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Vertical Integration of the Liberal Arts in Engineering Education

Conference Session: Works in Progress: Curricula and Pathways
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Bingbing Li, California State University - Northridge; Robert G. Ryan, California State University - Northridge; Nancy Warter-Perez, California State University - Los Angeles; Yong Gan, Cal Poly Pomona; Hadil Mustafa, California State University - Chico; Helen Cox, Institute for Sustainability, California State University - Northridge; Li Ding, California State University - Northridge
Tagged Divisions: Educational Research and Methods

: Implementation of ProjectAbstractThe objectives of our educational research are as follows: 1) Faculty from engineering andfaculty from the social sciences and humanities shall develop strong working relationships andtogether implement and evaluate strategies for working across disciplines. 2) Students ofengineering and their counterparts in the liberal arts and humanities shall engage in peer-to-peerlearning and work together to solve problems. 3) Liberal arts and humanities content will bebetter integrated into the engineering curriculum. 4) Engineering students will understand thevalue and relevance of their General Education. 5) The engineering programs will be betterpositioned to assess their performances on the “soft skills” ABET outcomes (above

Relevance Score: 0.02489483

Undergraduate Research Experiences: Qualitative Results from a Multi-Year Survey

Conference Session: Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Robert N. Coffey Jr., University of Michigan; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Graduate Studies

individual responses suggests that the task ofdrafting academic and personal statements for (potential) graduate school applications was themost burdensome assignment. In comparison, many students indicated that they found theassignment to create an academically-focused resume (appropriate for a graduate schoolapplication) helpful, in part because that assignment included a peer-review component wherestudents got immediate feedback during small group interactions.Some of these concerns have been addressed as the EnSURE program evolved over time: forinstance, writing assignments were refined to better align with students’ research activities, andmore instruction was provided on the value of interdisciplinary interactions—as well as

Relevance Score: 0.024802407

A Teacher's Journey Integrating Engineering in a Middle School Science Classroom and the Effects on Student Attitudes (RTP)

Conference Session: K-12 & Pre-College Engineering Division: Research-to-Practice: Principles of K-12 Engineering Education and Practice
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Christie Jilek, West Ada School District; Noah Salzman, Boise State University
Tagged Divisions: Pre-College Engineering Education Division

begiven to the designing group and included: good things about the game, how it could be modifiedto improve design, future concerns for game play, and where they identified the action/reactionrelationship occurring. Consultants gave their feedback to the designers of the game and Iprovided class time to make modifications. Students set up games on the final day and had theopportunity to play peers designs. As they played they identified the action/reaction for eachgame, where potential and kinetic energy occurred, and any forms of energy they could identify.Post attitude surveys were administered just before completion of final task.Survey Results and DiscussionI analyzed the Friday Institutes’ surveys1 using an unpaired t-test in Excel and

Relevance Score: 0.024654549

Building Future Careers: A Co-op Course Reimagined

Conference Session: CEED Paper Session 1: Using Co-Op and Internships to Improve Diversity, Retention, Learning, and Assessment
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Scott R. Hamilton, Northeastern University; Jack Fitzmaurice, Northeastern University; Paul John Wolff III, Northeastern University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Cooperative & Experiential Education

lessons and submitting two ungradedassignments that included a one-page career goal paper and a one-page resume. The class wastaught in a large classroom space to sections of 75-90 students and was presented in a traditionallecture style format. This course was designed to introduce graduate engineering students to theUniversity’s Cooperative Education Program and focused on developing skills in managingworkplace expectations and requirements, resume construction, interviewing, and professionalethics. Employer panels were sometimes used to explore employment opportunities within thefields of engineering. Peer-based discussion panels allowed students to share stories about howthey found their job and their experience as an employee. The stated

Relevance Score: 0.02370063

Capturing Our Stories in Our Voices: Constructing a Narrative Analysis Study of African-American STEM Mentors

Conference Session: Dissecting the Nuances that Hinder Broad Participation in Engineering
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Joi-lynn Mondisa, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Minorities in Engineering

informationgathered about each participant to create a backdrop and contextual setting to complement theinterview data, 2) performing a narrative analysis method of the interview data and open codingthe emergent themes, and 3) constructing narrative stories that present themes and results. Anoverview of the study’s data analysis and management plan and the results of each step aresummarized in Table 3. The following paragraphs detail the steps in the data analysis process.Table 3. Summary of Data Analysis and Management Plan Data Analysis Step Action Result 1. Create a contextual  Write backdrop summaries for each  One backdrop summary backdrop summary

