Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 1

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Luiz A. DaSilva, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Liza Wilson Durant, George Mason University; Jordan Mason; Sarah Hayes, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

activities. In this paper, we describe the structure of these programs and associatedmetrics. Early results indicate very high interest by students and employers, high retention ratesin cybersecurity careers, and gains in participation by underrepresented groups. 1. IntroductionThe cybersecurity workforce gap is large, with an estimated 1.1 million employed workers and770 thousand job openings across the country. From the employers’ perspective, the curriculumin some cybersecurity degrees should be more closely aligned with requirements of the jobmarket, enabling new employees to be productive from day one. Meanwhile, new graduatessometimes express frustration with the expectations of job descriptions for entry-level positions,which often include

Conference Session

Experiential Learning : Global Models and Perspectives

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey, University of Toronto; Daniel Munro, University of Toronto; Virginia Hall; Tracy L. Ross, Actua

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

nationa ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Evaluation of a Work-Integrated Learning Program for Undergraduate STEM Outreach InstructorsThis paper describes and evaluates a comprehensive work-integrated learning program,developed and delivered by Actua, a Canadian National STEM organization. The programprovides instructors with a variety of opportunities to improve their skills, career readiness, andtheir employer connections and networks. The program consisted of four sets of activities: (1) Aset of skills-focused training modules to prepare participants for their more immediate STEMoutreach work and longer-term work readiness; (2) Industry-Led Activities andMicro

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John H. Callewaert, University of Michigan; Cassandra Sue Ellen Jamison, University of Michigan

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

focus on understanding and improving the learning that occurs in experiential, out-of-class activities for engineering students. Cassie previously received a B.A. in Engineering Sciences at Wartburg College (Waverly, IA) and her M.S. and Ph.D. de- grees in BME from the University of Michigan (Ann Arbor, MI). ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Supporting the Development of Professional Competencies and Engineering Identity at ScaleWork in Progress PaperIntroductionExperiential learning opportunities have long been known to be important in higher education [1]as they have been linked to more successful recruitment and retention efforts and better

Conference Session

Experiential Learning : Global Models and Perspectives

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fangqing Yi, Tsinghua University; Xiaofeng Tang, Tsinghua University

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

rights and obligations, and monitoring andregulating risk factors. The paper also assesses the respective strengths and limitations of each ofthe two approaches of partnerships. This paper also studies the applicable situations of the twocooperation modes. Based on the comparative case study, this paper summarizes the key success factors foreffective partnerships between Chinese universities and companies in preparing professionalmaster’s students for the workplace: (1) shared understanding of the educational functions ofpractice studies; (2) clear deliverables; (3) stability of practice duration; and (4) flexibility inconnecting students to projects.1. Introduction With the development of science and technology, the demand for high-end

Conference Session

Improving Retention & Self-Efficacy through Experiential Learning and Research Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel A. Tillman, University of Texas at El Paso; Thomas Joseph Soto, University of Texas at El Paso; Song An, University of Texas at El Paso; Carlos Paez, Navajo Technical University; Alice Carron, Blue Marble Institute of Space Science

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

modeling tools. Advances in the learning scienceshave improved our understanding of how students learn and have clarified how personal andcontextual factors can most impact student success [1]. This project is designed to help to closethe digital divide by providing Hispanic students STEM achievement opportunities usingclassroom-friendly health-data tools that can be seamlessly allied with more advancedtechnologies such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR). Additionally, health-themed modeling and simulation is appropriate for inclusion in designated Makerspaces, whereininnovative maker-themed instruction is the ambition. Through student-parent collaborativelearning experiences focused on students’ individual and their familial

Conference Session

Improving Retention & Self-Efficacy through Experiential Learning and Research Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sophia Vicente, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Holly M. Matusovich, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Wayne Gersie

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

and sens ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Intern Perceptions and Learning Experiences: Assessment Insights from a Research Internship Program1. IntroductionThe SOAR internship program is an excellent example of what the National Academy ofEngineering defines as a “high-impact practice” [1]. The purpose of the program is to supportunderrepresented minorities in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM)majors and serve as an opportunity to intern with the ARL at Penn State (ARL) to develop theskills needed to succeed in the workforce. Through a cohort and mentorship structure, theprogram provides interns with hands-on and relevant internship experience. The

