Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mert Bal, Miami University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11057Assessment of Remote Laboratory Practices in Engineering Technology Dis-tance EducationDr. Mert Bal, Miami University Mert Bal received his PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Eastern Mediterranean Univer- sity, North Cyprus in 2008. He was a Post-Doctoral Fellow in the University of Western Ontario, and a Visiting Researcher at the National Research Council Canada in London, Ontario, Canada between 2008 and 2010. He was involved in various research projects in the areas of collaborative intelligence, localiza- tion and collaborative information processing in wireless sensor networks, intelligent

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State University of Denver; Duane B Swigert, Metropolitan State University of Denver

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11056The Development and Integration of Humanitarian Engineering Curriculumin an Engineering Technology ProgramMr. Aaron Brown, Metropolitan State University of Denver Aaron Brown is Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering Technology and Coordinator at Metropoli- tan State University of Denver. His education includes: B.S., California State University-Chico; M.S., University of Colorado-Boulder; PhD Candidate Civil Systems Engineering; University of Colorado at Boulder Professor Brown’s background includes aerospace industry work. Among his notable project contri- butions were design work on the

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Pritpal Singh, Villanova University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11028A Design Seminar Course on Developing Technologies for Rural NicaraguansDr. Pritpal Singh, Villanova University Dr. Pritpal Singh is Professor and Chairman of the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at Villanova University. Dr. Singh has been teaching at Villanova for 29 years. He has published over 100 conference and journal papers and has six issued US patents and two pending. Dr. Singh has worked in various renewable energy technologies, primarily solar energy, and has a special interest in applications in developing countries.Dr. Pritpal Singh, Villanova University Dr. Pritpal Singh is

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11054Development of Experiential Learning Models in Biomedical EngineeringPrograms for International ImplementationDr. Shankar Muthu Krishnan, Wentworth Institute of Technology Dr. Shankar Krishnan is the founding chair of the Biomedical Engineering program and an endowed chair professor at Wentworth Institute in Boston since 2008. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Rhode Island with research work done at Rhode Island Hospital. Previously, he was an assistant di- rector at Massachusetts General Hospital (a teaching affiliate of Harvard Medical School) in Boston. He has also held faculty

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Svetlana Vasilievna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological University; Vasiliy Ivanov, Kazan National Research Technological University; Mansur Galikhanov, Kazan National research Technological University; Alina Guzhova, Kazan National Reserch Technological University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

Paper ID #11017Role of the President’s Program of Training Engineers in Improvement of theResearch University Educational ActivityProf. Svetlana Vasilievna Barabanova, Kazan National Research Technological UniversityProf. Vasiliy Ivanov, Kazan National Research Technological UniversityProf. Mansur Galikhanov, Kazan National research Technological UniversityMrs. Alina Guzhova, Kazan National Reserch Technological UniversityMrs. Alina Guzhova, Kazan National Reserch Technological UniversityMrs. Alina Guzhova, Kazan National Reserch Technological University

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Andras Gordon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Richard J Schuhmann, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Richard F. Devon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Andrew Michael Erdman, The Pennsylvania State University; Ahmad Atieh, Taibah Univeristy; Peter Dietrich, Corvinus University Budapest

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #10995Cultural Accommodation in Virtual Engineering Academic TeamsMr. Andras Gordon, Pennsylvania State University, University Park Andras Gordon is an Instructor of Engineering Design in the School of Engineering Design, Technology and Professional Programs, College of Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University.Dr. Richard J Schuhmann, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDr. Richard F. Devon, Pennsylvania State University, University ParkMr. Andrew Michael Erdman, The Pennsylvania State UniversityDr. Ahmad Atieh, Taibah Univeristy Ahmad Atieh had received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from University of Ottawa

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Yakov E. Cherner, ATEL, LLC; Maija M Kukla, University of Maryland, College Park; Linn W Hobbs OBE, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Sergey V Vasilev, Yaroslavl State University; Ivan Fedorov; Alexander S. Sigov

