Conference Session

ECCD International Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary Slowinski, M.Ed., CREATE NSF-ATE Center; Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

short timeframe. As would be expected, these efforts have driven theeducation sector, and in particular those concerned with workforce preparation, to developstrategic solutions for providing workers for this shifting economy.This study concentrates on the experiences of the study team in Germany during whichparticipant data was collected through the use of surveys, formative reflective reports, summativesector reports and individual participant research report methodologies. As a result, this paperintends to: • compare,  contrast  and  present  pre-­‐  and  post-­‐travel  participant  knowledge  of   renewable  energy  policy,  implementation  and  technician  training  in  Germany   • summarize  and  present  participant  key

Conference Session

Diverse Issues in Renewable Energy

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Efrain O'Neill-Carrillo, University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Agustin Irizarry-Rivera P.E., University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez Campus; Cecilio Ortiz, University of Puerto Rico-INESI; Marla D. Perez-Lugo, University of Puerto Rico, Mayguez Campus

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

undergraduate students. The engineering professors delved even further intothe energy policy process by participating in the governing board of the largest electric utility inPuerto Rico and as advisors to the Governor. Policy actions from engineering professors andstudents played an important role in the passing of a comprehensive electric sector reform inMay 2014. The paper also presents university education efforts (supported by a DOE grant) thatprovide the electricity sector workforce and stakeholders with tools and knowledge needed toimplement the reform mandated by law. The paper concludes with assessment results from a newcourse created once the professors returned to UPRM, a reflection on the background requiredfor effective energy policymaking

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 1: Mechanical and CAD Track

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Hayrettin Bora Karayaka, Western Carolina University; Chip W. Ferguson, Western Carolina University; Amber C. Thompson, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Fall 2018 visitedthe same Duke Energy hydroelectric generation facility mentioned above, and received a powerplant tour from one of their engineers. During the Spring 2020 semester, students visited andtoured the Eaton corporation facility located in Arden, NC. A project personnel chaperoned thescholarship recipients during this trip.For all field trips, NRC scholars were asked to write reports highlighting their technicalobservations. The following is a reflection excerpt by one scholar after the tour of Oconeenuclear station: “The immense size and convolution of the operation of the plant is astounding. There is a certain pressure felt while standing in the control center. It is seemingly my own experience that tells me I

Conference Session

Alternative-energy Laboratory Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bret Bosma, California State University, Chico; Gregory Kallio, California State University, Chico

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

and Current. Page 14.1022.11 Figure 9. Module Temperature.Figure 10 shows the dc power output for static and tracking tests. Again, the static test shows anincreasing trend with time due to decreasing tracking error. The tracking dc power is nearlyconstant and approximately 40% higher than the static dc power for this test. Figure 11 showsthe PV system efficiency versus time. Both tests show similar values because of the normalizingeffect of the solar irradiation in the denominator of the efficiency equation. The slightly higherefficiency for the tracking test is unknown – it may be due to pyranometer angle-of-incidenterrors, increased reflection from the PV module glass at non

Conference Session

Energy Curriculum Advancements

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Craig Somerton, Michigan State University; Andre Benard, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

between the two authors. The syllabus for the firstyear offering (spring 2004) is shown in Attachment 2. The initials following a topic or projectindicate which author took primary responsibility for it. This approach proved to be a veryefficient way to develop course materials.In developing the lectures and projects for the course, it occurred to the authors that in the fieldof alternative energy, the practicing engineer must have an understanding of the political, social,and economic issues associated with alternative energy. These topics were added to the courseand are reflected in the syllabus, both in lecture topics and project assignments.Evolution of the CourseAt the time of submission of this paper, the course has been taught twice

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Applications

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chad Dunkel, University of Idaho; Ryan A Oliver, BP; Tao Xing P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Herbert L. Hess, University of Idaho, Moscow; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho, Moscow; Dev S. Shrestha, University of Idaho, Moscow; Russell Scott Smith, University of Idaho Energy Plant

