Conference Session

Student Success, Learning Strategies, and Retention in the Aerospace Industry

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University; Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Students in the upper division wereuncomfortable in a socially ambiguous situation as compared to students in the lower division. Thedata analysis did not suggest a correlation between the scores on the tolerance of ambiguity surveyand the engineering identity survey. The freshmen students’ intellectual models were toward thehigher levels and not the simple dualistic level.The surveys will be administered to additional (STEM and non-STEM) students, especially upperdivision students to have a better understanding of tolerance of ambiguity, development ofcognitive model and engineering identity.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by NSF Grant# 1832041.References1. https://recruitingdaily.com/why-the-u-s-has-a-stem-shortage-and-how-we-fix-it-part

Conference Session

History of Aerospace Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin; Mark Maughmer, Penn State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Mean Score Score 60 50 40 30 Low Score 20 10 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 YearFigure 4 Student Final Exams Results in Theoretical Aerodynamics T h e o re tic a l A e ro d y n a m ic s 100 H ig h S c o re 90 80 70 M e a n S c o re S c o re 60 50 40

Conference Session

Undergraduate Aerospace Design – General Topics

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karl Siebold, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; James Helbling, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Darin Marriott, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Mischa Kim, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

- Table 1 – NASA Program/Project Life Cycle & Related Classes for the Capstone Design Sequence Simulation Concepts In order understand fundamental simulation concepts one needs to have a look at simple numerical integration concepts and their implementation /2/. It is important to visualize that only a first order differential equation of type r r r r s&= f ( s , t ) needs to be solved. s is the state variable and s& is the state derivative, which must be vectors of the same size. This is accomplished in the space systems engineering course using the single step Euler

Conference Session

Approaches to Emerging Topics

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Boyer, St. Louis University; Dane Johnston, St. Louis University; Wesley Karmazin, St. Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

™ uses this theory over the entirety of an aircraft. By sectionalizing the fuselage, wings,tail, control surfaces, and other independent surfaces, individual forces are then calculated in realtime into a resultant force that is worked into a function of velocity to give an accurate real timeflight model.According to the creators, the software calculates its flight model using BEMT in the followingorder:a) Element Break-DownX-Plane™ breaks the wing(s), horizontal stabilizer, vertical stabilizer(s), and propeller(s) (ifequipped) down into a finite number of elements.b) Velocity DeterminationThe aircraft linear and angular velocities, along with the longitudinal, lateral, and vertical armsof each element are considered to find the velocity vector

Conference Session

Undergraduate Space Design and Project Courses

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Kuhlman, West Virginia University; Donald Gray, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

AC 2008-1575: “MICROGRAVITY RESEARCH TEAM” (MRT) PROJECTCOURSEJohn Kuhlman, West Virginia University John Kuhlman is a Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at West Virginia University. He received his Ph.D. degree from Case Western Reserve University in 1975, and his M.S. and B. S. Mechanical Engineering degrees also from CWRU in 1973 and 1970, respectively. His current research interests include spray cooling, reduced gravity fluid mechanics and heat transfer, and CFD. He is a course instructor for the WVU Microgravity Research Team project course, and also serves as co-instructor for the WVU Balloon Satellites project course.Donald Gray, West Virginia University Donald D. Gray

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott L. Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

/s) and must decelerate to a speed of 220 mph (100 m/s) at landing. During re-entry, thenose and leading edges of the wings experience temperatures as high as 3000 °F (1650 °C).1One of the major decisions to be made during the shuttle development was the design for thebooster rockets. Options included using liquid or solid-fueled boosters, and whether the boosterswould be expendable or reusable. NASA believed that solid rocket boosters would be lessexpensive to develop, even though they had had higher projected operational costs than liquidboosters. The shuttle was the first manned spacecraft to use solid rockets.1 There is somespeculation that the Air Force pressured NASA to use solid fuel boosters because they wanted todevelop the

