Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Barbara Christie, Loyola Marymount University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

schools in the Greater Los Angeles Area haveparticipated in SECOP. By working with community organizations we have reachedhighly motivated students who are close to our university geographically. Thesecommunity organizations are valuable sources of inspired students who have supportivefamilies who are very eager to have their children participate in a summer program fortwo weeks.SECOP focuses on introducing students to science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM) careers and improving students’ content knowledge in these topicareas. The goal of SECOP is to address the shortage of African American, Latino andNative American and female students studying STEM at college level by introducingstudents to pre-engineering and advanced

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samantha Brunhaver, Stanford University; Russell Korte, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Micah Lande, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

education is to prepare students for engineering in the 21stcentury. Yet critics of engineering education point to the lack of preparation students obtain inschool. This paper examines the career supports and barriers that one cohort of recentengineering graduates experienced in the workplace. Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT)describes supports and barriers as environmental factors that individuals perceive as having thepotential to either aid or hinder their pursuit of a particular career goal.1 In this study, supportsand barriers are identified in the engineering departments of four U.S.-based companies. Thedata were gathered from semi-structured interviews with 59 newly hired engineers who hadrecently graduated from college. In two of the

Conference Session

BME Course and Curriculum Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lily Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Nikki Adams, California Polytechnic State University; Kristen Cardinal, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Matthew Burd, California Polytechnic State University; Daniel Walsh, California Polytechnic State University; Trevor Cardinal, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

the opportunity to demonstrate transferof knowledge and skills gained during the completion of their degree and therefore represents theculmination of their training MS degree training in stem cell research.IntroductionIn order to prepare our students for an increasing number of careers in stem cell research2, weestablished three Master’s of Science degree specializations in Stem Cell Technology atCalifornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. The specializations are available tostudents from three departments at our university- Biomedical Engineering in the College of Page 15.165.2Engineering, Animal Science in the College of

Conference Session

Mentoring & Outreach for Girls & Minorities

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Patricia Backer, San Jose State University; Belle Wei, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

University proposed a new approach forrecruiting Hispanic students into computing disciplines and careers through the HispanicComputer Brigade (HCB) initiative. By forming HCBs in two local high schools, we aimed toinspire and engage Hispanic students through IT service learning projects. The high schoolstudents began the program with a summer camp, continued to learn and engage computingthroughout the year with community service learning, and will end with a local competitionwhere students will showcase their computing projects with high school faculty, SJSU faculty,parents/guardians, and the community. Students are learning computer and programming skillsand processes in weekly meetings with the help of advisors and mentors.To support the Hispanic

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Manjusha Saraswathiamma, North Dakota State University; Kathy Enger, North Dakota State University; Canan Bilen-Green, North Dakota State University; Achinthya Bazebaruah, North Dakota State University; Bruce Schumacher, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

advice do these females offer to girls who want to pursue a career in engineering? 2. How adaptable are females in the engineering field? • What is the best part of being an engineer? • What challenges do females in the engineering field face? • What do the career plans and ambitions of these females indicate about their adaptability in the engineering field?Coding. Data analysis for this study followed Strauss’s and Corbin’s42 outline for groundedtheory research. The researcher analyzed data by immersing herself in the profiles of femaleengineers posted on the engineergirl.org website. Then, analysis began with open coding,continued with axial coding, and concluded with selective coding

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Willis, Southern Methodist University; Paul Krueger, Southern Methodist University; Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

is a recipient of the Rolf D. Buhler Memorial Award in Aeronautics and the Richard Bruce Chapman Memorial Award for distinguished research in Hydrodynamics. In 2004 he received the Faculty Early Career Development Award (CAREER) from the National Science Foundation and in 2009 he received the ASME North Texas Section Young Engineer of the Year award. His research interests are unsteady hydrodynamics and aerodynamics, vortex dynamics, bio-fluid mechanics, and pulsed-jet propulsion.Alice Kendrick, Southern Methodist University Alice Kendrick is professor of advertising in the Temerlin Advertising Institute at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her research in advertising account

