Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammed Taqiuddin Taher, DeVry University, Addison; Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #10786Impact of Simulation-based and Hands-on Teaching Methodologies on Stu-dents’ Learning in an Engineering Technology ProgramDr. MOHAMMED TAQIUDDIN TAHER, DeVry University, AddisonDr. Ahmed S. Khan, DeVry University, DuPage Dr. Ahmed S. Khan is a Senior Professor in the College of Engineering and Information Sciences at DeVry University, Addison, Illinois. Dr. Khan has more than thirty years of experience in research, instruction, curricula design, development, evaluation, implementation and program accreditation, management and supervision. Dr. Khan received an MSEE from Michigan Technological University, an MBA from

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theresa Mae Swift, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Barbara Jean Wilkins, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Missouri S&T campus. A member of both IEEE and ASEE, she is also a Past-Chair of the Midwest Section of ASEE.Mrs. Barbara Jean Wilkins, Missouri University of Science and Technology Barbara Wilkins is an Instructional Designer in Educational Technology at Missouri S&T. She supports faculty in the effective use of technology in the classroom as well as blended/online course development. Barb has a B.A. in History with a Minor in Mathematics and an MST in Mathematics earned from the University of Missouri - Rolla, now Missouri S&T. In addition to her work in Educational Technology, she teaches college algebra for the Missouri S&T Department of Mathematics. Prior to joining S&T, Barb taught in a local

Conference Session

New ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chung Hoon Lee, Marquette University; Susan C. Schneider, Marquette University; Trevor Thiess, Marquette University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Preliiminary han nds-on experiments on a macro-scaale memristtorTo exploore and choose the appropriate metals and the meetal reductioon (sulfiding)) methods, amacro-sccale prototyppe was fabriccated. Three metals and three sulfidiing methods were used ttofind an optimal material and method for micrro-scale mem mristor fabriication. The chemicalreductionn of metals with w sulfur was w also dem monstrated byy three technniques: direcct sulfur pow wdercontact, sulfur s vapor produced by y heating sullfur in furnaace, and wet chemical suulfur solutionnbath. Tabble 1 summaarizes

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Youakim Kalaani, Georgia Southern University; Rami Jubrail Haddad, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

workload Function effectively on multi- • Being alert and prepared for the group meeting with clearly formulated ideas disciplinary teams to • Assume a designated role in the group including leaderships or a team player accomplished assigned tasks (d) • Provide unique expertise and willing to work with others 4-Inquiry Skills (SLO4) Performance Indicators Conduct research in electrical • Explore conceptual idea(s) using multiple learning opportunities to solve a problem engineering discipline as part of • Retrieve relevant and/or required information to solve a problem or design

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Yu, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

recommendation P.800. Agreat reading material for students to understand the procedures and requirements of the mostimportant subjective and objective speech quality measurements is the paper “speech qualityassessment” by Loizou [17].Speech intelligibility is best measured subjectively by a panel of listeners, who will try toidentify words, phrases or sentences. One of the traditional tests is the modified rhyme test(MRT). It is designed by linguistic specialists in 1960’s and still used by audio and speechresearchers today [18]. MRT asks listeners to listen and select one of six words, half of whichdiffering by the initial consonants, and another half differing by the final initial consonants. Theoverall averaged recognition rate, the total number of

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole P. Pitterson, Purdue University; Ruth A. Streveler, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Education, 55(1), 16-21. 3. Metioui, A., Brassard, C., LeVasseur, J., & Lavoie, M. (1996). The persistence of students' unfounded beliefs about electrical circuits: The case of ohm's law. International Journal of Science Education, 18(2), 193-212. 4. Bernhard, J., & Carstensen, A.-K. (2002). Learning and teaching electrical circuit theory. Paper presented at the Phyics Teaching in Engineering Education, Leuven. 5. Ainsworth, S. (2008). The educational value of multiple-representations when learning complex scientific concepts. In J. K. Gilbert, M. Reiner & M. Nakhleh (Eds.), Visualization: Theory and Practice in Science Education (pp. 191 - 208). Surrey, UK: Springer. 6. Holton, D., Verma, A., &

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ron J. Pieper, University of Texas, Tyler; Wudyalew T. Wondmagegn, Frostburg State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

sin π x Sa ( x) = Sinc(x ) = x πx S inc( x ) = Sa ( π x ) rect ( x) = 1 if x ≤ 1 2; = 0 otherwise Re {a + jb} = a (a + jb)∗ = (a − jb) 3d : aib = ax bx + a y by + az bz 2d : a ib = ax bx + a y by u = uu ∗ j = −1

Conference Session

Innovations in Electrical Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Raviv, Florida Atlantic University; George Jonathan Roskovich, Florida Atlantic University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