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University; M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

collect data fordetermining the effectiveness of the approach. This paper provides an updated analysis (N = 50)combining the previously reported data from the 2017 camp and the implementation results of thesummer 2018 camp. Results indicated statistically significant gains in students’ content knowledgeand positive changes in attitudes of mainly female students towards science, technology,engineering and math.KeywordsSTEM, K-12, flight simulation, mathematics, scienceIntroductionThe U. S. K-12 education system is facing several challenges which are of grave concern especiallyin context of the U.S. technological leadership of the world. These challenges include thecontinued global non-competitive performance of U.S. middle school students in

Conference Session

Innovations in Curriculum, Projects, and Pedagogy in Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Srikanth Gururajan, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; Claire L. A. Dancz, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

, presenting them with well-defined modules with manageable uncertainties, and focusing only on aircraft dynamics andcontrols – unlike capstone projects.Custom Designed UAS Platform For the purposes of this effort, we intend to use a custom designed fixed wing UAS – the SLUSharpshooter. The UAS is designed so that it is modular – with the exception of the fuselage andthe integrated mid-section of the wing, all other components can be switched out, including theempennage, the wing section(s) and its geometry (for instance, dihederal can be introduced orremoved through special dihedral pin inserts). The specifications and pictures of the SharpshooterUAS are listed below in in Table 2. The UAS in Figure 1 has been flown a number of times and

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajnish Sharma, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore; Abhijit Nagchaudhuri, University of Maryland, Eastern Shore

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

was not achieved to finish the problem(s).Just to elaborate the project work and make it as a comprehensive study, the problems chosen Page 24.709.6from Ref. [2-4] are also added with many subparts, the project problems are developed asfollows:Problem 1[P7.10, REF. [1] MODERN CONTROL SYSTEMS 11th Edition, Dorf and Bishop](a) Figure 1 Sketch and Block Diagram of Feedback System(b) For the given characteristics of the aircraft in the medium-weight cruise condition. Plot theunit step responses of the system if the dominant roots

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Martin Morris, Bradley University; Scott Post, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

), which was built at the Langley Laboratory in 1921-1923. This was the first wind tunnel Page 15.594.3that could operate at pressures higher than atmospheric, which allowed higher Reynolds numbersto be achieved at lower velocities. By the 1940’s supersonic wind tunnels were in use, eventhough Chuck Yeager had not yet broken the sound barrier. In 1972 a cryogenic wind tunnel wasbuilt at NASA Langley by injecting liquid nitrogen into the wind tunnel to cool the gas. Thislowered the viscosity and increased the Reynolds number, and this tunnel had the capability tomatch Reynolds and Mach numbers simultaneously up to Mach 1.2. Today the largest

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Emelina Coso, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amy Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

, , M. Richey, K. McPherson, X. Fouger, and C. Simard, “Graduate and undergraduate design projects utilizing a virtual product life-cycle management (VPLM),” in American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, 2008.15. W. M. Butler, J. P. Terpenny, R. M. Goff, R. S. Pant, and H. M. Steinhaur, “Improving the aerospace capstone design experience through simulation based learning,” International Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 1–9, 2012.16. R. Goff and J. Terpenny, “Engineering design education - core competencies,” in 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting (ASM). Nashville, TN: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, January 2012.17. U. Haupt, “Case

Conference Session

Design, Build, Fly (DBF)/AIAA Student Competition/UA

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lawrence Boyer, Saint Louis University; Christopher Peck, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

= Induced Drag Coefficient RAC = Total System Weight S = Wing Area SFC = System Complexity Factor W/S = Wing Loading I. Introduction The AIAA Design, Build, and Fly (DBF) Competition brings schools from around the world to compete. Each year the teams design, fabricate, and demonstrate the flight capabilities of an unmanned, electric powered, radio controlled aircraft in order to meet a specified mission profile. This year the competition calls for a surveillance/attack UAV. The capabilities of the aircraft include carrying a large simulated fuel tank and four Estes rockets. There will be five stages of judging for the contest: 1) Written paper. 2