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11041Use of a Virtual Multifunctional X-Ray Diffractometer for Teaching Scienceand Engineering CoursesDr. Yakov E. Cherner, ATEL, LLC Dr. Yakov E. Cherner, a Founder and President of ATEL, LLC, taught science, engineering and technology disciplines to high school, college and university students. He has extensive experience in writing curric- ula and developing educational software and efficient instructional strategies. Dr. Cherner introduced an innovative concept of multi-layered simulation-based conceptual teaching of science and technology. He also proposed and implemented the pioneering concept of

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Robert W Fuessle, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the Executive Director of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure and a Professor of Civil Engineering at Bradley University. He earned his BS in Civil Engineering and MS degree in Construction Management from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He received a second MSCE in soil dynamics and a Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the co-author of 11 engineering textbooks including Nu- merical Methods, geotechnical, Statics and Dynamics, and software application. These books were used internationally by major institutions. He is also the author of many significant publications in internation- ally

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Souhail Elhouar, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Student Development

identified ten challenges that civil engineers would face in aglobally growing market. Endersbee4 maintains that civil engineering is an internationalprofession that will have to deal with increasing world population, substantial advances inagricultural practices, urbanization, mobility in location of world manufacture, issues oftransportation in cities, advances in computer and communication technologies, the increasingworld demand for electricity, the impact of energy use on the climate, implications of possibleclimate change, and the different laws at the international level. These challenges are a realitytoday, and civil engineers and constructors entering the job market must be well prepared to meetthem by educational programs that emphasize

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Megan Mercedes Echevarria, International Engineering Program, University of Rhode Island; Sigrid -- Berka, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Topics

Student Development

environmentalengineer and expert in sustainable technologies for developing communities, and Dr. GonzaloRuiz (PUCV) who has complementary expertise in Biochemical Engineering and directing astrong bio-energy program with several projects in anaerobic digestion for the generation ofmethane and algae-based biofuel. Prior to their departure, IEP students will complete one weekof intensive preparatory work in Spanish in order to make certain that we maximize as much oftheir time on the ground in Chile as possible. During their time in Chile all of the students willblog in Spanish about their experiences and impressions and, upon return to the United States,the IEP students will participate in discussion sessions through which we will assist them as theyprocess

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Lev Vadimovich Redin, Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

Paper ID #11016Methodology of Creativity and Creative Thinking: Structure and Content ofEducational ClusterDr. Lev Vadimovich Redin, Kazan National Research Technological University, Russia Ph.D. in Engineering, Dr. of Engineering and Educational Sciences, Cand. Tech.Sci., Chief Designer, Associate Professor, Inventor (88 Patents) Institutions: Kazan National Research Technological University (KNRTU) • Institute of Additional Pro- fessional Education • The Department of Engineering Pedagogic and Psychology Official address: Kazan National Research Technological University (KNRTU) Institute of Additional Professional

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kerrie L. Schattler, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

projects spon- sored by the Illinois Department of Transportation’s Center for Transportation, Peoria County Highway Department, FHWA, ITE, OSHA, Michigan DOT, AAA, and others. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the Executive Director of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure and a Professor of Civil Engineering at Bradley University. He earned his BS in Civil Engineering and MS degree in Construction Management from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He received a second MSCE in soil dynamics and a Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the co-author of 11 engineering textbooks including Nu- merical Methods, geotechnical, Statics and

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State University; Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University; James M Widmann, California Polytechnic State University; Lily Hsu Laiho, California Polytechnic State University; Fred W DePiero, California Polytechnic State University; Zoe Wood Wood; Alana Christine Snelling

