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Displaying results 1 - 30 of 33 in total
Conference Session
GSD 6: The Graduate School Experience
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Milica Miladinovic, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ceren Yilmaz Akkaya, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yunus Doğan Telliel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Pratap Mahesh Rao, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
Paper ID #47505Engaging End-Users, Reconceptualizing Research Plans: Graduate ResearchTraining in Translational EngineeringMilica Miladinovic, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Milica Miladinovic is a PhD candidate in Mechanical and Materials Engineering at Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), currently working as a Research Assistant in Professor Pratap Rao’s lab. She holds a BS and MS in Mechanical Engineering from the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Belgrade (Serbia). Her research focuses on wearable, flexible, and stretchable printed electronics and sensors. She is particularly interested in
Conference Session
GSD 7: Innovative Graduate Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ilya Avdeev, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Adrienne Robyn Minerick, Michigan Technological University; Mary Raber, Michigan Technological University; Jennifer Gutzman, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; Loren G Peterson, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
Paper ID #48190Implementation of an I-Corps Inspired 3-Day Bootcamp for Graduate Studentsto Plan their Academic CareersDr. Ilya Avdeev, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Dr. Ilya Avdeev is the Director of the Lubar Entrepreneurship Center and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee’s College of Engineering & Applied Science. Dr. Avdeev teaches multidisciplinary Product Realization course that merges engineering design practice with design thinking. Dr. Avdeev is a Director of the NSF I-Corps Site of Southeastern Wisconsin – a partnership of five Milwaukee universities (UWM
Conference Session
GSD 4: Stressors and Supports
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Susan Wainscott, University of Nevada - Las Vegas; Dustin Thoman, San Diego State University; Satchi Venkataraman, San Diego State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
for Engineering Education, 2025From Checklist to Lifestyle: Transforming Student IDPs intoGrowth HabitsAbstractDeveloping an individual development plan (IDP) is a key component in the professionaldevelopment activities for graduate students. A well-designed IDP supports the student throughseveral steps of professional development planning and goal setting. First, the IDP helps thestudent articulate career goals. Second, the IDP guides students to identify specific strategies oractivities to help make progress toward those goals, including undertaking activities thatcontribute to academic, professional and personal growth and pursuing focused careerexplorations to continually refine or change career goals. Third, the IDP supports the students
Conference Session
GSD 2: Identity and Motivation
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Allyce Horan, Colorado School of Mines
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
. There are three components of this study: Theapplication, the daily survey, and the final survey. This study received Human Subjects Research(HSR) exemption and surveys were deployed and analyzed using web-based subscriptionsoftware and results were anonymized.The application served as both a functional and exploratory element of the study. Due to limitedspace and resources, we needed students to apply to attend the Retreat so that we couldpractically plan the event. The exploratory questions were brief and required students to create adaily writing plan for the TWR in consultation with their advisor; both advisor and student wererequired to sign off on the writing plan. To help students create a reasonable writing plan, weprovided brief
Conference Session
GSD 1: From Recruitment to Retention
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Colleen L. Coulter, Purdue University College of Engineering; Roshan Mani Rao Ram, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Janet M Beagle, Purdue University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
process. The project emphasizesthe importance of clear goal setting, evidence-based decision making, comprehensive planning,and effective risk management. It is expected that implementing these Agile project managementprinciples, specifically Kanban and Sprint methodologies, promote efficient time managementand resource allocation, team collaboration and transparency, precise, personalized candidateengagement, and ultimately, a more successful recruitment program that attracts top engineeringtalent.IntroductionThe primary goal of this project is to utilize Agile project management principles tooperationalize the management of a graduate student-run recruitment initiative focused oninternationalization, most specifically, the diversification of
Conference Session
GSD 3: Pedagogy and Curriculum
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Isha Galaz Abdullah, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; David K Pugalee, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; David C. Weggel, University of North Carolina at Charlotte; David Jacob Thaddeus, University of North Carolina at Charlotte
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
