Conference Session

Engineering Ethics IV

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Cottrell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2008-1616: INTEGRATING ENGINEERING ETHICS EDUCATION INTO AMULTI-DISCIPLINARY SEMINAR COURSE: MAKING THE “SOFT”OUTCOMES RELEVANTDavid Cottrell, University of North Carolina at Charlotte DR. DAVID S. COTTRELL is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering Technology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1978 and retired in 2000 after more than 22 years of service with the US Army Corps of Engineers. Studies at Texas A&M University resulted in an MS Degree in Civil Engineering in 1987 and a PhD in 1995. He is a registered Professional Engineer and has taught courses in statics, dynamics, mechanics of materials, graphic

Conference Session

Engineering and Poverty

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York-Binghamton

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

does afford ussomething very important as engineers. It allows us to consider a much broader range of“clients”, many more than our simply paying our salaries. It also provides us with amechanism whereby we can refuse ethically to work on a particular project even thoughthe device itself may meet basic safety requirements. We also may refuse to work onprojects that held paramount public safety but excluded considerations of theenvironment or the impact our device might have upon a community.There is little doubt within the scientific community that the Earth’s climate is changingand that it is the activities, that is, the technologies of humankind that are playing asignificant role in producing the changes. One of the ecosystems that is already

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics V

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland; Donald Chinn, University of Washington, Tacoma

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2009-2512: AN EXERCISE TO ENGAGE COMPUTING STUDENTS INDISCUSSIONS OF PROFESSIONAL ISSUESTammy VanDeGrift, University of Portland Dr. Tammy VanDeGrift is an Assistant Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of Portland. Her research interests include computer science education and computer science theory. In the arena of computer science education research, she is especially interested in conducting studies that investigate students' preconceptions of computing ideas.Donald Chinn, University of Washington, Tacoma Dr. Donald Chinn is an Associate Professor at the University of Washington, Tacoma. He helped create a supplementary problem solving workshop program

Conference Session

Engineering and Sustainability

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Aman Yadav, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Option in Systems Engineering, Ethics, and Technology Studies. Journal of Engineering Education, 89(4), 461-469.10. Richards, L. G, Gorman, M., Scherer, W. T., Landel, R. D., (1995). Promoting Active Learning with Cases and Instructional Modules. Journal of Engineering Education, 84(4), 375-381.11. Haws, D. R. (2001). Ethics instruction in engineering education: a (mini) meta-analysis. Journal of Engineering Education, 90(2), 223-229.12. Herreid, C. F. (2007). Start with a story: The case study method of teaching college science. NSTA Press: Arlington, VA. Page 12.1394.5

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Yousef Jalali, Virginia Tech ; Scott A. Civjan, University of Massachusetts Amherst

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Engineering Education, 90, 2, 223-229.Herkert, J.R. (2000). Engineering ethics education in the USA: content, pedagogy andcurriculum. European Journal of Engineering Education, 25 (4), 303-313.Herkert, J.R. (2001). Future directions in engineering ethics research: Microethics, macroethicsand the role of professional societies. Science and Technology Ethics, 7, 3, 403-414.Jalali, Y., Matheis, C., & Lohani, V. K. (2019). Ethics instruction and the role of liberatorypraxis and theory. Paper presented at 2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, Tampa,Florida.Keating, A. (2002). Charting pathways, marking thresholds… a warning, an introduction, in G.E.Anzaldúa & A. Keating (Eds.), This bridge we call home: Radical visions for transformation

Conference Session

Reimagining Engineering Ethics

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Jessica Koehler, Wake Forest University; Olga Pierrakos, Wake Forest University ; Michael Lamb, Wake Forest University; Alana Demaske, Wake Forest University; Carlos Santos, Wake Forest University; Michael D. Gross, Wake Forest University; Dylan Franklin Brown, Wake Forest University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