Conference Session

Aerospace Teaching and Learning I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maxwell Stuart Reid, Auckland University of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

summative assessment scheme, in which some of the work could be subject tointerpretation of the ethical theory when applied to case studies, rather than assessment ofempirical facts and procedures which may be constrained to a teacher‟s implicit development,interpretation and assessment of the syllabus content.The assessment procedure was redesigned in 2008 for classes of 150 plus, comprising aformative assessment and feedback through essays, a formative feedback by the in-class case-studies and summative assessment by examining the major case studies and theirunderstanding of the course material in a final examination.IntroductionTo receive accreditation of undergraduate engineering degrees the Institute of ProfessionalEngineers of New Zealand

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marilyn Smith, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

styles.We studied the Learner Types set out by education psychologists, and developed a classificationapplicable to our students. These are related to the traditional definitions of types of intelligence.User-level definitions of these types are given below:The Barnstormer is eager to experiment, learning by trial and error. Too impatient with lengthy“derivations” to obtain elegant solutions, s(he) learns as needed and works intensely on adeadline. S(he) launches bold experiments, and ventures into the unknown with little hesitation.The Eagle: A separate category must be devoted to those who must have an eagle’s eye view ofwhat they are being taught, before they can focus. Long derivations lose them. These are thepeople who can rise above the

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nithil Kumar Bollock, Saint Louis University; Matthew Patrick O'Brien; Yan Gai, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.; Stephen M. Belt, Saint Louis University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

. Sestito, A. Harel, J. Nador, and J. Flach, "Investigating Neural Sensorimotor Mechanisms Underlying Flight Expertise in Pilots: Preliminary Data From an EEG Study," Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, Report 2018.[3] S. Puma, N. Matton, P.-V. Paubel, É. Raufaste, and R. El-Yagoubi, "Using theta and alpha band power to assess cognitive workload in multitasking environments," International Journal of Psychophysiology, Article vol. 123, pp. 111-120, 1/1/January 2018 2018.[4] G. Borghini, L. Astolfi, G. Vecchiato, D. Mattia, and F. Babiloni, "Review: Measuring neurophysiological signals in aircraft pilots and car drivers for the assessment of mental workload, fatigue and drowsiness," Neuroscience and

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Cyrus Habibi P.E., University of Wisconsin, Platteville; Darius Fieschko, University of Wisconsin, Platteville

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace, Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

course can beplaced into an engineering curriculum to address the advanced topics. While we are planning anew full course on PLCs, we will continue placing the PLC module into the Introduction toProjects and Tools course.References[1] S. He, H. Rahemi, K. Mouaouya, “Teaching PLC Programming and Industrial Automation in MechatronicsEngineering,” 122nd ASEE annual conference and exposition, Seattle, WA 2015.[2] R, Liu, “Global PLC market returns to growth in 2017, after two-year contraction”,IHSMarkit, https://technology.ihs.com/584279/global-plc-market-returns-to-growth-in-2017-after-two-year-contraction, 2018.[3] GlobeNewsWire,” Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) - Worldwide Market Outlook to 2023, Driven by theIncreased Need to Reduce

Conference Session

Aircraft Design Education

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Anderson, University of California, San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Tail Fins Root Chord = 3 cm Tip Chord = 2 cm Span = 3 cm Area = 7.5 cm2 (each fin) 23 cm 11.5 cmFigure 3 Rocket Configuration SketchEquation 3 defines the ballistic coefficient (B), which is a key parameter of the rocket design. 1The ballistic coefficient is related to the mass of the vehicle (m), the drag coefficient (C D), and areference area (S). Students are given analytical expressions for estimating the total dragcoefficient

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Antonette T. Cummings P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; William C. Oakes, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Carla B. Zoltowski, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

beunderstood or experienced [9]. The interpreter of the phenomenon is the participant, not theresearcher. In order to solicit a variety of experiences and to allow all relevant voices to be heard[10] , a highly varied sampling of participants is necessary. With a well-designed semi-structuredinterview, the participant can unveil the environment, the products, and the processes of theirprofessional experiences. The creation of hierarchical categories as part of the analysis mayuncover the development of mastery of the skill(s) under investigation. While there has been work that shows a one-axis increase of awareness or mastery of acertain phenomenon, there is an increasing use of phenomenography where the results oroutcomes are expressed in

Conference Session

Solid and Structural Mechanics in Aerospace Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David C. Fleming, Florida Institute of Technology