research questions were: 1. How did the engineering students describe their experiences advising their partner? 2. What are the characteristics of the engineering students’ final written project reports? 3. How did the instructors describe aspects of their co-teaching?The analysis of the student surveys revealed five themes: Student Needs and Knowledge Gained;Communication and Empathy; Recommendations from Engineering Students to Partner;Perspectives on Project Rubric; Professor Guidance. The first three of these themes were alsoidentified in the students’ reports. The co-teaching survey highlighted the instructors’perspectives on effective co-teaching elements: classroom applications, relationships,communication, planning and knowledge base
Conference Session
GSD 1: From Recruitment to Retention
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anne Lynn Gillian-Daniel, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Rebecca Cors, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Wendy C. Crone, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Victor zavala, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Derek Johnson, University of Wisconsin - Madison; Kerri Lyn Phillips, University of Wisconsin - Madison
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
onboarding program heldprior to the start of their graduate programs. The MRSEC’s Forward Fellows (FF) program,launched in 2024, funded students who were admitted to graduate programs in departmentsaffiliated with the MRSEC. These students engaged in mentored research for one month prior totheir official matriculation date and participated in both professional development andcommunity building activities.A few months prior to launching the FF program, the planning committee gathered input fromfaculty, staff and current graduate students from eligible departments to determine how to designan impactful program that fits the diverse departmental and student needs. The input from thedepartments led the committee to implement a rolling application
Conference Session
GSD 7: Innovative Graduate Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington; Yuliana Flores, University of Washington
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
particularly rich sitefor examining AI integration because it combines my deep familiarity with the course's coreacademic functions with active pedagogical experimentation, allowing for consideration of howAI might support both established practices and innovative approaches.Data. Autoethnography, as a form of ethnography, involves both participation in events of thespace being studied and observation of that space as well. In the context of autoethnography,participation involves the researcher doing what they are already doing, while observation cantake many forms. In this case, traces of the participation represented the core of the datacollection. These traces included educator planning and reflection documents, conversations withthe generative AI
Conference Session
GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Rachel Yoho, George Mason University; Christi Wilcox, George Mason University, College of Engineering and Computing
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
unique group, as these individuals havemany competing priorities and demands on their time. Providing professional development forthis audience seems to be a pressing need, but we also recognize that it must be aligned well withthis audience’s competing factors (e.g., needs, time availability, modality, and similar) [25].Our ProgrammingWe developed a comprehensive program for faculty instructors to support their professionaldevelopment, including learning outcomes and spanning a range of modalities to interact withcontent. This approach includes strategic planning and implementation around leveragingcampus partnerships and engaging in multiple ways with institution-wide initiatives (e.g.,undergraduate core curriculum, community engagement, and
Conference Session
GSD 2: Identity and Motivation
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jennifer Hadley Perkins, Arizona State University, Polytechnic Campus
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
identities. Fourconstructs describe the connections between time domains as ways individuals make meaning ofthe task at hand or their identity: Attribution of current task to past identity, Past identityexperience to explain current identity, Perceived Instrumentality of current task on futureidentity, and Future Identity Goals impact on current task planning For data analysis, a particularfocus was placed on the connection constructs and how identity and motivation impact eachother. Data collection was structured to capture personal reflections on events and theirmotivations.Another way of conceptualizing how identity motivates action is through teacher disposition.Along with teacher knowledge and skill, teacher disposition is a third essential
Conference Session
GSD 3: Pedagogy and Curriculum
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Claudia G Cameratti-Baeza, University of Michigan; Charlie Michaels, Center for Socially Engaged Engineering & Design, University of Michigan
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
sessions, required meetings, and training.From the group of 38 graduate students who have joined the program, 20 are master students,and 18 are pursuing doctoral degrees. Although the majority of the graduate students who havejoined the program (22) are in various areas of engineering, the program has also welcomedstudents from social work, public policy, public health, communication and media, environmentand sustainability, education, business, art and design, and architecture and urban planning. Thecohort of graduate facilitators in the 2024 - 2025 academic year includes nine graduate students.Graduate facilitators join the program for an average of three semesters of facilitation work, withsome of them continuing in the program for up to ten
