student Perception and Effect on Learning," in ICICTE, 2016.[4] U. Kahangamage and R. C. Leung, "Remodelling an engineering design subject to enhance students’ learning outcomes," International Journal of Technology and Design Education, vol. 30, no. 4, 2020.[5] M. Abdulwahed and Z. K. Nagy, "Applying Kolb's Experiential Learning Cycle for Laboratory Education," Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 98, no
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Caleb D Holloway, West Virginia University Institute of Technology
Research in Undergraduate Mathematics Education 4(3), 327 – 356.3. Jones, S. R. (2015). The prevalence of area-under-a-curve and anti-derivative conceptions over Riemann sum- based conceptions in students’ explanations of definite integrals. International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology 46(5), 721 – 736.4. Sealey, V. (2006). Student understanding of definite integrals, Riemann sums and area under a curve: What is necessary and sufficient? In S. Alatorre, J. L. Cortina, M. Sáiz, & A. Méndez (Eds.), Proceedings of the Twenty Proceedings of the 2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2023, American Society for Engineering Education
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Murat Tanyel, Geneva College
Methods: Design, Analysis, and Computer Implementation of Algorithms, Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton University Press, 20122 “Monte Carlo method,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/science/Monte-Carlo-method, Accessed 18 Jan. 20233 V. Cumer, “The Basics of Monte Carlo Integration,” Towards Data Science, Oct. 26, 2020. [Online] Available: https://towardsdatascience.com/the-basics-of-monte-carlo-integration-5fe16b40482d4 S. Panchal, “Demystifying Monte Carlo Integration,” Cantor’s Paradise, Mar. 27, 2022, [Online] Available: https://medium.com/cantors-paradise/demystifying-monto-carlo-integration-7c9bd0e376895 “Monte Carlo Integration,” Monte Carlo Methods in Practice
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
William T. Evans PhD P.E., The University of Toledo
of the HSC will be the address of signalboard (default 4.x). In v4.x S7 1200's, the user selects the address rather than the Input Source.Cost of the signal board is shown in the quote below. Prices may change but should be close tothis price:The dc motor controller is shown below. We used either 12 V for power to the motor or 24 Vdepending on the rating of the DC motor. This controller is very inexpensive and canaccommodate either the 12 V or 24 V varieties. It is also used in the tank-over-tank lab in HybridText Ch. 25. It works well with the cheap power supplies (MeanWell or equivalent) for mostapplications. 6
Collection
2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference
Authors
Osama Salim Mr, School of engineering , Eastern Michigan University; Qin Hu, Eastern Michigan University; David T DeLisle, The Ohio State University; Timothy Bonk; Hermann Stef Fokou Chendjou; suleyman abdirahman
under extreme weather and environmental conditions [1]. The most criticalstep to this goal is the intrinsic and extrinsic calibration of the TIC. Proceedings of the 2023 ASEE North Central Section Conference Copyright © 2023, American Society for Engineering Education 1This study utilizes Teledyne FLIR’s PathFindIRTM II IR camera, as shown in Fig. 1(a), as well asthe electronic control Unit (ECU), shown in Fig. 1(b). The camera outputs an NTSC signal to theECU, which produces a captured video stream with Pedestrian Detection/Animal Detection(PD/AD) function. The analog video signal with PD/AD is then fed to a monitor through a BNCto S-video adaptor. A 12 V DC external voltage source powers