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

machine. The testing machine is pre-programmed to execute constant amplitude loadingunder load control conditions. Figure 3: Installation of fatigue test specimen in servohydraulic testing machineResults for fatigue life in general strongly depend on the load levels experienced. Given the timelimitations, a single load range is used for all test samples. (In a materials rather than astructures lab, variations in fatigue life due to different stress amplitudes can be explored in thecontext of a rotating beam test to generate a S-N curve.) The peak amplitude of stress was set toprovide an estimated run time of about 30 minutes for the specimens with a circular hole. Thisresulted in a maximum load of 1788 lb (7.95 kN), corresponding to a

Conference Session

Laboratory Courses and Programming in the Aerospace Curriculum

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Waterloo Tsutsui, Purdue University at West Lafayette; Ruben D. Lopez-Parra, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Genisson Silva Coutinho, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia; Alberto W. Mello, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; Michael David Sangid, Purdue University; Tamara J. Moore, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

theoretical data.In addition to enduring outcomes (Table 2) and the important-to-know topics (Table 3), the labactivities also promote “good-to-be-familiar with” topics as follows: Students are expected tolearn and demonstrate the following topics throughout all six labs: Teamwork, report writing,and communication. If we, for instance, take modeling as an example, being able to modelconstitutes an important and direct predictor of conceptual understanding of often-complicatedengineering topics, such as heat transfer [42]. To sum up on these “good-to-be-familiar with”topics, they are covered in all labs (Labs #1–#6) and will become a part of necessary skills as apracticing engineer in the future no matter what field of engineering s/he choose to

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin Alexander Peraza Hernandez, Texas A&M University; Kaushik Das, Texas A&M University, College Station; Dimitris C. Lagoudas P.E., Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Page 25.926.121. Varde, K. S., “Energy and engine research through undergraduate research program,” Proceedings of the 2005 American Society of Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, 2005. 2. Schuster, P., and Birdsong, C., “Research in the undergraduate environment,” American Society for Engineering Education, 2006. 3. Revankar, S., and Mbuga, F., “Summer and academic year undergraduate research in nuclear engineering,” American Society for Engineering Education, 2008. 4. Feng, G., Nix, W. D., Yoon, Y., and Lee, C. J., “A study of the mechanical properties of nanowires using nanoindentation,” Journal of Applied Physics, 99, 2006, pp. 074304-1 – 074304-10. 5. Cao, G., Nanostructures and Nanomaterials: Synthesis

Conference Session

Teaching Methodology & Assessment 2

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Tracy L. Yother, Purdue University at West Lafayette ; Mary E. Johnson, Purdue University at West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Equivalence Mode Severity Remarks Action Identifier Idenifier Probability Mode Effect(s) Effect(s) Effect(s) Provision(s) Monitor Method Identifier IdentifierFigure 1. Functional FMEA Worksheet format [7]FMEA Process in AET CourseThe junior level course provides students with the concepts, processes, and tools regarding thereview and analysis of system designs. The students learn the elements of logistics and the effectof design on the maintainability, reliability, and supportability

Conference Session

Personnel Development & Retention

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yun Dong, Iowa State University; Subhanwit Roy, Iowa State University; Lorenzo D. Baber, Loyola University, Chicago ; Benjamin Ahn, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Conference Session

Aerospace Division Technical Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. Javed Khan, Tuskegee University; Chadia A. Aji, Tuskegee University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

dimensions as shown in Table 1.More specifically, there was a statistically significant positive change for the males in mathenjoyment and math and science instruction post-test.References 1. Prince, M. (2004). Does active learning work? A review of research. J. Engineering Education, 93(3), 221-231 © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 2018 ASEE National Conference2. Blumenfeld, P. C., Kempler, T. M., and Krajcik, J. S. (2006). Motivation and cognitive engagement. The Cambridge Handbook of Learning Science. Sawyer, R. K. (Ed.)3. Freeman, S. Eddy, S. L., McDonagh, M., Smith, M. K., Okorofor, N., Jordt, H., and Wenderoth, M. P. (2014). Active Learning increases student