Conference Session
GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lydia Wilkinson, University of Toronto
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
Goal Setting Deadline setting Prioritization Planning Stress management6) Time management skills Time-blocking Describe skills aimed at efficiently and Multitasking productively utilizing time to finish tasks and Software proficiency projects. Data analysis
Conference Session
GSD 5: Mentorship
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Randi Sims, Clemson University; Sofia Brewer, Clemson University; Lily Fender, Clemson University; Kassidy Maron; Adelyn Dwyer, Clemson University; Karen A High, Clemson University; Marieke Van Puymbroeck
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
pilot study will ultimately culminate in two surveys and one interview protocolintended for use in future EMPOWERS work to measure changes in graduate students'perceptions of personal well-being, self-efficacy, and inclusion. Additionally, the long-lastingeffects of this program and study aim to provide practical and holistic mentoring training forboth faculty and graduate students broadly throughout STEM.IntroductionResearch indicates that graduate student attrition rates are a rapidly growing concern [1], [2].Moreover, current calls for systematic change in graduate studies are widespread [3]. Severalreasons are given for this phenomenon, including increased mental health challenges, lack ofcareer planning and development, and ineffective
Conference Session
GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jen (Jennifer) Herman, The Ohio State University; Leah Wahlin, The Ohio State University; Deborah Kuzawa, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
to address the why or how aliterature is structured and produced as it is. For example, students in Foundations ofEngineering Education must write a critical analysis essay, critiquing a piece of literature.However, students trained in technical engineering domains may struggle to understand therhetorical purpose of this type of paper [8] or how to begin developing the analysis, in partbecause their undergraduate educations have focused on different epistemological paradigms forcritique [13], and they have not yet been socialized to value the writing process for planning andexecuting such an analysis [1]. Because the transition from novice researcher-writer to expertresearch-writer occurs over time and experience, students also need support
Conference Session
GSD 4: Stressors and Supports
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
RAVISHA CHUTANI, University of Georgia; VARUN KATHPALIA, University of Georgia; John Ray Morelock, University of Georgia
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
Paper ID #47735Impact of financial anxiety and financial stress on the financial well-being ofengineering graduate students in the United StatesRAVISHA CHUTANI, University of Georgia I am a second-year PhD student majoring in Financial Planning in the College of Family and Consumer Sciences at the University of Georgia.VARUN KATHPALIA, University of Georgia Varun Kathpalia, born and raised in northern part of India, joined EETI as a PhD student in the Spring of 2024. He completed his undergraduate degree in Mechanical Engineering from Chitkara Institute of Engineering and Technology (Punjab Technical University, India
Conference Session
GSD 2: Identity and Motivation
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gouri Vinod, Cornell University; Allison Godwin, Cornell University; Trevor Franklin, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
ongoing formation of their researcher identities.GRG Workforce Development ContextWithin the GRG, IBM theory underpins the workforce development plan and is a normal part ofhow all outreach and professional development activities for graduate students are structured. Theconcept of Action Readiness within IBM theory highlights how students in the GRG areencouraged to engage in interdisciplinary research that helps develop their personal and careergoals. Dynamic Construction is also highlighted, as students are encouraged to take the lead onprojects, transitioning from participants to leaders in their research. Additionally, they are guidedon projects through mentor feedback and peer collaboration through weekly meetings, fostering asupportive
Conference Session
GSD 3: Pedagogy and Curriculum
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mary E. Besterfield-Sacre, University of Pittsburgh; April Dukes, University of Pittsburgh; Susan K Fullerton Shirey, University of Pittsburgh; Götz Veser, University of Pittsburgh
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
begins with students establishing Instructional Goals, where students and faculty collaborate todevelop Individual Development Plans (IDPs) using tools like the CliftonStrengths [6] and myIDP [7]platform by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). The students’instructional goals are designed to align modular curricula with both short and long-term careeraspirations. To create a dynamic Task Environment, the model replaces traditional three-credit courseswith single-credit modules, offering students the flexibility to customize their education and lowering thefaculty's barrier to adapting course content to emerging trends. Additionally, the inclusion of ProfessionalDevelopment Streams tailored to industry, academia, and
Conference Session
GSD 5: Mentorship
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lorine Awuor Ouma, Pennsylvania State University; Cynthia Howard-Reed, Pennsylvania State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