Conference Session

Mentoring and Development of New Faculty

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alisa Clyne, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

Engineering and Mechanics, with a joint appointment in the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, and is the Assistant Dean for Faculty Development in the College of Engineering. Dr. Clyne’s research investigates the mechanical and biochemical interactions among cells and proteins of the blood vessel wall in health and disease. She is particularly interested in endothelial cell mechanics, basement membrane memory of environmental stress, induction of angiogenesis through diseased extracellular matrix, and advanced tissue engineering scaffold design. Dr. Clyne received an NSF CAREER award in 2009, and she is currently funded by NSF, NIH, and the Nanotechnology Institute

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati; Patrick Brown, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

industry, and promote engineering and STEM careers among high school studentsby engaging them in hands-on events and activities.This Research Experience for Teachers (RET) was a year-long project of two parts. The firstpart was a summer research experience in which the teachers came to the campus for three hourseach day for six weeks in the summer. They studied readings focused on active learning andhow the teachers could use some of the strategies learned in their own math and science classes.Classes were held on the university campus in the College of Engineering lab sponsoring theexperience, the NSF Industry/University Cooperative Research Center (I/ICRC) on IntelligentMaintenance Systems IMS. The focus of the experience in this lab was active

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Gilbert, University of South Florida; Marilyn Barger, Hillsborough Community College; Timothy Anderson, University of Florida; Sheryl Awtonomow, Brevard Community College; Yogi Goswami, University of South Florida

. He is recipient of the Warren K. Lewis Award for Chemical Engineering Education (AIChE), ConocoPhillips Lectureship, Benjamin J. Dasher Award, and Union Carbide Lectureship Award (ASEE), and is a Fellow of ASEE. His discipline research interests are in electronic materials processing.Sheryl Awtonomow, Brevard Community College Sheryl Awtonomow is a Director of Career and Technical Programs at Brevard Community College, Brevard County, Florida since 2005. She earned a B.S. in Computer Information Systems at Rollins College and an M.S. in Information Studies at Florida State University. Her career at Brevard Community College spans 24 years, where she supported academic programs in

Conference Session

Pedagogical Innovations in Laboratory Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Sugg, United States Navy; Elizabeth Gentry, National Institute of Standards and Technology; John Fishell, STEP Conference

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

teachers (who can identify and nurture promising students) and to the students themselves, butalso to families to create an environment conducive to success.STEP Program Mission and Purpose:STEP’s primary mission is to “Inspire students to pursue careers in math, science, engineeringand technology” through an innovative, proactive approach that engages students, teachers, andthe local K-12 educational system with high technology companies, universities/colleges, hightech government agencies and all of their collective resources to achieve its purpose ofincreasing and sustaining the high technology job sector in the Inland Empire. Through theformation of new educational partnerships between businesses, academia, and governmententities within the

Conference Session

Industry based new Innovative and Nontraditional Curriculum in Industrial Technology and Industrial Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Louis Reifschneider, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

careers, what skills theybelieved were needed to be successful project managers and how they believe projectmanagement can be better taught in the university setting.A population of 34 alumni answered a series of multiple choice and short answer questionsthrough an on-line survey in which the feedback was anonymous to promote candid responses.An online instrument was used to facilitate easy access for participants and automated dataretrieval. The work experience of the alumni varied from 16 months to eight years. Their currentemployment roles varied from junior level engineers to vice president of engineering with amajority serving in some supervisory role.The survey asked the volunteers to indicate with a Likert scale how well they agreed with

Conference Session

Knowing our Students, Faculty, and Profession

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

traditionalmale traits and is male dominated, women often attempt to assimilate by disqualifying theirfemininity and by matching the male styles of behavior12.Survey Version 1In the first survey, we asked respondents to rate the relative importance of various attributes(including hands-on ability) for new engineering hires. Our list of nine attributes looks similar tothose compiled by various engineering organizations, including the NAE. The surveys wereadministered to exhibitors at an engineering conference in October 2008 and to recruiters at an Page 15.149.3on-campus career fair in February 2009. Respondents rated the nine traits on a scale of 1