Conference Session

Improving Retention & Self-Efficacy through Experiential Learning and Research Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charmane Caldwell, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Reginald J. Perry, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

design, and engineering education. He is currently on the Engineering Accreditation Commission of ABET, Inc, a senior member of the IEEE, and a member of ASEE. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 2023 Educating Engineering Students Innovatively: A Model for Improving Retention and Academic Performance of Black Upper-Level StudentsA. IntroductionIn a study of the Florida A&M University-Florida State University College of Engineering pre-engineering program, almost 700 engineering students were analyzed that were enrolled throughthe HBCU (FAMU) partner of the joint college [1]. Of the students who completed the pre-engineering program, 72% eventually graduated from the university with a

Conference Session

Improving Retention & Self-Efficacy through Experiential Learning and Research Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robin Lynn Nelson, University of Texas at San Antonio; Karina Ivette Vielma, The University of Texas at San Antonio; JoAnn Browning, The University of Texas at San Antonio

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

, continue on pathways toacademia. This is especially important due to the challenging societal issues requiring diverseperspectives [1]. Special groups that continue to be disproportionately included in engineeringpathways include women and members of underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups.Undergraduate research experiences increase the likelihood of engineering students attendinggraduate school. Through critical funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF), researchopportunities can be offered to students, which can target engineering undergraduates fromunderrepresented backgrounds as well as those from universities with few research offerings.The Research Experiences for Undergraduate (REU) is a mechanism to provide

Conference Session

Experiential Learning : Global Models and Perspectives

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alicia Shih, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Sarah Grundy, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Peter Neal, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

disagreedthat it helped to improve problem solving, teamwork, and communication skills, with significantdifferences observed between pre- and post-survey responses (p < 0.05).Recommendations for future study are to assess improvement objectively by incorporating DSTs intostudent assessments, and to observe the impact of the DST on improving student professional skillsover a longer period.Keywords: virtual work integrated learning, professional development, virtual field trips, desktop sitetoursIntroductionIn recognition of the importance of interpersonal and professional skills, Engineers Australia(EA) have made it an accreditation requirement for all tertiary engineering students to gainexposure to industrial practice prior to graduation [1

Conference Session

Experiential Learning and Professional Skills and Competencies: Attainment, Assessment, and Evaluation.

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrian Nat Gentry, Purdue University; Eric Holloway, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE); Kerrie A. Douglas, Cornell University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

students' career social capitalIntroductionWhile there have been many policy level calls for increasing the diversity of the engineeringworkforce, there is little known about the work experiences of engineering students of identitiestraditionally excluded from engineering (e.g., women, LGBTQ+, Black, and Hispanic/Latinx)engineering students [1]–[7]. As Co-ops and internships are many students first industryexperience, it is important to understand how these experiences shape their career development. Work-integrated learning (WIL) programs, such as Co-op programs, internships, andworkforce development programs, are valuable for engineering students’ career development.WIL programs provide opportunities for students to access valuable

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sukeerti Shandliya, University of Cincinnati; Cedrick Kwuimy, University of Cincinnati; So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

subsequently completed his Ph.D. in Applied Physics at the University of Yaound´e 1, also in Cameroon. Currently, he holds the esteemed position of Associate Professor at the University of Cincinnati.Dr. So Yoon Yoon, University of Cincinnati Dr. So Yoon Yoon is an assistant professor in the Department of Engineering and Computing Education in the College of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Cincinnati, OH, USA. Dr. Yoon received her Ph.D. in Gifted Education, and an M.S.Ed. in Research Methods and Measurement with a specialization in Educational Psychology, both from Purdue University, IN, USA. She also holds an M.S. in Astronomy and Astrophysics and a B.S. in Astronomy and Meteorology from Kyungpook

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karina Ivette Vielma, University of Texas at San Antonio; Robin Lynn Nelson, University of Texas at San Antonio; JoAnn Browning P.E., The University of Texas at San Antonio