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

skills, the middleband (in bold) highlights design skills, and bottom portion (in italics) highlights communicationskills. Student and faculty perspectives were closely aligned. The client perspective wassimilar, but it reflected what was important in intermediate and final work products rather thanwhat transpired in day to day team activities. What was valued by students and faculty wassimilar to traditional capstone projects, but there was heavier weight given to thermodynamics,engineering economics, computer modeling, interaction with external stakeholders, and greater Page 26.357.15emphasis on technical presentations as well as report

Conference Session

CAPSTONE (SENIOR) DESIGN AND UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTS

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University ; Michael G. Mauk, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

time it took the unit to get to idle rpm, but the difference was not considerablecompared to all the positions at 0 degrees. Based on the results reflected in Table 1, the Darrieusturbine output the maximum RPM at a wind speed from 14-17 mph. At higher speeds the windstarts to affect the opposite blades in which the tangential force is being applied, and theperformance of the Darrieus starts to decrease.Wind Speed Acceleration Rotations per Deceleration Torque Power (mph) Time (sec) Minute(rpm) Time (sec) (Nm) (Watts) 5 270 14 240 8 4 8 225 21 270 21

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Emery Mertz, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

theproject was used, but the 8 outcomes below reflect accurately the consistent goals of the courseand form a basis for what features needed to be included in a project. 1. Students will develop problem statements and design criteria/requirements by evaluating a project scenario using design techniques (such as mind mapping or functional decomposition). 2. As a part of a design team, students will use the engineering design process to design, create, and evaluate a prototype that addresses realistic design constraints and requirements. 3. Students will self-assess, select, pursue, and demonstrate competency with a variety of tools, methods, and software as determined by their program. 4. Students will analyze

Conference Session

ECCD - Technical Session 2 - Solar Energy

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Bennet Thomas Krull, Illinois State University; Matthew Aldeman, Illinois State University; Jin Ho Jo, Illinois State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

solar energy productionitself – for example, a possible fault in the data reporting and monitoring system. Furthermore,because the sample size was only eleven systems, if the data set included zero power output forone system for an extended time period then it would have an unreasonably large effect on theaggregated power output. For all of these reasons, when the power output was equal to zero andthe reason for the zero power output was not related to environmental conditions, the data wasdiscarded from the data set.Analysis and Results The data gathered from the SolarEdge website reflected the power output from eachindividual solar system. Each system was normalized to 10 kW maximum power output usingthe following equation

Conference Session

Renewable Energy in Classroom

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Radian G. Belu, Drexel University (Tech.); Richard Chiou, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); KETKI GHAISAS, Drexel University; Tzu-Liang Bill Tseng, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

solar radiationHOMER synthesizes solar radiation values for each of the 8760 hours of the year. Its algorithmsproduces realistic hourly data, being easy to use, requiring only the latitude and the monthlyaverages, while displaying realistic day to day and hour to hour patterns. The synthetic data arecreated with certain statistical properties that reflect global average value. However, generateddata for a particular location will not exactly replicate the characteristics of the real solarradiation. But tests show that synthetic solar data produce virtually the same simulation results asreal data. HOMER synthetic wind data generator is little different to use than the solar data as itrequires four parameters, in order to generate wind statistics

Conference Session

Experiences in Teaching Energy Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Slobodan Petrovic, Arizona State University; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; John Robertson, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

for overcoming the lack of fundamental knowledge of electrochemistry for thosestudents with little or rudimentary understanding of electrochemical principles while notsacrificing the ultimate outcomes of course, which are to provide practical, industry ready skills.These methods introduce equally challenging concept of designing an engineering course withultimate integral quality expressed through a complete, interconnected understanding of theoverall main objectives rather than fragmented knowledge acceptance typical for students withnot well defined foundations. The paper also reflects the experience from working with limitedstudent population and can only claim qualitative importance and informative character. As thealternative energy

Conference Session

Solar Power, Wind Power, and Energy System Initiatives

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Swedish, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

experience with the course.Some examples of negative feedback: “[Provide] clearer guidelines at the beginning of the course.” “Class seemed to be made up as time went by. Little structure.” “More guidance at the beginning would yield a better result.” The negative comments reflect perhaps the biggest challenge in a course of this type. Abalance must be struck between the need for structure and the goal of an “open-ended” designexperience. The author continues to work at refining this balance. In fact, it is often difficult toknow where the design process will lead for a particular project. Since no two projects are thesame, this balance must be reevaluated each year. An important lesson learned is