Conference Session

STEM Education Tied to Aerospace Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gene L. Harding , PE, Purdue University (Statewide Technology)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

gain diminishing to its minimum value at the adjacent antenna’sboresight.Figure 6 depicts the matched antenna gain patterns with the incident radar signal added. Thisgives two different received powers: P1dBm at receiver 1 (connected to antenna 1), and P2dBm at Figure 6: Antenna pair with incident radar signalreceiver/antenna 2. Look carefully at Figure 6. Note that the difference between the tworeceived powers varies linearly with the angle off of boresight, from a maximum of AdB_BS at 0°(antenna 1’s boresight) to a minimum of 0 dB at 45°. (Beyond that the arrival angle is closer toantenna 2, so all of the following calculations would be reversed and worked with respect toantenna 2 instead of Antenna 1.) It is this

Conference Session

Teaching Topics in Aircraft Manufacturing

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sergey Dubikovsky, Purdue University; Ronald Sterkenburg, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

place to study, and AT308 is no exception to the rule. Upon completion of thiscourse, students have a much better grounding in the theoretical knowledge, which they first hearand see during lectures. They understand heat treatment and different tempers of aviation gradealuminum. They also realize the importance of following heat treatment processes to getconsistent properties of the materials. The well-equipped laboratory provides a place to apply thetheory and develop their skills. It becomes more than just paper knowledge - it is something theycan touch, make, assemble, and test. Experience is the best teacher. This is what studentsexperience during their "employment" in AT308, Inc.References1. Collicott, S. H., Increasing freshmen

Conference Session

Rethinking Aerospace Curricula and Learning

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

the paucity of computing resources in the undergraduatecurriculum, we emphasized derivation of simplified analytical solutions, and extensive problem-solving using paper and pencil to assimilate analysis methods. Space studies were spread acrossdepartments of engineering science, mechanics, thermal sciences and physics. This fit well withthe demands of graduate curricula and research programs.Table 1 shows the compression in the fluid dynamics/ aerodynamics portion of the curriculumsince the mid 1980s. The second column indicates the number of hours allotted to this subjectarea, with Q denoting Quarter and S Semester. Column 3 compares the number of equivalentsemester hours. The last column is subjective, indicating the breadth of the content

Conference Session

Advanced Aerospace Student Projects

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

theory. An exampleis given by permission [4]. This student also used supercritical airfoil sections for the sweptwings. Problem statement, from Acierno [4] The drag of the equivalent body of revolution can be computed using Von Karman’s formula: (3.1) Where S(x) is the function describing the equivalent body of revolution in terms of normal cross-sectional area vs. location along the x axis. S can be derived from the oblique cross sections obtained by the intersection of Mach planes with the wing-body combination through (3.2) Where s is defined as the area intersected by the oblique Mach planes. As detailed in reference 5, S’(x

Conference Session

Design Courses 1, Teaching Tools

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Justin Charles Major, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Tyler Tallman, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

UnitedStates was becoming aware of the need for more NDM technologies. Further, these samestakeholders recognized that more technology would only come through increased interest andcompetence in the topic(s), recognition of its importance in a public and private capacity, and as aresult of the two, increased development of exploratory engineering. Serabian’s [7] chief wonderwas thus what role engineering education would play in advancing NDM technologies.Specifically, they asked, would engineering education practice focus on whether students coulduse the relevant technologies, rather than leave that to technicians, or would the focus be onteaching students theory that would allow them to develop new technologies? At a time in whichfunding was an issue

Conference Session

Aerospace Engineering Education

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Scott Fleming, Georgia Institute of Technology; Amy Pritchett, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

Institute of Technology Amy R. Pritchett is the Davis S. Lewis Associate Professor in the Georgia Tech School of Aerospace Engineering c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Creating and Validating a Model to Support Aerospace Engineering Students’ Coordination of Knowledge about a DesignIntroductionAs a general field, design symbolizes the "conception and realisation of new things".1 However,engineering design differs from other design areas (e.g. graphic, industrial, and software design) in theenhanced complexity involved with clarifying and defining engineering products. Engineering designcan also be defined as a structured approach to developing, validating, and