Relevance Score: 0.023653386

Transforming the CREDLE (Capstone Research Experience for Distance Learning Executives)

Conference Session: Revitalization of Manufacturing Education
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Malini Natarajarathinam, Texas A&M University; Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University; Manoj Vanajakumari, Texas A&M University; Ismail Capar, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions: Manufacturing

with many local community agencies.Dr. Bimal P. Nepal, Texas A&M University Dr. Bimal Nepal is an Associate Professor in the Industrial Distribution Program at Texas A&M Univer- sity. His research interests include integration of supply chain management with new product development decisions, distributor service portfolio optimization, pricing optimization, supply chain risk analysis, lean and six sigma, and large scale optimization. He has authored 30 refereed articles in leading supply chain and operations management journals, and 40 peer reviewed conference proceedings articles in these areas. He has B.S. in ME, and both M.S. and Ph.D. in IE. He is a member of ASEE, INFORMS, and a senior member of IIE.Dr

Relevance Score: 0.023560839

Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering Using a Project-Based Module in a First-Year Engineering Course

Conference Session: PBL and Flipped Classrooms in Civil Engineering Education
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Mary Roth, Lafayette College
Tagged Divisions: Civil Engineering

achievedstandard format project reports. this outcome. Table 2: Summary of Assessment ResultsConclusionsThe three-week geotechnical project developed by the author for the ItE course successfullyachieved the desired student learning outcomes related to geotechnical engineering. There wereno significant challenges associated with the project; however, to improve student writing, anadditional day could be added to the project to provide opportunities for peer review of draftreports.The project provided many benefits beyond the achievement of the desired learning outcomesincluding low cost, easy course preparation, significant student interest and engagement, andimproved student

Relevance Score: 0.023519618

Raising Interest in STEM Education: A Research-based Community College-University Partnership for Improving Minority Participation

Conference Session: Developing Quality Experiences that Retain Diverse Engineering Talent
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Daniel Christe, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Brian J Wisner, Drexel University; Jay J. Bhatt, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Antonios Kontsos, Drexel University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Minorities in Engineering

. A final survey and individualizedassessments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the program and progress of theindividual students, respectively. Students demonstrated familiarity with basic research methodsand universally reported increased interest in STEM education and careers, with several continuingto work in their labs beyond the program’s formal duration.Keywords — Research-based Learning, Community Colleges, Minority ParticipationIntroductionDespite efforts, underrepresented minority (URM) and female students are disproportionatelyrepresented in STEM disciplines based on their fraction in United States demographics. Femalesand URMs face unique challenges in STEM compared with their white male peers, which need tobe

Relevance Score: 0.023389552

Using Case Studies to Enhance the Critical Thinking Skills of IE Students

Conference Session: Industrial Engineering Division Technical Session 3
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Alexandra Chronopoulou, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Kelly J. Cross, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Douglas M. King, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign; Ehsan Salimi, University of Southern California
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Industrial Engineering

(e.g.independence, expectation, variance), identify and analyze discrete and continuous randomvariables, and formulate and conduct statistical analyses of observed data.One key innovation that we implemented is the introduction of real-world data-driven casestudies. We wish to expose our students to engineering problems that will help them relate thematerial taught in class with their own major. The primary enabling technology is statisticalprogramming with Python. The case studies are introduced as group assignments and aremotivated in class or discussion sessions. Students select their own groups and in the end of eachcase study, they do a peer-evaluation in order to assess the degree of in-group collaboration. Inthis way, students build valuable

Relevance Score: 0.02336688

Mapping Professional Performance Metrics into ABET Outcomes Assessment Process

Conference Session: Innovations in Curriculum and Course Development
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Arif Sirinterlikci, Robert Morris University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Manufacturing

substituted by a professional portfolio including reports and drawings that weresubmitted to the company - 25% of the final grade), final Power Point Presentation (PPT to bemade to the peers from the same section of ENGR 490x - 10% of the final grade), journal andlog (25% of the final grade). Supervisor feedback (35% of the final grade) is critical. Eachstudent is required to have a supervisor, direct or indirect supervisor, who is aware of student’sperformance. Supervisors are determined by the companies at which students are employed. Forthe internal research projects, supervisors are determined by the students as they choose theirproject and the owner of it. The supervisor is approached (most likely through phone contact ande-mail) for both

