Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Postcard Session (Best of WIPs)

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tyler George Harvey, Clemson University

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

student assessment. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2024 Work In Progress: Factors Influencing Career Choice and Success in Undergraduate Biomedical Engineering StudentsIntroductionThe field of biomedical engineering (BME) has witnessed significant growth in recent years,driven by advances in technology and a growing emphasis on healthcare innovation. This growthhas led to a large range of post-graduation career paths for BME undergraduates includingmedical and professional school, graduate school, and direct employment as engineers in themedtech, biotech, and healthcare industries [1]. Much of the literature on career choice andmotivations of these students focuses on their plans at

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Julia Machele Brisbane, Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

A scoping review found nine papers that examined how BME undergraduate coursesaddressed HD. The review revealed that the incorporation of HD often happens in a single courseas opposed to multiple courses across the four-year curriculum. While two papers focused onincorporating HD throughout the four-year curriculum [9], [17] and one described a global healthdisparities minor [16], the remaining six papers focused on individual courses at different stagesof the curriculum (first year [10], [15], middle years [12]-[15] and last year [11], [15]).Additionally, approaches to incorporating HD vary. Some studies introduced HD topics asadditional modules in a course [10], [11], [15] whereas some studies incorporated HD topics inlesson plans and

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Callan E. Monette, Stanford University; Alexis Seymour, Stanford University; William T Yu, Stanford University; Leighton Terrance Wan, Stanford University; Andrew Sho Perley, Stanford University, Department of Bioengineering; Ross Daniel Venook, Stanford University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

-efficacy as educators, empowering them to contribute moreeffectively to learning environments. We have offered the course in the Spring quarters of 2021,2022, and 2023. In each iteration, we sought to actively demonstrate evidence-based inclusivepedagogical techniques through our course design and instruction. In the future, we plan to 1)evaluate the effectiveness of our course design on participant accomplishment of learning goals,and 2) examine the impact of course participants as TAs on the broader bioengineeringcommunity.Course Design: Enabling effective learning of pedagogical skillsCourse Learning Goals: We designed a course to address a critical need in the training ofgraduate TAs by allowing them to build pedagogical skills before their

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhinan Wang, University of Illinois at Chicago

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

development of suchcompetencies of both students and teachers for active learning. We want to use the data to seekevidence of better practice in promoting student learning in engineering core courses, especiallythe traditional lecture-based ones.Course structureThis study has been conducted in a sophomore-level Biothermodynamics class for two semesters(2022 Spring and Fall). Previously, the course was taught with lecture-based materials relying onnote-taking and individual homework traditionally. Under the new design, students will receive adetailed content structure at the beginning of the semester, shown in Appendix, Figure 1.Students will obtain a general view of the course content, types of assignments/exams, and theirdue times from this plan

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexis Ortiz-Rosario, The Ohio State University; Ali Kaveh Rahimi

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

the classroom. The current solution to tackle these challengeswas implementing a professional identity assessment [3], as well as utilizing the reflectionsto better understand their experiences and what needs arose from the program. IntroductionThe at-home remote patient monitoring sector of healthcare is a growing industry. Thishealthcare market is valued at $24 billion and is projected to reach $166 Billion by 2030 [1],[4]. This industry provides individuals with disabilities or chronic medical conditions withnew levels of independence by allowing them to remain at home. These companiesleverage technology and personally crafted care plans that address the needs of theirclients. The technologies

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Uri Feldman, Wentworth Institute of Technology; George D. Ricco, Miami University; Catlin Wells

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard Medical School at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Dr. Feldman developed informatics metrics to quantify performance of clinicians when using digital diagnostic tools. He has published in Radiology, Academic Radiology, IS&T, SPIE, and RESNA. As a Latino and native Spanish speaker, born in Peru, Dr. Feldman has created markets and commercialized innovative telemedicine products in Latin America for medical device companies, including Orex Computed Radiography, Kodak Health Group, and ICRco. Dr. Feldman also served as Chief Information Officer (CIO) of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless Program where he led the strategic planning and migration to EPIC Electronic Health Records