peermentorship should offer to international graduate students. Therefore, there is a critical need toaddress the limitations in provision and assessment of viability of peer mentorship programs toimprove the experiences of international graduate students.MethodologyA graduate women in engineering program designed and implemented a peer mentorshipnetwork intended to support graduate students in the College of Engineering at Penn State. Theprogram obtained IRB approval (STUDY00023846) to evaluate the impact of mentorship on theexperiences of participating graduate students to support future planning and implementation ofsimilar programs. This specific paper explores the impact of this peer mentorship network on theexperiences of new graduate student
Conference Session
GSD 5: Mentorship
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gabriella Coloyan Fleming; David B Knight, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Maura Borrego, University of Texas at Austin
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
providing career advice and if participants feltcomfortable discussing their career plans with their advisors. All ten of the participants interestedin tenure-track faculty jobs received advice from their advisors–often, quite extensively throughmock interviews and application materials feedback. In contrast, only four of the participantsdisinterested in tenure-track faculty jobs received any career advice from their advisors. Fourparticipants did not feel comfortable talking with their advisors about their career interestslargely because of perceptions that their advisors were unsupportive of non-tenure-track careers.Even if advisors personally lack non-academic work experience, part of inclusive mentorship isproviding an environment where
Conference Session
GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jemimmah Namodi, Iowa State University of Science and Technology; Ann M Gansemer-Topf, Iowa State University ; Gül E. Kremer, University of Dayton; Qing Li; Shan Jiang, Iowa State University of Science and Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
. Topic In-class discussions & activities Assignment Project Charter • Identify the elements of project • Choose one project, can be thesis, charter that are relevant to your and start your own project charter thesis research • Write down a clear goal with • Write down the key milestones objectives and deliverables for your thesis • Start to map out all elements, including a contingency plan 4 • Join group
Conference Session
GSD 4: Stressors and Supports
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Laura Albrant, Michigan Technological University; Leo C. Ureel II, Michigan Technological University; Lynn A. Albers, Hofstra University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
2025 October 2025 Submit Department of Education EIR End of October Proposal 2025 November 2025 Begin Collaboration with Additional In- November 2025 stitutions for Proposal SupportTo date, progress has been made for Tasks 1, 2, and 5.For Task 1, the project team continues their diligent efforts. Observational notes from the PhDstudent’s experience in the classroom have framed the near and far future developmental steps in aclearer picture.For Task 2, it is fortunate both universities operate on a two-semester, 15-week schedule with aone-week spring break. Initially, there were plans for the faculty to visit each
Conference Session
GSD 4: Stressors and Supports
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sarah Jane Bork, University of Georgia; Karin Jensen, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
, students norms research and teaching - positive experiences experiences, career plans, and/or mental health wellbeing, etc.). - differentiation of student interactions with peers The University of Life satisfaction, University of - items specific to California Graduate depression, mentoring and California engineering culture and Student Well-Being Survey advising, financial graduate norms [28] confidence
Conference Session
GSD 6: The Graduate School Experience
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Animesh Paul, University of Georgia; Racheida S Lewis, University of Georgia; Nyna Jaye DeWitt, University of Georgia; Sarah Jane Bork, University of Georgia
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
data was recorded using coordinates and analyzed for trends. Table 1: Triads and Dyads that participants will use to self-signify their own stories. Theoretical Grounding Question Triad Autonomy My actions were motivated by... Expectations of others, Self- Care, Necessity Investment/ Discipline What was valued in this story Willingness to Experiment, was... Grit and Perseverance, Planning and Efficiency Internal alignment/ Alignment The experience I shared
Conference Session
GSD 7: Innovative Graduate Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yun-Han Weng, The Ohio State University; Emily T Creamer, The Ohio State University; Jeffrey M. Bielicki, The Ohio State University; Matthew Judkins Mayhew, The Ohio State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
in a bi-weekly Sustainable Energy Student Communityof Practice and Engagement (SCOPE). The co-curricular Energy SCOPE offers skills-buildingworkshops and networking opportunities with energy professionals. Additionally, each traineereceives guidance from their primary Ph.D. advisor, another mentor internal to Ohio State, andan external mentor. These mentors provide academic support, professional development insights,academic and industrial networking, and career guidance. To track progress and set goals, trainees complete an Individual Development Plan,which they update annually, and sign a Participation Agreement that outlines programexpectations. These components ensure accountability and continuous growth throughout theprogram