Relevance Score: 0.023129173

Using Videos to Elicit Self-Explanations of Emergent Electromagnetic Concepts

Conference Session: Electromagnetics & Power Education
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Brianna Healey Derr, Bucknell University
Tagged Divisions: Electrical and Computer

“green screen”; developing a threestep iterative process for videos based on story boards; and changing how concepts wereidentified. In the first year students selected from a list of relevant concepts, in the second yearconcepts were represented mathematically. During both years the videos were scored usingrubrics on both accuracy of conceptual understanding and production values, and were also peer-evaluated. Comparisons of video scores to performance on standard exams and the results ofconcept inventories are presented. We also reflect on the value of videos for self-explanationand for engaging with conceptually difficult material. Example student videos will be used toillustrate both correct and incorrect conceptual explanations.Introduction

Relevance Score: 0.023084763

Strategies and Techniques for New Tenure-track Faculty to Become Successful in Academia

Conference Session: Faculty Unite! Effective Ways for Educators to Collaborate Successfully
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Gouranga Banik, Oklahoma State University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: New Engineering Educators

specific problem, such as writing a paper for ajournal with a high rejection rate, approaching a tight proposal deadline, dealing with anunproductive graduate student or a rebellious undergraduate class, find out which colleaguesare likely to be helpful and seek them out.Working without clear goals and plans and accepting too many commitments that don’thelp achieve long-term goals. Faculty need to make commitments wisely and develop cleargoals and specific milestones for reaching them. Periodic feedback from the department headand peers can also be helpful.Others SuggestionsFind one or more research mentors and one or more teaching mentors, and work closely withthem until you become successful. Most faculties have professors who excel at research

Relevance Score: 0.022896713

Curiosities Regarding Exam Review Sessions at LSU's College of Engineering

Conference Session: Exploring Research Methodologies in Engineering Education
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Charles Algeo Wilson IV, Louisiana State University; Adrienne Steele, Louisiana State University; Warren N. Waggenspack Jr., Louisiana State University; James Blake Gegenheimer
Tagged Divisions: Student

, Louisiana State University Adrienne Steele has over 15 years experience in STEM education. Currently, Adrienne works at Louisiana State University, managing all aspects of the STEP project that consists of a large-scale peer mentoring program in the College of Engineering. Previously, she founded and coordinated the Scope-On-A-Rope Outreach Program (SOAR) in the Department of Biological Sciences, where she worked for 10 years. Prior to her positions at LSU, Adrienne was the Science Education Curator at the Louisiana Art and Science Museum in Baton Rouge. Adrienne has a Master of Science degree in zoology from LSU, where she studied in the Museum of Natural Science collections, and an Education Specialist Certification in

Relevance Score: 0.02261029

Leveraging Online Lab Development: A New Paradigm to Offer Educational Lab Infrastructure as a Cloud Service

Conference Session: Emerging Computing and Information Technologies I
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Danilo Garbi Zutin, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences; Michael E. Auer, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences
Tagged Divisions: Computing & Information Technology

introduced in this work has served as the basis for a project proposalsubmitted to the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research in the scope of the SparklingScience research grant Programme (BMWFW, 2015). The proposal was accepted in July2014 and the project was officially launched in October 2014 and will end by October 2016.By the time of writing, six online laboratories are being deployed with the Experimentdispatcher and several experiment engines have been developed in different platforms toserve as templates for lab owners. Some of these engines were developed by users who werenot specialists in online laboratory development, but the laboratories were successfullyimplemented.As previously mentioned, the developed frameworks supports only

Relevance Score: 0.02261029

Graduate Summer Bridge Program: Building Community and Preparedness for Success among Engineering Graduate Students

Conference Session: Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Marvin K. Karugarama, Virginia Tech; John J. Lesko, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Graduate Studies

and non-uniform across graduate students. The result ispotentially leaving many newcomers with gaps in their knowledge regarding the processes of graduateschool. A panel of peers who can make explicit some of the implicit knowledge can help students moreconfidently navigate their environment.The literature on successful transition programs indicates that students should know what services andresources are available to them 5, 15. During these sessions, participants had the opportunity to meetwith personnel from different support departments on campus, including the university librarian who isdesignated to work with the College of Engineering, representatives from the Writing Center, and stafffrom the Graduate School who oversee diversity

Relevance Score: 0.022430677

Business Program Participation and Engineering Innovation: An Exploration of Engineering Students' Minors, Certificates, and Concentrations