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Biomedical Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lindsay Tolchin, The Ohio State University; Rachel C Childers, The Ohio State University

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

connections.Challenges Faced:It should be made clear that the students are expected to lead the interactions with their mentors.The first year of our program, some students, especially the younger ones saw the mentorssimilar to their faculty members. Since their only previous experience was in a classroom setting,they would show up to a meeting with the mentor and expect the mentor to teach them theknowledge they need like a professor with a lesson plan. To combat this, the application wasupdated to include questions about what the student wanted to get out of the year-longexperience and what questions they planned to ask their mentor so that they are thinking of thesetopics ahead of time. The program announcement and the application also now contain

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra Mary Jackson, Rowan University; Cheryl A Bodnar, Rowan University; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, Rowan University; Kaitlin Mallouk, Rowan University; Mary Staehle, Rowan University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

with otherresearchers [9], [10], [11]. Students tend to enjoy REU programs and find them valuable inhelping direct their future plans, often including graduate school and further research [12], [13].Recent research argues for developing an entrepreneurial mindset (EM) in engineering students[14], [15], suggesting that it is crucial that BME programs, including research experiences,emphasize EM competencies [16], [17]. EM interventions in engineering education exist toenhance the traditional technical-focused education engineers receive and encourage well-rounded engineering graduates [14], [18]. Students exposed to EM interventions in researchexperiences expressed gaining confidence in business skills and value recognition [19], [20],which are

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janna Jobel, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts Lowell

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

to feel comfortable with both their peers and their TA tobe able to recover from a setback quickly. 1. Student experiences a setback (lab does not go as planned). 2. Student looks to a) lab partner(s) or peers, and/or b) TA, and/or c) class and lab materials to decide how to respond. 3. Student's ability to move past the setback depends on whether a) others experience the same setback, b) others normalize setbacks, and c) they know where to look to help them troubleshoot. These factors impact whether they can effectively manage their frustration in the moment.Figure 1. Student Response to Setbacks in Lab Settings FlowchartConclusion To summarize, students’ ability to recover from

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Postcard Session (Best of WIPs)

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leah Rebecca Thomas, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Jenna Yasmin Altaii, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christopher Arena, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Ashley R Taylor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

their client. We facilitated relationship-building activities, such as team icebreakers,group lunches, car rides, immersive brainstorming sessions, and informal chats with the clientover snacks and drinks. As the sprint evolved, we observed the students and client becomingincreasingly comfortable sharing ideas and suggestions with each other.For future program iterations, we aim to expand our collection of program assessment data intwo key ways. First, we would expand the post-program longitudinal data collection , enablinganalysis of the impact of the design sprint on student success during senior capstone. We plan toexpand our data collection to include CATME team assessments throughout the academicsemester, which will provide insights on

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Biomedical Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashley R Taylor, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Kinsley Tate, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Andre Albert Muelenaer Jr, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech; LaDeidra Monet Roberts, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Christopher Arena, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Sara L Arena, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

across six corecourses and one advanced technical elective in an undergraduate biomedical engineering (BME)program curriculum. Our collaborative autoethnography examines the following researchquestions (RQ):RQ1: Why do faculty revise their BME courses to incorporate health equity concepts?RQ2: How do BME faculty integrate health equity concepts into undergraduate BME courses?RQ3: What best practices can be illuminated to support further health equity-focused curricularreform?Conceptual Framework: The Academic PlanTo establish a shared vocabulary for exploration of our research questions, we leverage Lattucaand Stark’s [23] Academic Plan Model to underpin our collaborative reflections. The AcademicPlan Model is a framework for understanding

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adel Alhalawani, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sophia Koop; Thomas Omwando, Simpson University; Lisa Bosman, Purdue University

