Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stuart Walesh, S. G. Walesh Consulting; Javier Conde, National University of Distance Education; Jose M. de Urena, University of Castilla-La Mancha; Jose Turmo, University of Castilla-La Mancha; Raul Vizcaino, University of Castilla-La Mancha

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

AC 2010-280: SPAIN'S MASTER OF LEADERSHIP IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:CASE STUDYStuart Walesh, S. G. Walesh Consulting S. Walesh is an independent consultant in the U.S. with previous experience in the private, government, and academic sectors.Javier Conde, National University of Distance Education J. Conde is Professor of Management at the National University of Distance Education in Madrid, Spain.Jose M. de Urena, University of Castilla-La Mancha J. M. de Urena is Professor of Urban & Regional Planning at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Ciudad Real, SpainJose Turmo, University of Castilla-La Mancha J. Turmo is Professor of Structural Design at the University of Castilla-La Mancha

Conference Session

Enhancing Environmental Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

students for the work ahead of them (Cox, Grasha and Richlin, 1997). This indeedhelps in raising expectations from the students. Whether it be performance arts like theatre andmusic, or be it a laboratory setting like physics or biology, student performance can beeffectively accentuated by adopting creative instructional lesson plans (Baxter-Magolda, 1992).Furthermore, many of our educational institutions have tried to move away from emphasizing theestablishment of a strong knowledge base (Young and Young, 1999). In other words, one cansay that declarative learning should only be a part of the learning process. It is important torecognize the fact that the discovery approach is gaining prominence day by day.Instructional Modules

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

support and artifical intelligence, risk assessment and planning, planetary exploration with multiple rovers, software engineering and communications interoperability. Dr. Skelton has published and presented numerous papers on topics related to his research.Wei Zheng, Jackson State UniversityHuiRu Shih, Jackson State UniversityEvelyn Leggette , Jackson State UniversityTzusheng Pei , Jackson State University Page 15.514.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 ENHANCING STUDENT LEARNING AND PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS THROUGH SELF-REGULATED LEARNING ASSESSMENT FOR COMPUTER

Conference Session

Industrial Interactions and Educational Resources

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Nutter, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

in Figure 1, the use of (Objective, Analytical) Mechanical Engineersthe animation functionalities Manufacturing Engineersprovides workers, technicians and Managementmanagement better understanding Object based simulations Techniciansand conceptualization of new (Visual, Intuitive) Workerslayouts and processes before theyare built, permitting improved Figure 1: Simulation Spectrum of Comprehension.brainstorming and idea generation.At our school additional simulation applications are planned or under evaluation forincorporation into the technology curriculum. These include Delmia’s V5 DPM Powertrain,Process

Conference Session

Computers in Education Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamed Farahani Manesh, Eastern Mediterranean University; Dirk Schaefer, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

been developed to implement agility within manufacturingenterprises, including Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) and Computer IntegratedManufacturing (CIM) systems. Such systems consist of flexible, programmable manufacturinghardware and information system components. They allow for centralized control ofmanufacturing-related activities and help to improve the overall integration of design withmanufacturing. In addition, they may support production planning and scheduling, enhanceproduct service activities such as maintenance and repair, and furthermore provide a vehicle formanufacturing training and research [2]. Page 15.111.2However

Conference Session

Innovations in Civil Engineering Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

quality and the natural resource base essential for future development.”As Mays2 points out, the concept of sustainability is not new. However, official recognition ofthe concept in practice has come relatively recently. For example, the ASCE Board of Directorsintroduced the concept into the ASCE Code of Ethics a little more than a decade ago3.Equipping civil engineers at the university level to plan and design sustainable developments,buildings, and processes is also relatively new. Even sanitary and in more recent timesenvironmental engineering, which is a fairly mature civil engineering sub-discipline, focusedpredominantly in the environmental and economic spheres of sustainability with less emphasison the social element. Steineman4

Conference Session

Instructional Strategies in AE Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Marsocci; P.K. Raju; Chetan Sankar