: Figure 2.13: DC Motor Time Domain Equations Note that: ω= ω(t) eb=eb(t) θ = θ(t) ia=ia(t) and va=va(t) Taking the equations to the S domain (Laplace Transform) yields the followingequations: Figure 2.14: DC Motor S-Domain Equations From the equations above, and assuming La is very small, we obtain the transfer functionfor the DC Motor Figure 2.15: Transfer Function Equation for a DC Motor Page 24.173.12 By recognizing Km as the DC Motor Gain constant and Tm as the DC Motor timeconstant, the transfer function can be simplified to become

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Steven Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #10633Ultra Low-Cost Software-Defined Radio: A Mobile Studio for Teaching Dig-ital Signal ProcessingDr. Cory J. Prust, Milwaukee School of Engineering Dr. Cory Prust is Assistant Professor in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department at Milwaukee School of Engineering (MSOE). He earned his BSEE degree from MSOE in 2001 and his Ph.D. from Purdue University in 2006. Prior to joining MSOE in 2009, he was a Technical Staff member at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. He teaches courses in the signal processing and embedded systems areas.Dr. Steven Holland, Milwaukee School of Engineering Steven S. Holland (M ’13

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rami Jubrail Haddad, Georgia Southern University; Youakim Kalaani, Georgia Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 xa am _0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _0 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 _1 E Ex ST S T ST ST ST ST S T ST ST ST ST S T ST ST ST ST S T ST ST st- e- Page 24.649.11 Po Pr Figure 10 – Main Effect Plot Illustrating the Effect of Students and

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

W. Timothy Holman, Vanderbilt University; Brian David Sierawski, Vanderbilt University; Robert Reed, Vanderbilt University; Robert A. Weller, Vanderbilt University; Andrew L. Sternberg, Vanderbilt University; Rebekah Austin, Vanderbilt University; Daniel M. Fleetwood, Vanderbilt University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

applications whilereinforcing student retention and comprehension. For example, a student might first learn aboutdata converters as a freshman, and interface A/D and D/A converter ICs with a simple digitalcircuit in an introductory digital systems class. As a sophomore, (s)he might use operationalamplifiers and comparators to construct some basic A/D and D/A circuit topologies (e.g. flashand single-slope converters) in a laboratory course. Later, as a junior (s)he might build a current-summing D/A converter using MOS and bipolar transistors. In each case, the CubeSat programwould provide a pedagogical framework as the student learns about data converters in a “topdown” manner, with relevant documentation serving to reinforce the presentation in

Conference Session

Flipping ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jia-Ling Lin, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Paul Imbertson, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities; Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

: Critiquing; RF: Referencing; CU: Cumulative; KI: Key Inquiry.] Line Verbal Data (Group O, n=5) Coding* 1 P2: Ims is going to be BMSOG over mu naught S I think. F-IN 2 P4: Say it again. F-AK 3 P2: (Repeat) Ims is going to be BMSOG over mu naught S (Repeats). The only thing I’m not sure about is the M S, but I think that’s F-EA right. We don’t have any other currents. 4 P3: Are a couple of

Conference Session

New ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Constance D. Hendrix, USAF Academy; Danial J. Neebel PE, US Air Force Academy; Ryan Jay Silva, U.S. Air Force Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

the findings. Many ECE programshave an introductory course in EE or ECE tailored to meet the needs of the particular program.Many programs use a common topic such as robotics to introduce the students to electrical andcomputer engineering knowledge areas including programming, sensors, and analog-to-digitalconversion. Only Purdue, Columbia and Illinois cover more than one or two knowledge areasand can be considered broad in scope. Table 1: Introductory courses from comparable institutions. Institution Course(s) Topics Rose-Hulman IT ECE 160 System engineering, teamwork

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Berenice Verdin, University of Texas at El Paso; Ricardo Von Borries, University of Texas, El Paso; Patricia A. Nava P.E., University of Texas, El Paso; Andrew C. Butler, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Krudysz, J. S. Li and J. H. McClellan, "Web-based Bayesian tutoring system," in Proc. 4th IEEE Signal Processing Education Workshop, Grand Teton, 2006.9. M. MacGrath, "Visual learning for science and engineering," Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 56-63, 2005.10. R. G. Baraniuk, C. S. Burrus, B. Hendricks and G. Henry, "Connexions: DSP education for a networked world," in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Orlando, 2002.11. J. Peukera and J. McFerran, "Effect of Multiple Choice Testing on Student Performance in an Introductory Engineering Course," in ASEE Annual Conference, Atlanta, 2013.12. M. Simoni, M. Aburdene and F. Fayyaz, "Analog Circuit Based Activities to

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the Page 24.503.13 New Century, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2005.10. National Academy of Engineering, The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century, The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2004.11. T.S. Harding et al., “Work-in-Progress - Self-directed learning and motivation in a project-based learning environment,” Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference, Session F2G, pp. 3-4, 2007.12. S. Fellows et al., “Instructional tools for promoting self-directed learning skills in freshmen,” Proceedings