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Libros, Community College of Philadelphia; Kathleen Harter, Community College of Philadelphia

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

, third and fourth modules were each themed on a current technology not only to befound in the news but tied to curricula offered by the College. Linking the modules to currentCollege offerings was recognized as an opportunity to expose and attract students to thesescientifically–based careers. In addition, the modular structure of the course allows the contentto be swiftly altered should another scientific technology offering become more of a focus withinthe institution.Each of these subsequent modules followed the same methodology. First, the basic scientificconcepts of biology, physics or chemistry (including important terms and math concepts)underlying the technology are presented. Building upon that base, one or more

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs & Issues

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fleur Gooden, Virginia Tech; Maura Borrego, Virginia Tech; Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech; Tremayne Waller, Cornell University; Bevlee Watford, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Maura Borrego is an assistant professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech. Dr. Borrego holds an M.S. and Ph.D. in Materials Science and Engineering from Stanford University. Her current research interests center around interdisciplinary graduate education, for which she was awarded a U.S. NSF CAREER grant and Presidential Early Career Award (PECASE).Whitney Edmister, Virginia Tech Whitney A. Edmister is the Assistant Director of the Center for the Enhancement of Engineering Diversity at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. She received her M.S. in Counselor Education, Student Affairs Administration from Radford University and M.S. in Vocational-Technical Education and B.S

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daria Kotys-Schwartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Gary Pawlas, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

engineering career. SeniorCapstone courses also incorporate technical knowledge and real-world problem solving, with anemphasis on professional skills. Yet, an unanswered question remains: is student confidence inprofessional and technical engineering skills gained and retained when problem-based learningclasses are only utilized in the freshman and senior-year year?This research project longitudinally investigates the technical and professional skill developmentof mechanical engineering students at the University of Colorado at Boulder, where a bookendproject-based curriculum is employed. The paper provides an overview of the First-YearEngineering Projects and the mechanical engineering Senior Capstone Design project courseused for this study

Conference Session

Nuts and Bolts of Cooperative Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Johrendt, University of Windsor; Schantal Hector, University of Windsor; Karen Benzinger, University of Windsor; Geri Salinitri, University of Windsor; Arunita Jaekel, University of Windsor; Derek Northwood, University of Windsor; Michelle Watters, University of Windsor

Tagged Divisions

Cooperative & Experiential Education

presentations that have featured experiential learning and engineering education topics as well as her engineering research in vehicle structural durability and the use of neural networks to model non-linear material behaviour.Schantal Hector, University of Windsor Ms. Hector is currently pursuing her Bachelor's Degree in International Relations and Economics at the University of Windsor. She is a Research Assistant at the Centre for Career Education and has applied her knowledge and skills as part of the project to develop learning outcomes for the cooperative education program over the past two years. She has been instrumental in the collection and statistical analysis of the learning outcomes

Conference Session

High School Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University; Valorie Troesch, Michigan Technological Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

from grades 9-12engage in authentic, inquiry-based STEM learning. Students participate on teams organized asvirtual companies that develop products or services. Team projects are STEM-based andcontinue for one or more academic years. Teams are coached by specially-trained high schoolteachers who are paid similarly to athletic coaches. At the conclusion of their HSE experiences,we expect that HSE team members will demonstrate proficiency in applied workforce skills; willbe more disposed to enter STEM related careers; and will be better prepared to successfullyundertake the training needed for these careers. An HSE implementation is a partnership amongthe team, its home institution, a university partner, and industry and community sponsors

Conference Session

Attracting Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Juan Castilleja, The Boeing Company; Rachel Jackson, Rice University; Natalia Salies, Rice University; Brent Houchens, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

pursue higher education and careers in theSTEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) fields. Rice Universityundergraduate and graduate engineering students (mentors) volunteer weekly withunderrepresented high school students (mentees) at three Houston public schools to solve aspecified engineering design problem. The design project mechanism allows mentor/menteerelationships to form naturally, and thus opens up communication regarding college, financialaid, and futures in engineering. Perception and Environment Surveys (P.E.S.) are administered tothe mentees at the beginning and end of the DREAM program, each semester, in order to gaugementee knowledge of college admissions, financial aid, careers, and long-term earning