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

undergraduatesfrom marginalized groups in engineering and to undergraduates who may not have the resourcesduring the academic year to participate in research at their institutions. Students are selectedusing holistic measures by each of the sites. The curriculum for the summer program aims tofoster self-efficacy in research through (1) participation in authentic research work, (2) facultyand experienced graduate student researcher mentoring, and (3) community building across thenatural hazards engineering and research communities.Students meet weekly through virtual means to discuss their research progress, address anychallenges, and discuss the rhetoric of scholarly publications and other activities. REU studentsalso participate in career development

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ying Lyu, Beihang University; Chuantao Yin, Beihang University; Qing Lei, Beihang University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

engineering system. This is equivalent to 4 years of bachelor’s and 2.5 years ofmaster’s studies in the Chinese higher education system. During the undergraduate(preparatory) stage, students pursue courses in basic sciences and humanities, with intensivetraining in mathematics and physics, reflecting a typical feature of French engineeringeducation (Lemaître, 2017). In the master's (engineering) stage, students engage in generaland interdisciplinary engineering studies and specialize in an area of study in which they willcomplete a master's thesis.Figure 1. SFEP curriculum structureThe WIL program at SFEP includes three internships designed to develop professionalcompetences in a progressive manner. These include a one-month ‘observation internship

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Brathwaite, City University of New York, City College

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

, andproject development of the participants. This paper will also focus on the continued use of remote internshipsand experiential opportunities as a High Impact Practice to engage students at an urban commuter universityacross all majors.BackgroundHigh Impact Practices (HIPs) have been shown to be effective in retention, persistence, and overall studentsuccess [1-5]. These practices include activities such as undergraduate research, service learning, experientiallearning opportunities, internships, study abroad, collaborative projects and writing intensive courses. Theseactivities have been found to be very beneficial for underrepresented students. Institutional resources,curriculums and student body demographics limit the effectiveness of the

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert B. Bass, Portland State University; Jen Lindwall, Portland State University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

, equity, inclusion, and accessibility in the nation’s workforce,and meet the objectives of the Justice40 Initiative. Justice40 mandates that at least 40% of thebenefits of certain federal investments must flow to disadvantaged communities, which DoEdefines as “being marginalized, underserved, [or] overburdened by pollution” [1].These requirements present opportunities for universities to provide undergraduate engineeringstudents with career development pathways within the industries targeted by the IIJA and IRA.The opportunities are particularly well-suited for Minority Serving Institutions (MSIs), such asAsian American, Native American, Pacific Islander Serving Institutions (AANAPISIs) andHispanic Serving Institution (HSIs). Our university

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 4

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kimberly LeChasseur, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fiona Levey, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Ahmet Can Sabuncu, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Alireza Ebadi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; John McNeill, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

provide an important bridge between education and employment inengineering and providing marketable skills is a major function of the experience [1]. There isgrowing consensus around capstone projects as a potential site for teaching students professionalskills, such as problem solving and teamwork [2]. Yet there remains a gap in skills betweenemployer expectations and the graduates they hire [3], suggesting that not all capstone coursesare providing sufficient support for developing these skills. For example, [4] found limitedgrowth in professional skills in small, short-term project experiences.One potential amplifier of developing professional skills is self-efficacy. The central premisebehind self-efficacy theory is that having knowledge and

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Kay Pickering, Arizona State University; Erik Fisher, Arizona State University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

education system.This paper looks across three qualitative studies during the work-based experiences (WBEs) ofeleven undergraduate computer engineering and information technology systems students fromgroups traditionally underrepresented in STEM. In this paper, WBEs are defined as paidengagements for students as they work on solving real-world problems, while performing tasksand projects in partnership with an employer or community partner. Three types of WBEs arerepresented: internships (Study 1), apprenticeships (Study 2), and company employees (Study 3).All three studies used the Socio-Technical Integration Research (STIR) methodology which hasbeen established in 80 studies worldwide and over a dozen peer-reviewed publications. As amethodology

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Match Ko, University of Hong Kong; Fu Zhang, University of Hong Kong; Chun Kit Chui, University of Hong Kong