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

-rise hostels.The problem in the body of the case is then described more thoroughly by readdressing the landuse problem and outlining the options of action: building more older-style sprawling dormitoriesand therefore ignoring the land use problem, renovating older dormitories to add more rooms, orbuilding more high-rise hostels to meet land use restraints. This section gives information aboutthe planned enrollment expansion data, campus trends on social life and building use, as well asrenovation ideas and constraints. An overview of the high-rise hostels, similar to the onedescribing the older hostels, is given to help the student realize the differences and establish prosand cons of the two designs.The problem as it exists has now been

Conference Session

Liberal Education for 21st Century Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cherrice Traver, Union College; J. Douglas Klein, Union College

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

liberal education was the purpose of Union College’s 2007 proposal to theAndrew W. Mellon Foundation.The Mellon GrantPresident Stephen C. Ainlay approached the Mellon Foundation with a request to increase theopportunities for engineering and liberal arts students to interact. The key part of the proposalreads as follows: A significant part of our current strategic planning effort has been devoted to exploring ways of promoting curricular interactions between engineering and the liberal arts. We have developed courses and programs in intersectional areas such as nanotechnology (supported by the NSF), bioengineering (supported by HHMI) and digital arts (supported by an alumnus). We want to go farther and create many

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Tocco, Lawrence Technological University; Donald Carpenter, Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

all salient aspects of BOK2.B. Revision of Civil Engineering Program Educational ObjectivesThe Department assessment plan requires review of the program educational objectives (PEOs)every three years. In general, the review process commences with faculty, if it deems changesare necessary, proposing changes. At the annual meeting of the Board, the proposed PEOs withsupporting program outcomes are presented for comment and suggestions. Based on theBoard’s response, revised PEOs are then disseminated for further consideration. Another layerof review is added when comments are solicited from recent civil engineering alumni. Facultyreviews any potential additional revisions, puts the PEOs into final form and publishes themelectronically.Prior to

Conference Session

Assessment & Continuous Improvement in ET: Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmine Balascio, University of Delaware; Thomas Brumm, Iowa State University; Steven Mickelson, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

documents; b. conducting standardized field and laboratory testing on civil engineering materials; c. utilizing modern surveying methods for land measurement and/or construction layout; d. determining forces and stresses in elementary structural systems; e. estimating material quantities for technical projects; and f. employing productivity software to solve technical problems.Baccalaureate degree programs must demonstrate that graduates, in addition to the Page 15.299.3competencies above, are capable of: a. planning and preparing design and construction documents, such as specifications

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Trivett, University of Prince Edward Island

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

forest. In this metaphor, an engineer“tree” can have an infinite variety of branches and leaves, while still retaining a core trunkof design and project management expertise which distinguishes them as an engineer.While the paradigm may sound fanciful, the author uses an example course plan from theCanadian experience to illustrate how this different paradigm can be more receptive tostudent interests, and to industry needs yet still support the foundations of the profession.The proposed paradigm shows that, in accordance with the role of engineers in industry,the ability of design, project management and teamwork are central, while the specifictechnical specialities are supporting “branches”.IntroductionIt is an ongoing enterprise to continue to

Conference Session

Best Practices in Existing College-Industry Partnerships

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Van Treuren, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

College-Industry Partnerships

site. The WelliverFellows have a unique opportunity to see Boeing from a perspective that not even Boeingemployees get to see. For this reason, prior planning is absolutely essential to maximize theeffective use of time during the summer. Eight weeks seems like a long time however, it goesby very quickly. The more involved the Mentor is with the planning process the better.Kickoff WeekThe Kickoff Week was accomplished at the Boeing Leadership Center outside of St Louis.This facility is dedicated to leadership training for Boeing employees. Its “country-club”atmosphere isolates residents from the outside influences and allows the participants to focus onthe training at hand. The accommodations are second to none in both rooms and cuisine

Conference Session

Normative Commitments and Public Engagement in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Lucena, Colorado School of Mines; Jen Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

senior engineering design with the following goal: To helpstudents identify and question the underlying assumptions, concepts, methods and practices intheir engineering design courses and projects so they can assess the appropriateness of these fordesign for community.After a detailed dissection of the design project that won an award one of the main engineeringsocieties in the US for “Exceptional Student Humanitarian Prize,” we analyze a design course,the site where projects like these are conceptualized, planned, developed, tested and written up,all activities for which students receive a grade. By dissecting a design project and theconstitutive elements of a design course, we provide engineering students and faculty withcritical reflection