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyu Zeng, Indiana Wesleyan University

Tagged Divisions

International

proposing solutions and even havenegative impacts on their professional achievements.This course development research is a new addition to a curriculum development research by theauthor. The research identifies Chinese student’s weaknesses and discovers that successfulexperience from American engineering education programs can be used as a remedy. Thesolution is to integrate successful teaching delivery methods from American engineeringcurricula into Chinese engineering curricula.The research first addresses importance of communication in modern work place andprofessional career and concludes communication training is crucial in any engineering program.A number of new student learning methods and team activities are selected for a

Conference Session

The New ABET CE Criteria - Program Development

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian Swenty, University of Evansville; Mark Valenzuela, University of Evansville; James Allen, University of Evansville; Immanuel Selvaraj, University of Evansville

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Assessing Program Educational Objectives Using a Web-Based Alumni Survey SystemAbstractABET’s Criteria for Accrediting Engineering Programs for 2009-2010 defines ProgramEducational Objectives (PEOs) as “broad statements that describe the career and professionalaccomplishments that the program is preparing the graduates to achieve.” The criteria furtherstates that “each program for which an institution seeks accreditation or reaccreditation musthave in place an assessment and evaluation process that periodically documents anddemonstrates the degree to which these objectives are attained.”1 For EAC-ABET visits in 2007-2008, 36.7% of the engineering programs visited received a PEO related weakness at theconclusion of the visit.2In

Conference Session

College-Industry Partnerships: Bringing Industry into the Curriculum Development and Design Cycle

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dave Sly, Iowa State University; Daniel Bumblauskas, Iowa State University; Frank Peters, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

College-Industry Partnerships

improvements. Page 15.406.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Development of an Engineering Sales Program with Industry Dr. Dave Sly, Dan Bumblauskas, Dr. Frank PetersAbstractIowa State University recently established a program in technical sales for engineers. To develop the program, faculty andadministrators reached out to an industrial advisory committee comprised of organizations with a vested interest in theprogram; the organizations that hire students from the College of Engineering for career tracks in technical sales andmarketing.The instructor used a combination of various

Conference Session

Enhancing Recruitment and Retention in Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Walters; Keisha Walters

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

discussions, presentations, anda field trip to university research facilities to raise awareness of careers in science andengineering and the impact of these fields on quality of life. Course outcomes were assessedthrough course evaluations, interest surveys, and a concept inventory. The concept inventorywas designed to assess the students' fundamental understanding of fluid mechanics principles,and was administered both before and after the course. The interest evaluations inquired aboutthe students' interest in science and engineering, knowledge of careers and college majors, andfamiliarity with fluid mechanics and its role in society. Student responses generally indicatedthat the course was effective at increasing their awareness of science

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Atwood, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

audiences.Amy Atwood, University of Wisconsin, Madison Amy K. Atwood a Quantitative Methods graduate student in the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research has primarily focused on the appropriate use of statistical methods, particularly those involving preliminary tests of significance.Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison Amy Prevost is a graduate student in Education Leadership and Policy Analysis at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Her research has focused on the STEM career pipeline, especially related to engineering and engineering education and biotechnology.Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison L. Allen Phelps is Professor

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University; Ruth Friedman, The Ohio State University; Glenda LaRue, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

and also outreach to K-12 students to introduce them to the exciting career opportunities in engineering. Ms. LaRue joined OSU in 2003 after working over ten years as a water resources engineer. She received a B.S. and M.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech and is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of Ohio. Page 15.1102.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2010 Strengthening the Engineering Pipeline One Field and One Woman at a Time: The Role of a Single-Discipline, Single-Sex Engineering CampAbstractThe shortage of women in technology

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sara Atwood, University of California, Berkeley; Eli Patten, University of California at Berkeley; Lisa Pruitt, University of California, Berkeley