Conference Session: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Technical Session 6
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Emily Cao, Stanford University; Shannon Katherine Gilmartin, Stanford University; Qu Jin, Stanford University; Carolin Christin Dungs, Stanford University; Sheri Sheppard, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions: Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, and the impact of this environment on student development.For this paper, we focus on engineering students enrolled in business-related concentrations,minors, or certificates, and explore the similarities and differences between business-interestedengineering students and their peers. Technological innovation and entrepreneurship arebecoming increasingly important for preparing students for the workforce, and many engineeringschools are introducing entrepreneurship and business education into coursework. What do thesenew programmatic opportunities look like? Which type of student is most likely to takeadvantage of these new opportunities? What are possible outcomes of these opportunities? In aneffort to understand the effectiveness of

Relevance Score: 0.022411488

Use of ePortfolio as Integrated Learning Strategy in Computer Integrated Manufacturing Online Course

Conference Session: Distance Learning in ET Programs
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Megan Mize, Old Dominion University; Rochelle Rodrigo, University of Arizona; Alok K. Verma P.E., Old Dominion University
Tagged Divisions: Engineering Technology

much they have learned about some new process(Yastibas & Cepik, 2015). Others reported an improvement in decision-making, goal-setting, andplanning skills (Ambrose et al., 2014). Furthermore, the application of ePortfolio in undergraduatecourses improves students’ career planning efforts, professional development, and futuremarketability (Cheng, Chen, & Yen, 2015; Lin, 2008; Reese & Levy, 2009). As the students isready to enter the the job market, ePortfolios assist student advising and career counseling, helpfaculty write robust and specific letters of recommendation, and enable prospective employers toreview someone’s experience and skills more effectively (Ambrose et al., 2014; Reese & Levy,2009). However, ePortfolios

Relevance Score: 0.022235846

Integrating Literature and Problem-Based Learning in a First-Year Engineering Academy

Conference Session: Assessing Literacies in Engineering Education
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Susan McGrade, Indiana Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions: Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

students read the texts and write a number of literary analyses throughout the semester. In thelast phase of the process, each student creates an argument to justify his/her selection of the bestwork of the year. While this may seem a risky endeavor, the risk is minimized by establishingappropriate parameters and standards by the “Project Director” (aka the English faculty member)in order to produce a course that is both academically rigorous and engaging to students. This paper provides a brief literature review of current trends in first year composition(FYC) programs and situates this approach within these trends; describes the context of thecourse delivery, including school demographics and curriculum requirements; explains thecourse

Relevance Score: 0.022119565

The Doctorate Journey: Mapping Perceptions of the Ph.D. Process

Conference Session: Tricks of the Trade - Reflections and Advice on the Educational Process
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Stephanie Cutler, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Matthew A. Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach
Tagged Divisions: Student

coursework; 3. Pass Qualifying Exam; 4. Pass Competency/Preliminary Exam; 5. Write Dissertation; and 6. Defend.These are very common elements across most PhD programs as reflected by their presence on most, if notall, of the group maps. These are elements that you would likely find in a graduate school manual for thesteps to completing a PhD and are typically the elements that require the completion of some sort ofpaperwork with the institution to verify that they have been completed. However, there are other implicitelements that are not as directly seen in a manual that are required to meet these steps. For example,choosing an advisor was only explicitly placed on one of the participant group (Group 4) maps. Theadvisor was included as

Relevance Score: 0.022114899

Sources of Anxiety among Engineering Students: Assessment and Mitigation

Conference Session: Student Success III: Affect and Attitudes
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Paul M. Yanik, Western Carolina University; Yanjun Yan, Western Carolina University; Sudhir Kaul, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Educational Research and Methods

debt and finding a job. As a cohort, the studentsparticipated in periodic vertically-integrated discussion groups with faculty mentors and theirpeers at multiple levels of seniority, and were introduced to university resources designed toaddress specific student needs. Results of a follow-on survey suggested that peer-to-peerdiscussions can be useful in alleviating anxiety on particular topics. It was also observed that theinteractions facilitated by these group discussions are helpful in developing a sense ofcommunity and shared enthusiasm among the cohort.Keywords: Engineering student anxiety, Remediation1. IntroductionSources of anxiety among engineering and engineering technology students may stem from bothacademic and non-academic demands