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships: Bringing Industry into the Curriculum Development and Design Cycle

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Sly, Iowa State University; Daniel Bumblauskas, Iowa State University; Frank Peters, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

College-Industry Partnerships

AC 2010-915: DEVELOPMENT OF A SALES ENGINEERING PROGRAM BYCOLLABORATING WITH INDUSTRYDave Sly, Iowa State University Dave Sly, received his BS, MS and PhD degrees in Industrial Engineering from Iowa State University. He also received an MBA with an emphasis in Marketing from Iowa State University. Dave is a registered Professional Engineer with the State of Iowa, and a Commercial Pilot with High Performance and Instrument Ratings. Dave is also President and founder of Proplanner, a global Industrial Engineering software firm, and is the author of the popular FactoryCAD/PLAN and FLOW applications used for industrial plant layout and material flow analysis. Dave is a senior

Conference Session

Special Session: Impacts of Service in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, James Madison University; Eric Pappas, James Madison University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

isn't just sitting in a shop taking an hr to design something then spend weeks building it. It also consists of many layers of planning, revising, and preparation. This project also helped me focus more because it was a real client instead of a made up one which isn't as appealing to design and plan for. Also, working with groups helped because it’s an integral part of the real world.” “It dumped me completely headfirst into the muddy waters of design. I was up to my ears in confusion and somehow our group came out to the surface with a plan. It forced me to help the client even though it was way beyond my ability and it put me closer to helping me get there

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs & Student Engagements

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Evans, Bucknell University; Jablonski Erin, Bucknell University; Buffinton Keith, Bucknell University; Richard McGinnis, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

International

) Knowledge of contemporary issues.To meet the educational outcomes, the programs were planned thematically around issues inTransportation and Environment in the UK; Water Resources in Argentina; Energy Production,Utilization, and Policy in Switzerland, Germany and France; and Energy and Sustainability inNorway and Sweden. For example, in the most recent program, students heard a series ofpresentations on topics such as innovative energy generation and carbon sequestration andtraveled on field trips to sites such as waste-to-energy, hydroelectric, and nuclear power plants.The students were in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Trondheim, Bergan and Oslo as the three-weekprogram progressed. Assessment was based upon required class and field trip attendance, a

Conference Session

Programming for Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Baker, University of Kentucky; Vincent Capece, University of Kentucky; Keith Rouch, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

example problems worked in-class. Page 15.442.5To supplement the example problems covered during regular class time, four additional exampleproblems recorded using Camtasia Studio were used in fall semester 2009. Starting from thesefour recorded example problems it is planned to add more recorded example problems in thenext offering of gas dynamics. A survey was used to elicit student feedback for assessment ofthe video effectiveness and to indicate areas where improvements can be made in the content andquality of the recorded example problems. The results of the survey are discussed in a latersection along with a discussion on an improved

Conference Session

Enhancing CE Learning Through Use of Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Parhum Delgoshaei, Virginia Tech; Vinod Lohani, Virginia Tech; Chelsea Green, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Page 15.799.2collection, processing and communication of environmental data which in turn can be used toteach sustainability concepts6. The proposed LabVIEW Enabled Watershed Assessment System(LEWAS) is an attempt in this direction.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. First, we briefly review the programming activitiesin EngE1024 prior to LabVIEW. Then, we discuss the gradual integration of LabVIEW and itsapplications into the course. This is followed by the discussion of current status of developmentof LEWAS. Analysis of assessment data from LabVIEW instruction modules is presented next.Finally, we discuss our future plans that facilitate learning about energy and environmentalsustainability.Programming approaches used in