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11042Comparative Assessment of Scaled Global Engineering InitiativesDr. Dianne J DeTurris, California Polytechnic State UniversityDr. Jane L. Lehr, California Polytechnic State University Jane Lehr is Associate Professor in Ethnic Studies and Women’s & Gender Studies at California Poly- technic State University. She is also Faculty Director of the Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority and Underrepresented Student Participation (LSAMP) in STEM Program at Cal Poly and Co-Director of the Liberal Arts and Engineering Studies Program. She previously served as elected co-chair of the Science & Technology Taskforce

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Pradeep Kashinath Waychal, Pune Innovation Centre; Gautam Akiwate, University of California, San Diego; Ayano OHSAKI P.E., nnovation Center for Engineering Education, Tottori University

Tagged Topics

Student Development

, process consulting and verification and validation. He has headed the corporate product and technology innovations and quality and delivery innovation departments. Pradeep was on the apex senior management group before proceeding on to pursue his academic, research and social interests. Before Patni, he has worked at IIT Delhi, IIT Bombay, SGGS College of Engineering and Crompton Greaves R & D Electronics in different research and academic positions. Pradeep Waychal has also published papers in peer reviewed journals, presented keynote / invited talks in many high profile international conferences and I involved in a few copyrights / patents. His teams have won a range of awards in Six Sigma and Knowledge

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida; Joniqua Howard, University of Texas Arlington; Ken Darrie Thomas, Auburn University, Biosystems Engineering & The Honors College; Helen Muga, University of Mount Union; Jeanese Christine Badenock, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill; Sheena A Francis, University of Technology, Jamaica 235 Old Hope Rd Kgn 6. Jamaica

Tagged Topics

Student Development

Nations Environment Programme Regional Office of Latin America and the Caribbean (UNEP ROLAC) dealing with Ozone depleting substances, the founding manager of the Caribbean Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Solvent Support Facility and a member of the governing council of the Caribbean Science Foundation. Page 20.37.1Dr. Sheena A Francis, University of Technology, Jamaica 235 Old Hope Rd Kgn 6. JamaicaDr. Maya A Trotz, University of South Florida c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Julia Ziyatdinova; Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Artem Bezrukov, Kazan National Research Technologcal University, Russia

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11020A Focused Curriculum Improving the Written English from Russian Speak-ing EngineersJulia Ziyatdinova,Dr. Phillip Albert Sanger, Purdue University, West LafayetteDr. Artem Bezrukov, Kazan National Research Technologcal University, Russia Artem Bezrukov graduated from Kazan State Technological University in 2007 and received his PhD in 2010 at the Department of Physical Chemistry at the same university. His major study area was chemical engineering. He also obtained a degree in professional translation and linguistics. Artem was given the lecturer position at the Department of Physical Chemistry in 2010. He took

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Arnold Neville Pears, Uppsala University; Mats Daniels, Uppsala University; Åsa Sofia Cajander

Tagged Topics

Student Development

the Univer- sity Academic Senate, Programme Director for the IT Engineering programme, member of the selection committee for the Uppsala University Pedgogy prize and as member of the educational advisory board of the Faculty of Technology and Natural Sciences. He has a strong interest in teaching and learning research in computer science and engineering, and leads the UpCERG research group in computing and engineering education research at Uppsala University. He has published more than 40 articles in the area internationally, and is well known as a computing education researcher through his professional activities in the ACM, and IEEE. In the IEEE he serves as a member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

David DiBiasio, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Terri A. Camesano, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Natalie A Mello, The Forum on Education Abroad

Tagged Topics

Student Development

deepappreciation of the interrelationships among basic knowledge, technological advance, and humanneed”. Although classroom work is part of the major structure for achieving these goals, thecurriculum includes an interdisciplinary (ID) project during the junior year and a senior yearresearch project in the students’ major. In the past 15 years, students completing one or more ofthese projects abroad have made our program one of the largest in engineering education in theUS. More than half complete their ID projects at one of our 30 project centers throughout theworld as part of our Global Perspective Program (GPP). Most students complete their senior yearproject on campus, but global participation is growing. In chemical engineering about 20%participate