Relevance Score: 0.022056043

Comprehensive Research Experience for Undergraduates

Conference Session: Mechanical Engineering Division Poster Session
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: George Youssef, San Diego State University; Enrique A. Ainsworth, University of California - Los Angeles; Casey Ann Shapiro, UCLA Center for Educational Assessment; Hannah Whang Sayson, UCLA Center for Educational Assessment; Marc Levis-Fitzgerald, University of California - Los Angeles
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: Mechanical Engineering

students are expected to publish peer-reviewed journal papersas well as assist PIs with proposal writing.2- Oral Communication – TANMS students are encourage to freely articulate themselves andtheir ideas and thoughts during meetings with PIs and mentors. Additionally, students areexpected to deliver an oral technical presentations and posters.Core II - Engineering Success1- Innovation – Ability to execute new ideas in research, education, and industry with relevance(or relevancy) to multiferroics.2- Creativity – Ability to synthesize new ideas on multiferroics. For example, students are able tosuggest applications of multiferroics based on their research.Core III – Business and Marketplace Savvy1- Entrepreneur - Entrepreneurial mindset is

Relevance Score: 0.021895375

Investigating EAST (A Scotland-Gaza English for Academic Study Telecollaboration between SET Students)

Conference Session: International Division Technical Session 5
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Bill Guariento, University of Glasgow; Nazmi Abdel-Salam Almasri, The Islamic University of Gaza - Palestine; Anna Rolinska, University of Glasgow
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: International

has worked at the University of Glasgow specialising in teaching English for Academic and Specific Purposes. Anna is interested in academic development, particularly related to writing skills and graduate attributes. She has developed a keen interest in e-learning and how technologies can be used to enhance learning and teaching processes. Her special areas of interest include: effective online course and activity design, building online communities and multimodal approaches to writing and assessment. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Investigating EAST (English for Academic Study Tele-collaboration) A UK- Palestine English Language Project for Engineering and Science

Relevance Score: 0.021629136

Developing a Professional and Personal Network as a Method for Deepening Lessons in Engineering Leadership

Conference Session: Curriculum Development in Engineering Leadership
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Steven W Klosterman, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions: Engineering Leadership Development Division

Leadership Capability Spider Chart was used as a tool for feedback and self-assessment.Entering the program, supervisors and peers rate the student, and the student rates themself oneach of the capabilities, on a scale between 0 (“no competency”) and 10 (“acknowledgedmastery”). Upon completion of the program, this exercise was repeated.While change and improvement all of the 14 capabilities are collected, this paper concentrates onfive specific capabilities, targeted by exercises in the area of “developing a professionalnetwork.”5 Why networking in an engineering program?The value of developing a personal network has been a staple in leading business schools forover a generation as a method for building business relationships, sharing ideas and

Relevance Score: 0.021629136

Leadership in Practice: A Model for Building Strong Academic Foundations in a Residential Learning Community

Conference Session: First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 3; The Best of All the FPD Papers
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Noel Kathleen Hennessey, The University of Arizona; Rebecca Primeau, University of Arizona
Tagged Topics: Diversity
Tagged Divisions: First-Year Programs

to connect to moreacademic support (2); (3); (4). By providing a physical environment for students in engineeringmajors to live, our program has historically allowed students to make academic and socialconnections early in their college career, which better supports their persistence. In recent years,students in the Engineering Leadership Community have taken multiple classes in the samesections together, including a one-credit academic success course and their introductoryengineering lab. This method uses Tinto’s learning community model, helping students to makeconnections between courses with their peers (1).The additional elements of service-learning and project-based learning have brought theresidents of the Engineering Leadership

Relevance Score: 0.021596687

Structured Introduction to Information Literacy Using a Scaffold Project in an Introductory Engineering Course

Conference Session: Foundations for Pedagogical Success
Collection: 2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors: Tanya Kunberger P.E., Florida Gulf Coast University; Chris Geiger, Florida Gulf Coast University; Kimberly A. Reycraft, Florida Gulf Coast University
Tagged Divisions: Engineering Libraries

welfare. The explosion of publications, research data, and othersources of information available in the digital age poses a challenge for researchers to keepabreast of current developments in their fields. The Association of College and ResearchLibraries (ACRL) outlines some of the unique aspects of information literacy as it pertains toSTEM in its Information Literacy Standards for Science and Engineering/Technology.Challenges identified include the cost of peer reviewed journals, the plethora of grey literaturesources and need to understand who is funding and publishing these works; the ofteninterdisciplinary nature of discoveries; and the need for proficiency in working with a myriad ofdifferent formats of information, often requiring