Conference Session

Best Zone Paper Competition

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Gattis, University of Arkansas; Shannon Davis, University of Arkansas; Bryan Hill, University of Arkansas; Edgar Clausen, University of Arkansas; Christa Hestekin, University of Arkansas; Bradley Dearing, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Council of Sections

for use in the individual classrooms ≠ A discussion of how the experiment fits into the state mandated science frameworks ≠ A daily evaluationAs an example, consider the production of ethanol by fermentation, the experiment of Day 6.The background focused on ethanol as an alternative fuel source (from sugars, corn,lignocellulosics), the yeast as a living organism and its ability to grow both aerobically andanaerobically, and the planned execution of the experiment. The experiment then followed,where the teachers compared anaerobic growth and production of ethanol vs. aerobic growth(and no ethanol), and CO2 production during ethanol production both with and without agitation.The faculty member and teachers

Conference Session

Focus on Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keisha Walters, Mississippi State University; Soumya Srivastava, Mississippi State University; Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University; Jacqueline Hall, Mississippi State University; Kaela Leonard, Michigan Technological University; Amy Parker, Mississippi State University; Heather Thomas, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

assessments of the targeted course outcomes showed a positive changein the students' knowledge, attitudes and habits, as related to professional development. Some ofthe strongest student-perceived changes over the course duration were focused around graduateprogram planning, the job search process, work-life balance, conflict resolution, and negotiation.Tangible outcomes included curriculum vitae, Gantt chart for progression through the graduateprogram, academic application packet materials, and outreach activities targeted to prospectiveand first-semester graduate students. The course was considered to be a success by the instructorand students, and can be used as a model for the implementation of similar courses withinengineering departments or

Conference Session

Graduate Student Experience

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sunni Newton, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lydia Soleil, Georgia Institute of Technology; Tristan Utschig, Georgia Institute of Technology; Donna Llewellyn, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

integrated course design model from Fink’s “Creating Significant Learning Experiences”13was used to plan the courses and is integrated throughout all of the courses. Concepts from"Learner-Centered Teaching" by MaryAnn Weimer14are also integrated into the courses. Topics and content for the academic career options and academic job search panels andworkshops were selected in several ways. First, offerings by peer institutions with similarrankings were studied15. Next, the Graduate Career Consortium annual conference andcommunity provided ideas and insights. The courses and workshops on academiccommunication skills were developed prior to the Tech to Teaching programs by the GraduateCommunicate Coordinator at Georgia Tech, and these offerings

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pao-Chi Chen, Lunghwa University Science and Technology; Kwannin Kuo, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology; Meei-Ruey Hsu, Ming-Chuan University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

. Page 15.523.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010To Establish an Importance Index of Basic Chemistry Competence in theUniversities of Science and Technology, Taiwan1. Introduction In order to facilitate the intellectual industry and innovation ability, the government inTaiwan has proclaimed a “National Development Plan” since 2002 (Council for EconomicPlanning and Development, 2005). One of the targets in the plan is to increase highlyqualified manpower, to fuel the desperate demands from the electronic engineering, greenenergy, chemical engineering, and biotechnology fields. From the viewpoint of the futuredevelopment, nanotechnology, communication technology, green energy, environmentalindustry, optoelectronic industry and

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary First Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy Hinds, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University; Amanda Idema, Michigan State University; Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University; Carmellia Davis-King, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Orleans levees in hurricane Katrina. As Associate Dean, he oversees curriculum, advising, career planning, study abroad, early engineering and other related initiatives.Neeraj Buch, Michigan State University NEERAJ BUCH is a Professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Michigan State University. He is also the Director of the Cornerstone Engineering and Engineering Residential Experience program at Michigan State University. He earned his M.S. degree in pavement engineering in 1988 from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, and his Ph.D. in pavement and materials engineering from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 1995. Dr. Buch began his academic

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul Ross, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

library system. Referencelibrarians work with students individually and in at least one hands-on workshop on researchtools. Other competencies have to do with elementary project management for a researchproject: project planning, formal proposal, literature review, draft, and final project document.In addition, the course requires at least two technical oral presentations, one using PowerPoint.Table 2 summarizes the general syllabus for the TC freshman comp courses – but with theadditions to the FIGs course with a focus on space exploration.Table 2: The General Syllabus with Educational and Professional ImplicationsGeneral Course Syllabus: 2-credit Technical Communication course in the COE UW – MadisonBased on the general syllabus, focus is on