Conference Session

Novel Energy Applications in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael Swedish, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

extent that it accurately reflects,or predicts, the real world. We search, therefore, for a model that will stand up when applied tothe widest possible variety of tests. While some parts of this approach to the Second Law have been incorporated previouslyby the author, the pedagogy described below was presented in full for the first time to a class inthe second course of the thermodynamics sequence in 2008. The students were asked to considerthe universe as they experience it. They were presented with the hypothesis that the universe isinfused with a characteristic that is called “usefulness”, and that it is usefulness that is valued.This hypothesis was illustrated for them through a student exercise.Student Exercise: Identifying

Conference Session

Novel Energy Applications in Education

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mark Schumack, University of Detroit Mercy; Mohammad Elahinia, University of Toledo; Christopher Schroeder, University of Toledo; Walter Olson, University of Toledo

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

time was spent in explainingcertain aspects of MATLAB usage. Figure 8 shows that 52% of respondents did not use thehelp menu, while the remainder either did use it or did not remember using it. In futureofferings, the situation may be rectified by emphasizing that not all information to runMATLAB is provided in the lecture, and that students must use the help menu to do theassignment.The assignments were designed to be completed in between one and two hours. Figure 9 showsthat most students took over two hours, a fact that could be a reflection of the need to undergo asignificant amount of trial and error to figure out how to use certain features of the program

Conference Session

Sustainable Education and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elaine Scott, Seattle Pacific University; John Lindberg, Seattle Pacific University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

II. Communicates and interacts effectively with a diverseDemonstrates interpersonal skillsnecessary for effective personal and engineering and global community through responsible (g) an ability to communicateprofessional relationships. discourse and respect for each other. effectivelyEngages with diverse others. III. Character Reflects upon ideas and actions III. Embodies personal and professional integrity by

Conference Session

Energy Learning through Simulation and Analysis

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert McMasters, Virginia Military Institute; Michael Sexton, Virginia Military Institute

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

12Question 4.I found the project enhanced my understanding of the course material.Strongly Disagree Disagree neutral Agree Strongly Agree 0 2 9 17 3Question 5.The project was relevant to our study of conduction heat transfer.Strongly Disagree Disagree neutral Agree Strongly Agree 0 0 3 15 13The student survey reflects a highly favorable reaction from the students. There seems to beconsensus that the approach of using a graphic output to a two dimensional temperaturedistribution has enhanced student understanding of

Conference Session

Energy Conservation

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nitt Chuenprateep, University of the District of Columbia; Warren Orlando Abrams, University of the District of Columbia; Alicia Marshall, University of the District of Columbia; Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

addition, mechanical engineering experiencehelped to take this project’s concept into completion. Utilizing the mechanical engineeringstudent’s experience with modeling and operations research, the group was able to modify theGridLab-D to model the experiment. As the nation’s only urban land-grant university, the University of the District of Columbia hasa special focus on urban sustainability, which is reflected in its curriculum and research focuses.The experience that these students brought to the framing of this project was integral to itssuccess. Collaboration through the capstone project allowed students to share the lessons they’velearned through their internships or research projects in a concrete manner. One student, who haddone

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 5: Energy and Wind and Design

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Maher Shehadi, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

, cooling, heating, pumps andcooling towers [7]. Thus, a reduction in the HVAC energy consumption load would reflect asignificant reduction in the total energy consumed. According to Madison Gas and Electric Company, “on average, a U.S. office building spendsnearly 29 percent of its operating expenses on utilities, and the majority of this expenditure goestoward electricity and natural gas. For the average office building, energy costs can exceed$30,000 per year,”[5]. Cooling towers contributes toward 6% of the energy consumption by office buildings [7].Whatever type of refrigerating system is being used in the HVAC system, it is fundamental tominimize the required heat extraction and to keep the difference between condensingtemperature (Tc

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 3: Energy and Multidisciplinary

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Joana Marques Melo, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Cynthia Howard-Reed, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Catherine G.P. Berdanier, Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