Conference Session
GSD 3: Pedagogy and Curriculum
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jacqueline Rohde, Georgia Institute of Technology; Emily Grace Weigel, Georgia Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
whileengaging in reflective learning and professional development. Under the guidance of facultyteaching mentors in the classes they teach, and supported by course instructors with expertise inpedagogy, graduate students in this course plan and deliver lessons, design assessments, andreceive constructive feedback from faculty, peers, and students. The practicum fosters asupportive learning community for graduate students to refine their teaching skills and criticallyevaluate their instructional practices; in short, they take theory and put it into practice.Throughout the course, participants will also explore various facets of academic careers,including faculty roles at different institutions and the academic job search process, and howteaching plays
Conference Session
GSD 2: Identity and Motivation
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Nishchal Thapa Magar, George Mason University; Jill K Nelson, George Mason University; Jessica L. Rosenberg, George Mason University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
those IGTAs who had earned master’s degreesin the U.S. and some DGTAs who were familiar with using active learning techniques such asgroup work and iClickers. One GTA from the focus group reflected on their lack of knowledge(competence) and how they needed to build it before being able to use it (perform) in theclassroom: “I think I need to do some research on active learning before using it in my class because I don’t have much knowledge about it. I plan to learn more and then apply it.”In the follow-up interviews, group work emerged as one of the most employed active learningstrategies by GTAs, reflecting their efforts to foster collaboration and enhance student engagement.Arman highlighted his understanding of active learning
Conference Session
GSD 8: Industry and Professional Skills
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Zilong Pan, Lehigh University; Volkmar Dierolf, Lehigh University; Anand Jagota, Lehigh University; Himanshu Jain, Lehigh University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
occur are planning these meetings Internship or once the students return to with his faculty advisor of Residency their academic institutions. Lehigh University to share data and results that he has obtained here.Students’ Professional Development in students' I've seen over time here thatDevelopment Skills technical and intellectual skills he's become a much better enhances their professional programmer, and a lot of competency. that has
Conference Session
GSD 7: Innovative Graduate Education
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Yunus Doğan Telliel, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Matthew James Lydon, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
became an aspiration. The aspirationalcommitment to CR made them more aware of systemic limitations within higher education. Hereis a student articulating that kind of critique: It's really hard to make some research to be convergent... You need a lot of time and planning and you need to be inspired by [the research] you actually want to work on...[The] majority of professors... Not just professors. All of us ... have tasks, [and] we want to finish [them], and that's it. But, I feel like a lot of, uh, professors are not ... engaged to make something convergent. They just want to fill a task that is [determined] by NSF or whoever else.Engaging with destabilizing feedback in CR can be discomforting and
Conference Session
GSD 4: Stressors and Supports
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati; Julie Aldridge, The Ohio State University; Nicole M. Else-Quest, University of California, Los Angeles ; Joe Roy, American Society for Engineering Education
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
number of the items in the construct; nEFA = The number of items groupedfor a latent factor resulting from EFA; N/A = Not applicableV. DiscussionThe EFA revealed the latent factor structure of the climate scale for six climates indicated by 36items. Although we expected to have two distinct constructs for psychological safety climate andmastery climate, the items for the two constructs did not group together. Therefore, we plan torevise these scale items for the next round of validity study, as the literature differentiatesbetween these constructs (See Table 1). Internal consistency reliability evidence for theremaining six scales was excellent. The survey data were used to inform the second round of 16phenomenological interviews with a
Conference Session
GSD 6: The Graduate School Experience
Collection
2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Grace Burleson, University of Colorado Boulder; Janet Y Tsai, University of Colorado Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies Division (GSD)
Thermodynamics 9 Nuclear and radiation 1 Manufacturing 8 Aero structures 1 Materials 8 Energy systems 1*Included a topic on “Vibrations and acoustics”4.3 Techniques for evaluating early-stage doctoral candidatesWe identified multiple assessment techniques, types, and formats of mechanical engineeringpreliminary examinations (Table 4). All 25 programs in our sample required course completionwith varying criteria (e.g., GPA requirements, specific versus flexible course plans) as part oftheir evaluation process. All but one program (24, 96%) conducted a preliminary exam outside ofcoursework