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

, algebra, andgeometry.4.2 Management Skills Team-building Skills: Fellows collaborate with one-another in a peer-learningenvironment to use laboratory lesson plans developed by others in their classrooms. Fellowspartner with their teachers to implement laboratory lessons in their classrooms. Moreover,Fellows work with students to prepare for and compete in the FLL robotics competitions.Finally, Fellows work with research mentors toward their research assignments. To performsuccessfully in these activities, Fellows are developing and mastering team-building skills. Leadership Skills: Fellows serve as STEM role-models to students and as technicaladvisors to teachers in K-12 classrooms. In addition, Fellows provide technical mentoring

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David McDonald, Lake Superior State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, datasheets, test reports, processes and templates ≠ Develop control algorithms to safely auto-test electric propulsion motors and systems ≠ Assist in data analysis and correlation between modeled data and real-world data. ≠ Upgrade dyno functionality and train technicians and engineers on dyno testing operations ≠ Work with control, software, systems engineers to develop testing requirements.Electrical Hardware Engineer ≠ Create schematics, develop system-level bill of materials, and assist in component selection ≠ Simulate and test designs using software to ensure the design meets objectives ≠ Oversee board layout, ensure EMC compliance ≠ Assist in test plan development, perform in-vehicle testing and assist in

Conference Session

Administering First-Year Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gretchen Hein, Michigan Technological University; Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Susan Amato-Henderson, Michigan Technological University; Jason Keith, Michigan Technological University; Melissa Roberts, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

developed by a different group at Michigan Tech: ≠ Renewable Energy: Wind Power Generation, Undergraduate students under the direction of a faculty member ≠ Biomechanics: Doctoral candidate and undergraduate student under the direction of faculty members ≠ Water Resources: Aquaculture Facility, First-Year Engineering faculty membersEach group was provided with the implementation plan for the modules into the existingcurriculum described in Table 2 below. For each module, the data and designs generated inENG1001 were required to be used again in ENG1100. This will reinforce the ENG1001concepts and create linkages between the two courses. For example, the students will create aphysical model in ENG1001. Using the knowledge and

Conference Session

New Learning Paradigms I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waddah Akili, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

arrive at general consensus ofwhat appears to be widely accepted definitions, and to shed light on how common terms areused.Active learning is generally defined as any instructional method that engages students in thelearning process. It is widely accepted that active learning requires students to take part in “pre-planned” learning-related activities, believed to spark and stimulate their learning, while in theclassroom 5, 6 .These activities would include: reading, writing, solving problems, answeringquestions, participating in a discussion, etc.; and most important, students must be engaged inthinking tasks while actively involved. It is generally understood that during active learning, lessemphasis is placed on transmission of information

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Slaton, Drexel University; Mary Ebeling, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

optimistic projections about nanotechnological growththat fuel this initiative. In the face of unclear promise about that sector's future, we consider theconsequences of such plans for the most marginalized groups of workers; a sectordisproportionately minority in make-up.To indicate the origins, consequences, and robust nature of such optimism about newtechnologies in American culture, we compare discourse surrounding the PaNMT Partnership toearlier positive invocations of technology as a means of economic uplift. We consider howplanners in Chicago, facing decaying heavy industry and shrinking employment in the 1960s,turned to similarly upbeat depictions of emerging technologies and the post-secondary training ofworkers for that sector. We identify

Conference Session

Implementing the CE BOK into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Doran, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Charlie Quagliana, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Norman Doll, University of WIsconsin-Madison; Jeffrey Russell, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Greg Harrington, University of WIsconsin-Madison

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

.” Page 15.1101.2With variable usage of the adjective “adjunct” and the noun “professor” it is not surprising thatthe title Adjunct Professor has variations in meaning and uses at our colleges and universities.Several examplesabstracted from policies issued by educational institutions can be found inAppendix A.It is evident that policies developed for adjunct faculty within various institutionsvaryconsiderably concerning defined roles and responsibilities, credential requirements forappointment, compensation, length of appointment, involvement in department policy andcurricula planning, etc. Understandably, these variations as well as vagaries in definition, asoutlined above, cause considerable confusion and uncertainty in the engineering