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

DevelopmentGoals. In 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution for 2030 that included SustainableDevelopment Goals (SDGs). These SDGs have prompted changes to the engineering field to solvethese broad issues by increasing the capabilities and capacity of engineering through theinvolvement of young, student populations. It also prompts a change in engineering education tofocus more on sustainability in the curriculum [18].One final solution is the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Strategic Plan. The NSF hassupported multiple engineering education programs, such as Engineering Research Centers(ERCs) as well as the Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU). The main goal of theseprograms is to support research opportunities for students in

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Pedagogical Innovations

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Currey, Union College

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

terms of 50%. We plan tocontinue to collect data each time the course is offered to strengthen the sample size. That beingsaid, the results are no less valid in the students' experiences in this course. This has encouragedus to use proficiency-based grading in other courses. We also acknowledge that two differentsurveys were used across the two courses. The first pilot survey was quite simple and was usedto determine whether further research would be done on student learning with proficiency-basedgrading. Given the positive responses, a more thorough survey was developed for the secondoffering. This survey will be used in future course offerings enabling us to aggregate our data.Another limitation of our work is that we do not have longitudinal

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Pattie S. Mathieu, Marian University

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

,constitutive modeling of solids, solution strategies for biomechanics problems, finite elementtechniques and biological responses to mechanical forces. This class has 6 major learningobjectives shown in Table 1.Table 1: Course Learning Objectives 1 Describe the basic structure and mechanical properties of various human body parts. 2 Understand force and moment vector operations and the center/axis of resistance concept when applied to the human body. 3 Understand the concept of axis/center of rotation and how to plan the correct axis/center for a specific biomechanics problem. 4 Describe how different body regions respond to static and transient loads: biomechanical and physiological response. 5 Use numerical methods to obtain solutions to

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer H Choi, University of California, Davis

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Evaluation #1occurred at the same time as those offerings that did not include asset activities (Pre). As shownin Figure 2, evaluation ratings were at a similar level to ratings in the offerings prior to assetactivities (Pre), also suggesting that the additional time may have contributed synergisticallywith asset-based activities to achieve higher peer evaluation ratings.Future plans to collect additional feedback will deepen our understanding of the impact andvalue of asset-based activities on all students in our senior level team-based design course.Additionally, further studies are needed to investigate how to effectively scaffold theundergraduate curriculum with equity-minded team dynamics instruction.References[1] Choi, J. H. (2021, July), Work

Conference Session

Hands-On Learning and Clinical Immersion in BME

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Hawkins, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Christopher Heylman, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Michael D Whitt, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

course schedule (Table 3.1) includes preparation for professional andethical conduct in a clinical setting, opportunities for sharing and dissemination of experiences,training in engineering design cycle, prototyping, and module development for future work.Table 3.1: Weekly schedule for SIDE course. Course plan includes preparatory training forprofessionalism and professional conduct in a clinical setting, as well as reporting from clinicalexperiences, and integration of clinical experiences into the product development lifecycle. Week Content Reporting/Submissions 1 Introduction, Responsible Conduct in Research, Ethics CITI Certification

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Biomedical Engineering Education

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Katherine Zobus, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Caroline Cvetkovic, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

to offer a variety of learningopportunities for students [10], [19]. This need to be flexible and adaptable around variousaspects of educational programming in the K-12 space can be evidenced in many ways. Forinstance, a planned workshop could not come to fruition due to scheduling conflicts in theclassroom. Leaf Chromatography was initially planned at the midpoint of the series, whenstudents were learning about plant cells and chlorophyll in their science class. Though theprepared slidedeck and protocol were not tested in the classroom, this workshop’s documents areshared alongside the other Mobile Bioengineering Lab deliverables on the website.Overall, the post-workshop survey results exhibited generally positive attitudes toward

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Breanna Kilgore; Luis Carlos Estrada Petrocelli, Universidad Latina de Panamá, Facultad de Ingeniería; Jay Molino, Univesidad Especializada de las Américas; Ernesto Antonio Ibarra Ramirez P.E., Universidad Latina de Panama; ABHISHEK MAHESH APPAJI, B.M.S. College of Engineering; Rogelio Garcia Contreras, University of Arkansas; Raj R. Rao, University of Arkansas