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

thestudents build the circuit from the example problem(s) and measure to verify the theory iscorrect. In-class experiments included the following:1. Measure component values – students measure the resistances of all their resistors to verify that they have all the resistors they are supposed to in their packs, and also measure the voltage of their batteries to make sure they are still good. Students seemed surprised to learn that a brand-new 9V battery typically had a voltage of 9.5-9.6 V rather than 9.0 V.2. Ohm’s law – Students connect a 1k resistor in series with the 9V battery and measure voltage across the resistor. Then they measure the current through the resistor, and knowing the value of the resistor, use Ohm’s law to verify that

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bryan A. Jones, Mississippi State University; Robert B. Reese, Mississippi State University; M. Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

writemulti-threaded programs in the form of interrupt service routines (ISRs) when interfacing withon-chip peripherals.A modern approach espoused by Samek 19 views interrupts as events, and provides a state-machine driven framework for processing these events using message passing to communicatebetween state machines. This text encourages the use of a cooperative multi-tasking environ-ment, which is inherently single-threaded, for many embedded designs. It provides excellentlow-power capabilities; when the event queue is empty, the processor can be put to sleep until an Page 24.1216.6interrupt generates an event for the state machine(s) to

Conference Session

Improvements in ECE Signals and Systems

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario Simoni, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Farrah Fayyaz, Purdue University; Ruth Streveler, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

particularand engineering curriculum in general than just for CTSS courses. Determining more effectiveways to help students to take a more conceptual approach to learning concepts taught at a higheracademic level will impact a wide range of studies even beyond engineering.VI. References[1] S. So, "Refined ‘Chalk-and-Talk’of Lecture Content: Teaching Signals and Systems at the Griffith School of Engineering," in AAEE 2012, 2012.[2] D. C. Hanselman, "Signals and linear systems: a teaching approach based on learning styles concepts," Education, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 35, pp. 383-386, 1992.[3] J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, and M. A. Yoder, "Experiences in teaching DSP first in the ECE curriculum," in Acoustics, Speech, and

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Hoe, The University of Texas at Tyler

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

devising customhardware on the FPGA to implement the parallel adder tree and interfacing it with the “Slave”processor. This research leveraged YG’s previous work on designing wide-bit adders on FPGAsand meshed nicely with her current interests in multimedia processing. DQ = DCT/Quantization RM = Resource Manager Figure 2. High-level view of the MPEG-4 Encoding Engine.10The third project involves ongoing research with the biology department in modeling a redimported fire ant (RIFA) colony. There is an urgent need to find an efficient, yetenvironmentally-friendly method to eradicate the RIFA colonies. These ants, imported fromSouth America in the 1930’s, are a major pest in the southern parts of the United States

Conference Session

Flipping ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Micah Stickel, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Paper ID #10572Teaching Electromagnetism with the Inverted Classroom Approach: StudentPerceptions and Lessons LearnedDr. Micah Stickel, University of Toronto Dr. Micah Stickel (ECE) is Chair, First Year, in the Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering. He is also a Senior Lecturer in The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Dr. Stickel first came to the Faculty when he started as an undergraduate in 1993. Since that time, he has completed his BASc (1997), MASc (1999), and a PhD (2006) — all with a focus on electromagnetics and the development of novel devices for high-frequency

Conference Session

New ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Zhao, Gannon University; Yuzhe Zhang, Gannon University; Jiawei Zhang, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Education annual conference 2011. [13]. Bret Bosma and Gregory Kallio, “Renewable-energy labs for an undergraduate energy-systems course”, ASEE annual conference 2009, paper AC 2009-1621. [14]. Bosco Mansel Oliver, John R. Wagner, Elham B. Makram, and Rajendra Singh, “Renewable energy education at Clemson University-A certification program with solar, wind & electrical grid classes” ASEE 2013, M526 [15]. Tan Ma, Osama A. Mohammed, and Ahmed Taha Elsayed, “educational experiments in renewable energy analysis, forecasting, and management in hybrid power system”. ASEE 2013, T526 [16]. Oxana S. Pantchenko, Tiffany Wise, Michael S. Issacson, and Ali Shakouri, “enhancing student

Conference Session

STEM and ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Lance Pirtle, University of Oklahoma; Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma; Jessica E Ruyle, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

“that is what I am going to do when Iget to college”. OU-ECE plans to use the Capacitive Touch Workshop again in future outreachevents in order to better assess its effectiveness. VI. References:[1] "America Desperately Needs More STEM Students. Here's How to Get Them." Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 09 July 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2014.[2] Engler, John. "STEM Education Is the Key to the U.S.'s Economic Future." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 15 June 2012. Web. 03 Jan. 2014.[3] Zimmer, Marc. "Are American Scientists an Endangered Species? | Inside Higher Ed."Are American Scientists an Endangered Species? | Inside Higher Ed. Inside Higher Ed, 2 July 2007. Web. 03 Jan. 2014.[4] C. Davis, M. Yeary, and J. Sluss, “Results and best