Assistance in Areas of National Need (GAANN) under Award No. P200A180031.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or theU.S. Department of Education.The authors would like to thank Dr. James Freihaut for his advice during the development of thepresented Excel tool.References[1] V. Jones and J. H. Jo, “Ubiquitous learning environment: An adaptive teaching system using ubiquitous technology,” in Beyond the comfort zone: Proceedings of the 21st ASCILITE Conference, 2004, vol. 468, p. 474, [Online]. Available: https://www.ascilite.org/conferences/perth04/procs/jones.html.[2] T. L

Conference Session

ECCD Technical Session 3: Energy and Multidisciplinary

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jacques Belanger, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Andrew Davol, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Huy A Duong, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo; Trent Hamilton

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

codetogether to make sure that its logic was sound. Lastly, we also checked different criteria such ascustomer reviews, prices and usage popularity before purchasing new components.” She alsorelated challenges that she encountered during that first summer. “One downside of the project isthat there wasn’t a schedule for us to follow, so it was hard to keep track of where we were in theproject or how close we were to the finish line. To cope with this, I kept in mind the goal ofmaking a solar tracking controller, discussing next steps with Student 2 to move forward to ourgoal.”Student 2 provided us with the following reflection:“I worked on the SURP project the summer after my first year, so I had not previously had muchexperience working on a larger

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Solar

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lihong (Heidi) Jiao, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

energy for those left in the dark,and to use technology to help people in need. We strive to develop solutions for areas withlimited grid power. The goal of the Alternative Energy Club is to incorporate alternative sourcesof energy into practical engineering applications and projects. One of the current projects is tobuild a solar powered car to race in the American Solar Challenge.6. AssessmentBoth formative and summative assessments were conducted. At the beginning of each lecture orlab activity, questions related to the previous lesson were asked and reflected upon. Studentswere also given opportunities to address issues that they felt they did not quite understand.Discussion then took place to explore reasons for lack of understanding. This

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Division Technical Session on Energy Efficiency and Power Grid Security

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ilya Y. Grinberg, Buffalo State

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

challengesranging from tackling stability issues, system integration, SCADA programming, and integrationof SEL relays. Most of these issues were not part of the regular coursework in the program.Students engaged with experts from industry to clarify several issues that they encountered. Suchinteraction is an important part of their undergraduate experience and a required component ofthe senior design sequence at SUNY Buffalo State.Students reflected on the project in highly positive way:“The Microgrid senior design project has been an excellent opportunity to apply theoreticalprinciples and knowledge gained during Electrical Engineering Technology classes. Completionof the various Lucas-Nuelle training labs assisted in teaching theoretical principals

Conference Session

ECCD Innovative Teaching Methods & Outreach

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nicole Zimmerman, Portland State University; Timothy D. Gulzow, Portland State University; Robert B Bass, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

scrutinized, and their BoMs updated to reflect design changes. In this fashion,feedback is provided to the student groups at each critical phase in the design process.By the end of the term, students have designed and built a system in accord with a set ofspecifications. They have written a vetted user’s manual. They have applied and justified the useof relevant codes and standards. And, they have demonstrated their project via a verbalexplanation and demonstration of the project design. All of these the course instructor may use toassess the students’ mastery of the course SOs.5 Assessment MethodsIn this section, we demonstrate the assessment of the design-cycle projects, and the DCPalignment with ABET EC2000 SOs. Assessment results come from

Conference Session

ECCD - Technical Session 1 - Energy & Electrical Engineering

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Aman Luthra, University of Georgia; Tom Lawrence P.E., University of Georgia; John M. Mativo, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

the experiment and collecting pertinent materials.The second semester focused on conducting the experiment and analyzing data. The lastsemester focused on an economic analysis as well as reflections, drawing conclusions, andapplications.Motivation In 1950, the global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached over 300 parts per million,the highest on record at the time. Since then, the concentration has surpassed 400 parts permillion and is continuing to increase [2]. Because of increasing CO2 emissions, as well as thoseof other greenhouse gases, climate change continues to drive major environmental issuesincluding rising sea levels, more destructive hurricanes, and more prolonged droughts [2]. Onemajor contributor to the increase in