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

aligned with the high expectations that the students expressed for each question inthe post-course survey. The questions in the educational experience category gauged students'understanding of product development, implementation, viability and scalability. Many of thestudents commented on learning about the financial and business models for productdevelopment as an important component of the course, indicating the usefulness of thiscomponent in helping students better develop low-cost sustainable solutions with potential forbroad impact across diverse populations. In the future, we plan on engaging with non-governmental organizations like ‘Physicians for Peace’ to provide valuable insights andperspectives on real-world challenges that are

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED): Best of Works in Progress

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Uri Feldman, Wentworth Institute; George D. Ricco, University of Indianapolis

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

School at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Dr. Feldman developed informatics metrics to quantify performance of clinicians when using digital diagnostic tools. He has published in Radiology, Academic Radiology, IS&T, SPIE, and RESNA. As a Latino and native Span- ish speaker, born in Peru, Dr. Feldman has created markets and commercialized innovative telemedicine products in Latin America for medical device companies, including Orex Computed Radiography, Kodak Health Group, and ICRco. Dr. Feldman also served as Chief Information Officer (CIO) of Boston Health- care for the Homeless Program where he led the strategic planning and migration to EPIC Electronic Health Records system and novel meaningful use

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Postcard Session (Best of WIPs)

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer M Hatch, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Steven Higbee, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Danka Maric, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis; Sharon Miller, Purdue University

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

: equitable use;flexibility in use; simple and intuitive use; availability of information; tolerance for error; lowphysical effort; size and space for approach and use; and aesthetic and minimalist design [8].Biodesign is a method of training future health technology innovators that was founded at StanfordUniversity [9]. This approach engages medicine, engineering, and business in a curriculum thatchallenges participants to identify (needs finding and screening), invent (concept generation andscreening), and implement (strategy development and business planning) [10]. A recentlydeveloped diversity, equity, inclusion, and justice (DEIJ) toolkit for the Biodesign process providescurriculum developers and instructors with information on diverse team

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Grayce Hendricks, University of California, Santa Cruz; Aditi Bhat

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

students, especially in large introductorycourses, which is where many underrepresented students who planned to major in engineeringdecide to leave the major. BME programs may be particularly susceptible to losing students inprerequisite coursework, as students must take prerequisite courses in the typical pre-engineeringareas, such as math and physics, in addition to extensive coursework in chemistry and biology.ResultsWe distributed a survey to 85 BME students and received 40 responses, including upper-divisionstudents already in our major and lower-division pre-major students who are currently enrolledin an introductory prerequisite course in a different department. Of these, 10 volunteered to sharerepresentative examples of their notes, and 4

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 2: Experiential Learning in Biomedical Engineering

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Marla Hilderbrand-Chae, University of Massachusetts, Lowell ; Shalain Iqbal Siddiqui; Chiara E. Ghezzi; Bryan Black, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Janna Jobel, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Yanfen Li, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

of the experience: “The way that [they] kind of planned out this internship was very, very, very smart. [It] helped us stay on track and focus on what we're doing. [I] definitely worked with [Faculty Mentor 1] a lot.”The planning alluded to by Intern DP became clear when interviewing Faculty Mentor 2. In herinterview, she elaborated on the design of the research experience and how she developed anddistributed a calendar detailing shadowing assignments, experiment information, and scheduledtime for lunches and breaks (see Figure 1). In addition to the schedule, Faculty Mentors 1 and 2set aside time for one-on-one meetings with the interns each week, creating a space for thestudents to share not just science interests but to

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Xianglong Wang, University of California, Davis; Tiffany Marie Chan, University of California, Davis; Angelika Aldea Tamura, University of California, Davis

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

responses arereported below. N=19 (except for statements 1 and 3, where N=18).From this week’s module, I became more confident in…Statement Avg ± Std1. Providing equal opportunities of ML-based medical devices to all groups of people. 5.28 ± 0.672. Taking action to prevent reproduction/maintenance of inequalities in machine learning. 4.74 ± 0.933. Designing, implementing, and assessing ML plans with a DEI perspective. 5.11 ± 0.904. Conveying values in DEI issues in ML. 5.16 ± 0.695. Educating ML engineers on DEI issues. 5.05