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joseph P Hoffbeck, University of Portland

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

(see the 555 datasheet for details). It is unlikelythat a tie will occur if the clock frequency is very high.A breadboard with the circuit was passed around during the lecture so that students could see thecircuit in operation (see Figure 2). Vcc CD4013BE 14 Vcc LED 0 6 Vcc S q0' 1 14 3 5 q 1 q0

Conference Session

Innovations in Computer Engineering Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward W. Chandler P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; William Barnekow, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

projectapplication contains one message that is expected to be encapsulated in a packet containing aheader segment. The header contains the source address and the destination address. Toaccommodate a variable message length, for some course offerings the header has included amessage-length field and for other offerings an end-of-message control character has been usedwithin the message/payload segment. For some of the years that this networking course projecthas been used, one or more fields for error-detection frame-check sequence(s) have beenincluded. Page 24.76.6Line-Coding Formats, Collision-Detection Techniques, and Collision-Detection TestingLine

Conference Session

Flipping ECE Courses

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth A. Connor, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Dianna L. Newman, University at Albany/SUNY; Meghan Morris Deyoe, University at Albany, SUNY

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

an effective classroom. Education, 130(2), 241-250.6. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.7. Rodd, J. & Newman, D. (2009). The impact of multi-media on learning specific to user characteristics. University at Albany/SUNY. Paper

Conference Session

ECE Program Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert A. Strangeway, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Stephen M. Williams P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Edward W. Chandler P.E., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Richard W. Kelnhofer, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Owe G. Petersen, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

do“bridge” the AAS-EET student backgrounds and disposition to the BSEE requirements.The incorporation of bridge courses on the baccalaureate side of the AAS-EET to BSEE TransferTrack forced the scheduling of six general education courses (18 quarter credits) outside of thetwo full-time academic years on the transfer track, which is why the program is not two-plus-two. However, students can opt to take these general education courses at the AAS college,during summers, and/or in an additional term(s) at the end of the program. We have found thatmany students are at the AAS college beyond two years and request the identification of generaleducation courses that can fill their final year there and also transfer to the BSEE degree

Conference Session

Active Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John W. Dyer, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Oklahoma; David Sandmann MSEE, University of Oklahoma; Chad Eric Davis P.E., University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

with anaggregate sample rate of 250 kS/s and a dynamic range of +/- 10 volts. There are two analog-outchannels with 16-bit resolution, four digital inputs, and four digital outputs. Each USB-6211 hasa custom-designed interface board that allows a common signal source to be delivered to allworkstations (see Figure 2).   Figure  1:  Individual  workstation  with  National  Instruments  USB-­‐6211  and  protoboard.The projects all rely on dissemination of one set of signals from a unique origin. Sensor signalsare connected to a distribution panel that fans out the signal to the 24 student positions. This

Conference Session

ECE Distance Education

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dale N. Buechler, University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Phil J. Sealy Jr., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; John Goomey, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

assignment consisted oftwo to three posted homework problems, each having a set of multiple-choice questions withfeedback spaced at different substages of the problem to determine if the student had understoodthe key concepts presented. At the completion of each quiz, the student was provided immediatefeedback on their selection(s). Based on this feedback, students were allowed to retake the quizan unlimited number of times prior to the mid-week discussion session, during which we wouldgo over the pre-assignment problems and address any questions students had in regard to the Page 24.1262.14other homework to be submitted later that week. The only

Conference Session

STEM and ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Khosrow Ghadiri, San Jose State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

Engineering at San Jos´e State University, San Jos´e, CA, 95192 USA (e-mail: ping.hsu@ sjsu.edu). S. Sujitparapitaya is associate vice president of Institutional Effectiveness and Analytics at San Jos´e State University, San Jos´e, CA, 95192 USA (e-mail: sutee.sujitparaitaya@sjsu.edu). Page 24.391.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2014Developing and Implementing Effective Instructional Stratagems in STEM Khosrw Ghadiri, Mohammad H. Qayoumi, Ellen Junn, Ping Hsu, and Sutee Sujitparapitaya

Conference Session

Assessment of Learning in ECE

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexander Ganago, University of Michigan; Sudarshan Sivaramakrishnan, University of Michigan; Robert Matthew DeMonbrun, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

for non-majors. Page 24.430.14    Bibliography1. Jean-Luc Doumont Trees, maps, and theorems: Effective communication for rational minds. (2009) Principiae, Kraainem, Belgium, ISBN 978-90-813677-072. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.683. Harter, S. (1978). Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model. Human Development, 1