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Achille Messac, Mississippi State University; James N Warnock, Mississippi State University; Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11048Engineering Education Outside the Classroom: Engagement in ProfessionalSocietiesDr. Achille Messac, Mississippi State UniversityDr. James N Warnock, Mississippi State University James Warnock is the Interim Associate Dean for Undergraduate Studies in the Bagley College of Engi- neering at Mississippi State University. His background is in biomedical engineering and he has been a big proponent of self-directed learning and active learning in his classes and was the first person to intro- duce problem-based learning in the department of agricultural and biological engineering at MSU. James is also the

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Rockwell Franklin Clancy III, The University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Guangyu Zhang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11011Orienting Engineering Ethics in terms of China: Curricula Shortcomingsand Case Studies on ChinaDr. Rockwell Franklin Clancy III, The University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong Joint Institute, ShanghaiJiao Tong University Rockwell F. Clancy is a lecturer at the University of Michigan-Shanghai Jiao Tong Joint Institute, Shang- hai Jiao Tong University. His research and teaching interests include applied ethics, political philosophy, and science, technology, and society studies. Rockwell completed his PhD at Purdue University, West Lafayette, MA at the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium, and BA at Fordham

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

John Matthew Long, Deakin University; Simon William Cavenett, Deakin University; Eloise Gordon, Deakin University; Matthew Joordens, Deakin University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Cavenett is a Senior Lecturer and Director of Professional Practice (Engineering) at the School of Engineering at Deakin University. Prior to joining Deakin University in 2007 his 20 year career was based in industry. His career includes a number of significant achievements both in Australia and inter- nationally, particularly involving the design and implementation of leading edge telecommunications and IT technologies. Simon has extensive experience internationally; having worked professionally based the United States for over 11 years prior to returning to Australia to join Deakin University.Ms. Eloise Gordon, Deakin UniversityDr. Matthew Joordens, Deakin University Matthew A. Joordens (Member -IEEE, Fellow - The

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Anna Friesel, Technical University of Denmark; Tsirigotis Georgios

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

and competencies, which are necessary for candidatesapplying for accreditation or certification as Bachelor of Electrical Engineering through LLL-system (Life Long Learning). This proposal has been developed under the work of the ELLEIECERASMUS thematic network1 (Enhancing Lifelong Learning in Electrical and InformationEngineering), where the consortium composed of 60 European universities worked together onthe ELLEIEC-project.IntroductionGlobalization makes it necessary to cooperate on an international platform, which again requiresnew sets of engineering competencies and professional skills to enhance technology andinnovation as critical foundations to develop knowledge based technical societies and economies.Engineering education has a

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Ibrahim Ali Olwi, King Abdulaziz University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

Page 20.36.2peer assessment.Furthermore, storytelling could take on the form of a digital one, since digital technology isoffering new dimensions in education. Robin9 argues that computers promote creativestorytelling. This would enable students to gain 21st century literacy skills, thus empowering theclassroom to meet its challenges.The paper presents the students’ assessment results of the idea of storytelling as a catalyst to theirengagement in the class and as a means to enhance their understanding of the subject. It alsoaddresses the learning outcomes attained. The study was conducted over two years in IE 202(Introduction to Engineering Design II); a compulsory course offered to all sophomore studentsin the College of Engineering at the

Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Nannan He, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Han-Way Huang, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

electrical engineering andcomputer engineering students. Eclipse is an integrated software development environment fromIBM. Recently, eclipse-based development tools have been employed by increasing number ofsoftware projects in both academy and industry. Many eclipse-based software tools supportMBD, which is an emerging development methodology for complex embedded software. Thenovelty of our work is to introduce students the MBD process in combination with eclipse-basedtools. The goal is to equip engineering students with the knowledge of using real-world softwaretools and cost-efficient software development methods. Our primary observations show that thiscombination could help students understand advanced software development technologies

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder; Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Topics