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

presentationactivities, and the outreach teaching activity more highly than men when asked what activitieswere most useful for their career. Interestingly, women also self-reported higher confidence thanmen in 7 of 11 of our learning objectives at the beginning of the semester, and 8 of 11 at the endof the semester. Areas of higher confidence for women included working and communicatingeffectively on a team with various learning styles and engaging the community about science.Areas of higher confidence for men included critically evaluating written and analytical work ofthemselves and others, and recognizing issues and technological advances in bioengineering.Assessment of learning styles in this course revealed that women were slightly more verbal,sensing, and

Conference Session

Retention Strategies in Action Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Anderson-Rowland, Arizona State University; Armando Rodriguez, Arizona State University; Anita Grierson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

Educator of the Year 2005, and the National Engineering Award in 2003, the highest honor given by AAES. In 2002 she was named the Distinguished Engineering Educator by the Society of Women Engineers. Her awards are based on her mentoring of students, especially women and underrepresented minority students, and her research in the areas of recruitment and retention. A SWE and ASEE Fellow, she is a frequent speaker on career opportunities and diversity in engineering.Armando Rodriguez, Arizona State University ARMANDO A. RODRIGUEZ is the Co-PI of an NSF STEP grant to work with five non-metropolitan community colleges to produce more engineers, especially female and underrepresented minority engineers

Conference Session

Developing Young MINDS in Engineering - Part I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elyce Winters, Stony Brook University; Imin Kao, Stony Brook University; Jennifer Dellaposta, SUNY Stony Brook College of Engineering and Applied Sciences; Christine Szaraz, SUNY Stony Brook College of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

and social support have beenidentified as important to the career development and academic progress of all students”(Hackett, et al, 1992, p. 528)8; they contend that the stress and anxiety “…experienced bystudents in engineering programs might be a source of lowered academic and career self-efficacy” (p. 529)7 and go on to argue that “… coping skills and social support may moderate thepossibly detrimental effects of a stressful academic program,” (p.529)7. These findings“…provide some evidence for the relations of lower levels of stress and more social support toenhanced self-efficacy and academic achievement,” (Hackett, et al, 1992 p.535) 8 and seem toanticipate the recommendations of the National Academies of Science (2005) 12 and

Conference Session

Effective Methods for Recruiting Women to Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eleanor M. Jaffee, Smith College; Donna Riley, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

providenew layers of nuance to our understandings of women‟s decision-making about major and career.Below we present our findings utilizing student narratives about career decision-making. Weconsider four interrelated themes that emerged from our analysis: student understandings ofgender and women in engineering; the interaction of personal interest with the encouragement ofinfluential others; sociocultural factors; and social impact. Page 15.2.6Women and Gender Obviously being a woman in the engineering field is going to be an obstacle if I choose, which I probably will, to pursue that, „cause so few women are in engineering and

Conference Session

Newly Developed Engineering Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Dobrowski, Purdue University-North Central

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

students on what is to be expected of them over the courseof their academic careers (and beyond) and how to approach their courses. Emphasis would beplaced on how to apply the mathematics that they will learn to applications in their field,communications (both written and oral) so that their intended audience understands them, andimportance of ethical decision making. It seems that one major fault is that the students, in takingthese core courses, do not yet realize their importance later in their academic careers. TheEngineering Technology Freshmen Experience course would educate them on the importance ofthese courses, and how they will impact them later in the program, as well as in life.An important aspect of this course is that it should be

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace and Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lueny Morell, Hewlett-Packard; Martina Trucco, Hewlett-Packard; Rich Friedrich, Hewlett Packard

Tagged Divisions

International

advances in technology, and the entrepreneurial culture that is well ingrained in the mindset of successful companies and their research labs, need to find a way into science and engineering higher education systems to help to develop talent that can not only use technology, but also help create it and develop new business opportunities with it. Universities are usually the preferred venue/place for post doctoral candidates to spend 2 to 3 years further expanding their research interests, experience and networks before formally initiating their careers with a company, university, or self-owned business. Nevertheless, industry can also provide various means to engage faculty and students in innovation and in the transfer of state-of