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jacquelynn Ann Horsey, University of Arkansas; Thomas Hudnall McGehee, University of Arkansas; Mostafa Elsaadany, University of Arkansas; Timothy J. Muldoon, University of Arkansas

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

Paper ID #43336Assessment and Impact of a Clinical Observations and Needs Finding Courseon Biomedical Engineering Education OutcomesMs. Jacquelynn Ann Horsey, University of Arkansas Jacquelynn is an undergraduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering.Thomas Hudnall McGehee, University of Arkansas Thomas ”Hud” McGehee is an undergraduate student in the Department of Biomedical Engineering. While Hud’s primary research focus is on nanocomposite biomaterials for orthopedic applications, engineering education prevails as another area of interest. Hud plans to pursue higher education by utilizing his engineering

Conference Session

Equity, Diversity, and Social Justice in Biomedical Engineering

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emma Farago, University of Calgary; Emily Ann Marasco, University of Calgary

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Diversity

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

assess the impact of the BSI onspecific underrepresented groups. In future work, we plan to assess the data by gender and othermarginalized identities to better understand the experiences of underrepresented students.Participation in the student experience survey was voluntary, and survey results may not havebeen representative of the experiences of all BSI alumni. There was less representation fromstudents in earlier cohorts of the program, with no responses from students in the 2019 cohort.However, more recent feedback will allow for iterative improvement of the current offering ofthe BSI.ConclusionThe success of the majority of BSI students in their engineering programs is highly encouraging,with most students successfully transitioning into

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William D. Moscoso-Barrera, University of Texas at Austin; Huiliang Wang, University of Texas at Austin

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

severaliterations take place before reaching the final solution. Each iteration is improved upon based onfeedback from the previous iteration.”“Iterative design is characterized by a process in which the design is refined and improved througha series of multiple iterations. Each iteration, the design is improved incrementally based onfeedback and testing from previous iterations.”“More specifically, the iterative design methodology begins with an initial planning step, whereinthe engineering requirements for a new device are developed and enumerated.”“Essentially, each subsequent stage of the iteration process only occurs after the current stagehas been made successful. This leads to much more efficient development of technologies andensures the final

Conference Session

Curriculum Development and Pedagogical Innovations

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kate Mercer, University of Waterloo; Jennifer Howcroft, University of Waterloo; Sean Rose, University of Waterloo

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

and plan for long-term stability andexpansion of the stakeholder cafe student-stakeholder interaction model.Improvements to the Student-Stakeholder Interaction ModelThe overall framework of the student-stakeholder interaction model remained unchanged fromFall 2023 to Fall 2024, and the overall process is shown in Figure 1 [CEEA 2024]. Key changeswere made to the preparatory student workshop and student-stakeholder conversations.Fig. 1. Student-stakeholder interaction model process [19]For the preparatory workshop, the core goal of preparing students for the student-stakeholderconversation and associated content remained essentially unchanged by explaining event rules,reminding students of best practices, and providing an opportunity for

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rebecca Anne Scott, University of Oklahoma; Alex Nelson Frickenstein, University of Oklahoma; Stefan Wilhelm, University of Oklahoma

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Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

will work on this endeavor. Describe the job titles and roles for the various biomedical engineers who would aid in the development and translation of this proposed medical device. If you do not know of any, please type "don't know".3. What experiences and/or skills do you think you (i.e., an undergraduate) should plan to pursue/obtain during your undergraduate tenure to prepare for a career? If you don't know of any, please type "don't know".Appendix B: Alumni Panel Questions1. How/why did you choose the post-graduation route that you did?2. For those who went into industry, why did you choose to go into industry directly with a B.S. or after obtaining your M.S.? How difficult was it to find a job?3. What kinds of extracurriculars