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

education.KeywordsStudent-initiated interest groups, engineering leadership, experiential learning, bio-inspiredrobotics, Guinness World Record, electric vehicle technologies, international awardBackgroundThis practice paper introduces a program designed to cultivate the development of student-initiated interest groups (SIGs) with a focus on technological innovation and challenge-basedlearning within the engineering faculty of the University of Hong Kong. In December 2020, thefaculty inaugurated a 2,000-square-meter Tam Wing Fan Innovation Wing [1] (a.k.a. the HKUInno Wing) at a prominent location on campus. This center serves as the hub for the SIGprogram, equipped with cutting-edge prototyping facilities and extensive project spaces. Settingitself apart from

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 3

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lufan Wang, Florida International University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

internship programs, and provide a roadmap for highereducation institutions and industry partners to collaboratively design internship programs that arerelevant, effective, and aligned with the evolving needs of both the industry and its futureprofessionals.KEYWORDSInternship program, Construction industry, Comparative analysisINTRODUCTIONInternships have been widely recognized as an important learning method in higher engineeringeducation. It can expose students in real-life work environment, and help them to integrate thetheoretical knowledge learned in the classroom with best practices in the industry [1]. This isparticularly necessary in practical fields like construction [2]. The complexity of projects and thedynamic nature of the work

Conference Session

Improving Retention & Self-Efficacy through Experiential Learning and Research Programs

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sydney Donohue Jobe, University of New Mexico; Kamryn G. Zachek; Alex Webster, University of New Mexico; Timothy L. Schroeder; Anjali Mulchandani, University of New Mexico

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

engagement in undergraduate research opportunities promotes improved criticalthinking and scientific reasoning, increased academic performance, enhanced retention bothwithin STEM majors and in college overall, and improved satisfaction with college. [1] However, there are several structural barriers to participation in research, including lackof information, time, and income. [2] Undergraduates may not participate due to lack ofawareness about opportunities, uncertainty about the recruitment process, uneven access tofaculty mentors, and personal responsibilities and living situations (e.g., living off campus). [3]First-year undergraduate students in particular may express interest in participating inundergraduate research experiences but may

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED) Technical Session 2

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kamryn G. Zachek, University of New Mexico; Anjali Mulchandani, University of New Mexico; Sydney Donohue Jobe, University of New Mexico

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

look at the impacts onstudent self-efficacy. Those outcomes will be used to scale and tailor the program to addressadditional research topics across disciplines at the University of New Mexico.1. Introduction1.1. Undergraduate Involvement in Interdisciplinary ResearchUndergraduate participation in interdisciplinary research opportunities enriches educationalexperiences through the development of critical thinking skills, personal development, exposureto practical application of academic knowledge, and overall increased academic performance[1][2]. Tangible benefits of early-stage research involvement of college students can be observedthrough increased test scores, enhanced retention of class material, and the development ofprofessional

Conference Session

Experiential Learning : Global Models and Perspectives

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Venkataraman PB, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani; G. Sundar

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

equivalence, instruction and assessment.Table 1: Literature dealing with WIL models and assessmentResearch MethodBased on our literature review, we identified two possible instances, where WIL is aimed atrelevance and career growth namely, Exeter and BITS Pilani. Out of these two, we selected 3A descriptive study of an innovative and sustainable model of work integrated learningfor industry professionals – An Indian casethe latter considering the access to the data. Post 199210 no structured study has beenpublished on this institute model hence we undertook to study the developments during thepast two decades.We adopted

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Models, Methods & Frameworks for Experiential Learning

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sophia Vicente, Elizabethtown College; Sara A. Atwood, Elizabethtown College; Rebecca Holcombe

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

education requirements there is still work to be done toconnect research efforts to practice. This paper contributes to the literature by synthesizingpreviously conducted research and providing recommendations for future research and practiceto improve cooperative education. Specifically, through this literature review we explore two keyquestions: 1. What major trends exist in the literature published through the American Society of Engineering Education on the topic of co-ops and cooperative education? 2. Based on the published literature, what opportunities exist for further exploration of co- ops and cooperative education?Methods To conduct this literature review, we leveraged an evidence-based framework forconducting