Student Development

K, Colby A, Sullivan WM. Educating Engineers: Designing for the Future of the Field. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching; 2008.4. American Society for Engineering Education. Innovation with Impact: Creating a Culture for Scholarly and Systematic Innovation in Engineering Education. Washington, D.C.; 2012 Jun.5. Hartman H, Hartman M. Undergraduate Women’s Participation in Professional Organizations. J Women Minor Sci Eng. 2005;11(2):117–37.6. Schneider J, Lucena J, Leydens JA. Engineering to Help: The Value of Critique in Engineering Service. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine. 2009;28(4):42–8.7. Amadei B, Sandekian R. Model of Integrating Humanitarian Development into Engineering

Conference Session

Track 3 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Morgan M. Bakies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Karen Seliah Lamb, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign

Tagged Topics

Student Development

Paper ID #11034International Experiential Learning in Engineering: a Case Study of JuniorEnterprise in the United StatesMiss Morgan M. Bakies, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Morgan Bakies is an undergraduate student in chemical engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign and former British Exchange student at Swansea University in Swansea, Wales. During her studies as an undergraduate, she conducted research through a National Science Foundation-funded Re- search Experience for Undergraduates program at the University of Alabama and also interned at Lyon- dellBasell’s Houston Refinery.Karen

Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Marjaneh Issapour, State University of New York, Farmingdale; Gonca Altuger-Genc, State University of New York, Farmingdale

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Paper ID #11063Forming A Leadership Bridge Between High School And College: The En-ergy and STEM Leadership ProgramProf. Marjaneh Issapour, State University of New York, Farmingdale Marjaneh Issapour is the Program Director of Renewable Energy and Sustainability Center (RESC) at Farmingdale State College (FSC) a Campus of State University of New York . She is also a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology at FSC. She has been employed by AT& T Information Systems, Siemens Data Switching and NEC, prior to her employment at the College. She has earned a BS in electrical engineering from Stony Brook

Conference Session

Track 1b - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Valentina Cecchi, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Mona Azarbayjani, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; Brett Tempest, University of North Carolina, Charlotte

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

). The purpose of the competition isboth educative – educational experience for the participating students, for the general public, forthe building industry and the policy makers – and research oriented – encouraging multi-disciplinary collaboration towards development of new technologies and methods.The paper discusses the educational experience of the students participating in this internationalcompetition, focusing on the engineering undergraduate students. It describes the planimplemented for integrating the Solar Decathlon into the required curricula within theengineering, architecture, and business departments. A project as large and diverse as this onerequired accommodating curricular development at various levels and within various modes

Conference Session

Track 1 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Mudasser Fraz Wyne, National University

Tagged Topics

Curriculum and Lab Development

Science and Program Lead for MSc in Database Administration programs. My association with ABET (Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology) US dates back to 2001, as a certified program evaluator for BSc in Computer Science and BSc in Information Systems. At present, I am also serving as the Commissioner for the Computer Accreditation Commission (CAC). Ongoing assessment of academic programs is a personal interest of mine, and I am involved on an ongoing basis at the departmental, school and university levels. Previously, I have taught in different countries for over 23 years. I have been privileged to be part of the DESY Group (Deutches Elecktronen Synchrotron), Hamburg Germany, as a research fellow, and worked

Conference Session

Track 2 - Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE International Forum

Authors

Krishnanand Y Maillacheruvu, Bradley University; Amir W Al-Khafaji, Bradley University

Tagged Topics

Faculty Development

. He has also published papers on learning and teaching related to civil and environmental engineering education. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the Executive Director of the Center for Emerging Technologies in Infrastructure and a Professor of Civil Engineering at Bradley University. He earned his BS in Civil Engineering and MS degree in Construction Management from Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He received a second MSCE in soil dynamics and a Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Michigan State University in East Lansing, Michigan. Dr. Al-Khafaji is the co-author of 11 engineering textbooks including Nu- merical Methods, geotechnical, Statics and Dynamics, and software application. These books were used