Conference Session

Design Projects in Wind and Solar Energy

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel Lakeou, University of the District of Columbia; Esther Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia; Ben Latigo, University of the District of Columbia; George Karanja, University of the District of Columbia; Wagdy Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Wilfried Oshumare, University of the District of Columbia

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

around the X-axis progressively from June 21 to December 21 in one direction andfrom December 22 to June 20 in the opposite direction.For a simple tracking system, the daily solar tracking is achieved by rotating the array about thesolar tracking axis Y, by equal incremental angular steps ∆ϕ = 150. It is to be noted that thisproposed angular step does not reflect the actual angular step to be performed every month. Infact, the angular step varies from month to month and is location dependent. The programmable Page 11.406.5nature of the proposed design can easily account for these variations. The number of angularsteps covered

Conference Session

Novel Applications of Computers/Software in Energy Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Spezia, Southern Illinois University-Carbondale

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

graphing into a single, easily mastered environment. The program displaysmathematical symbols in standard form on the screen, so developed documents are similar to aprinted book except that any change in a numerical value will reflect throughout the document.This makes the format ideal for exploring cause and effect relationships between problemvariables and solutions2,3. The electronic book was developed using Version 2001 and isupwardly compatible with newer releases and is intended for student use.A Mathcad electronic book is a collection of hyperlinked Mathcad documents which open in aseparate window from the main program. A table of contents links the user to topics andcalculations. Electronic book users can cut and paste solution templates

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ona Egbue, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla MO; Suzanna Long, Missouri University of Science & Technology; Ean-Harn Ng, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

representative comments include“Car you charge up”, “A car that doesn’t use gas, it has to be charged”, and “…charged onelectricity, runs on a battery and even sometimes has gas tank too”. Other descriptions of electricvehicles include “A vehicle you have to plug-in to run”, and “Ford Taurus”.Table 1 – Themes reflecting students’ perception of electric vehicles No of Keywords responses % Electricity 20 67% Charge 6 20% Page 23.483.7 Batteries 6 20% 6Plug-in

Conference Session

Electrical Energy Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Ferris, Portland State University; Robert B Bass, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

most groups due to difficulties demagnetizing the CTs aftersaturation during their very first saturation test. Therefore the measured current and voltagevalues reflected only the operation of the CT under core saturation. Different methods ofdemagnetizing were attempted, all with the same result. Further research with the CTs will berequired to troubleshoot this issue so that the saturation test determining the magnetization curvewill be effective. The labs that required use of the MultiAmp SR series relay testers receivedcriticism regarding outdated equipment; two out of three units malfunctioned upon prolonged use,requiring frequent repair. This caused technical problems for the labs that require severalminutes of continuous high current

Conference Session

Energy Education Courses, Labs, and Projects II

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hamid Arastoopour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Mohamed Shahidehpour, Illinois Institute of Technology; Joseph Clair P.E., Illinois Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

) program, a hands-on undergraduate program that engages multidisciplinary teams of students in projects based on real-world topics, features a number of projects each semester in areas related to energy and sustainability, and a range of activities that utilize IIT campus as a living laboratory. IPRO Teamwork, innovation, and complex problem-solving skills make successful professionals—and reflect the overall performance of their organizations. Since 1995, the IPRO Page 25.714.3 team project courses at IIT have been teaching students how to excel in the workplace by

Conference Session

Energy Education and Industry Needs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank Falcone, Argonne National Laboratory; Terrence Davidovits, A123 Systems; Eric Schacht, The Ohio State Univeristy; Michael Wahlstrom, Argonne National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

electrical team members and partially the controls or software teammembers. In the EcoCAR ESS design the ESS was set as a subsystem, which includedmechanical packaging design, electrical wiring design, and controls management and faultdiagnosis. This collaboration helps to create a cohesive and unified design.Lessons LearnedWith many new processes one comes away with ideas of how to improve things for the next timeand this is no different. From the organizer perspective, it is important to reflect on the systemlevel design principles employed in all other areas of the competition and place them into contextin this new frontier of collegiate automotive design. It was realized during the past year that