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Identity, Motivation & Belonging in Experiential Learning

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenya Crosson, University of Dayton; Elizabeth Generas, Wright State University; Leanne Petry, Central State University; Melissa Karlin, St. Mary's University; Margaret Pinnell, University of Dayton; Camryn Lanise Justice, University of Dayton

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

group had a higherpercentage of students that earned a PhD. A REU site established in 2017 with the goal of broadeningparticipation of URM groups in engineering had a target of 60% of students coming from limited research 1 [Work in Progress] Broadening Participation and Building Students’ Self-Efficacy Through Experiential Learning Undergraduate Research Experiences focused on STEM Research for Social Changeopportunity institutions, 50% coming from URM groups in engineering (based on gender, ethnicity andrace), and at least 40% first-generation students. During the first 5 years of the program, 67% ofparticipants were female, 38% were a

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Assessment, Curriculum & Instructional Design

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chelsea Armbrister, Florida A&M University - Florida State University; Lara Perez-Felkner, Florida A&M University - Florida State University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

, self-efficacy, opportunities for professionaldevelopment, academic support etc. have significant influence on retention in Science, Technology,Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as well as increases to the STEM workforce[1], [2]. These factors havebeen found especially compounding in historically underrepresented groups in STEM fields, includingEngineering[3]. Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) internship programs partner with nationallaboratories, principal investigators (PI’s), graduate mentors and STEM student groups to assess, explore andexamine science, technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) topics. Such a program is curatedintentionally to retain and increase the STEM workforce by addressing the challenges faced by STEM

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Identity, Motivation & Belonging in Experiential Learning

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Neeko Bochkarev, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Emilie A Siverling, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Ellen Patricia Thompson, Minnesota State University - Iron Range Engineering; Michelle Soledad, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Catherine McGough Spence, Minnesota State University, Mankato

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

Based Learning ProgramIntroductionIn this research-track paper, we seek to identify the relationship between engineering identity andbelonging and neurodiversity in a co-op based program. Neurodivergent characteristics, such asattention to detail, creativity, and pattern recognition, align well with careers in STEM (Science,Technology, Engineering, Mathematics), yet retention of neurodivergent students withinengineering programs is lower than neurotypical students [1]. Neurodivergent students whograduate or attempt to enter the workforce in a STEM discipline face bias and decreased successrates in job attainment after graduation [2]. By exploring neurodiverse engineering students’engineering identity and sense of belonging in a co-op based

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Models, Methods & Frameworks for Experiential Learning

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University

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Diversity

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

compared to traditionalteaching methods (Lee et al., 2008).These learning theories point to six common elements that have pedagogical implications thatwill be detailed later: (1) Active Construction of Knowledge: most theories emphasize thatlearners actively construct meaning rather than passively receive information. (2) ContextImportance: most theories (Situated Learning, Communities of Practice, Authentic Learning,Ecological Systems) emphasize the importance of authentic contexts. (3) Reflection Component:many theories highlight reflection as crucial to transforming experience into learning. (4) SocialDimension: most theories emphasize the social nature of learning. (5) Application Focus: thesetheories value the application of knowledge in

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED): Developing Professional and Career Readiness

Collection

2025 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fatemeh Mirzahosseini Zarandi, University of Cincinnati; Madeline Martin, University of Cincinnati; Siqing Wei, University of Cincinnati; David Reeping, University of Cincinnati

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Cooperative and Experiential Education Division (CEED)

shown in Figure 1. These elements, such as career goals, evolve across one’slifespan and are shaped by personal and social factors (Richardson & Watt, 2018). As one’s self-efficacy changes, one's outcome expectations and goals will also change, affecting performance.Additionally, outcome expectations may change independently of self-efficacy, changing one’sgoals and affecting performance. The process repeats in a cycle in which one’s performanceattainment will become a past experience, impacting self-efficacy and outcome expectations,which then impacts future performance (Lent, 2002).Figure 1: Adapted subset of SCCT performance model from Lent (2002).Research DesignThis study adopts a phenomenological research design to explore engineering