recruitment and retention, engineer identity, PBL pedagogies, engineering design pedagogies, capstone design, learning through service, bringing real world problem solving into the classroom, etc. She also conducts research in cardiovascular fluid mechanics and sustainable energy technologies. She holds a BS and MS in Engineering Mechanics from Virginia Tech, and a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from the joint program between Virginia Tech and Wake Forest University.Dr. Michael Lamb, Wake Forest University Michael Lamb is Executive Director of the Program for Leadership and Character and Assistant Professor of Politics, Ethics, and Interdisciplinary Humanities at Wake Forest University. He is also a Research Fellow with the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William M. Jordan, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2011-717: ENGINEERING ETHICS AND JUSTICE: HOW DO THEYRELATE?William M. Jordan, Baylor University WILLIAM JORDAN is the Mechanical Engineering Department Chair at Baylor University. He has B.S. and M.S. degrees in Metallurgical Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines, an M.A. degree in Theology from Denver Seminary, and a Ph.D. in mechanics and materials from Texas A & M University. He teaches materials related courses. He does work in the areas of entrepreneurship and appropriate technology in developing countries. He also writes and does research in the areas of engineering ethics and engineering education

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics IV

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norma Mattei, University of New Orleans

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

AC 2008-2465: COMPARISON OF CHEATING BEHAVIORS INUNDERGRADUATENorma Mattei, University of New Orleans Page 13.312.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2008 Comparison of Cheating Behaviors in Undergraduate Engineering Students and the General Student Population at the University of New OrleansAcademic dishonesty is a problem at most universities, including the University of New Orleans(UNO). The percentage of students who report cheating varies by college major. Recent studiesindicate that engineering students more frequently engage in cheating behavior than students ofmost other majors [1]. One of the most recent studies, called

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics I

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Cruz, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; William Frey, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Halley Sanchez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Aury Curbelo, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

the documentation of continual improvement required by various assessment strategies including those of ABET (Accreditation Board of Engineering and Page 13.396.3 2 Technology) and AACSB (Association for the Advancement of Collegiate Schools of Business).These levels (and the supporting Connexions® courseware platform) encourage the emergenceof valuable editing and mentoring collaborations. Ethicists and BSE faculty working in theToolkit interact to educate and mentor one another as well as collaborate throughout theconceptualization, editing

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brock Barry, Purdue University; Vincent Drnevich, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

students were likely to encounter in professional practice 5, 6. EC 2000 Criterion 3fstates that an outcome of accredited engineering and technology programs should be graduateswho can demonstrate an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility 7. Subsequent Page 13.1299.2to the EC 2000 implementation, the engineering education literature has generated a largevolume of material that discusses a variety of pedagogical methods and curriculum integrationmethods 1, 2, 6, 8, 9. However, the literature appears to be lacking in long-term studies of trends inethical judgment among engineering students.Much of the instructional material

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division - WIP Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Indiana-Purdue University; Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Donna M. Riley, Purdue University-Main Campus, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Alan Cheville, Bucknell University; Jennifer Karlin, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Sarah Appelhans, University at Albany; Thomas De Pree, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

education.Dr. Atsushi Akera, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Atsushi Akera is Associate Professor and Graduate Program Director in the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY). He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in the History and Sociology of Science, University of Pennsylvania. His current research is on the history of engineering education reform in the United States (1945-present). He is the immediate past chair of the ASEE Ad Hoc Committee on Interdivisional Cooperation; Chair of the International Network for Engineering Studies (INES); past chair of the ASEE Liberal Education / Engineering and Society Division; and a former member of the Society for the History of

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Travis Rieder, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

, 1998), 235.34 Diane Vaughn, The Challenger Launch Decision: Risky Technology, Culture, and Deviance at NASA(Chicago: University Press, 1996).35 It should be noted that such an interpretation is no longer unanimously accepted. Vaughn, who coinedthe term ‘amoral calculation’ (previous footnote), argues persuasively that the well-accepted interpretationof the Challenger tragedy as a result of engineers being unwilling to strongly voice their opinions and themanagers being unwilling to listen to the engineers is over-simplified and misleading. See both Vaughn’sThe Challenger Launch Decision and Lynch and Kline’s “Engineering Practice and Engineering Ethics.”36 Derek Parfit, Reasons and Persons (Oxford: University Press, 1984), 381-387. This

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics: Using Case Studies

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

products they design and thepeople that will ultimately use them. Many of these choices are of a technical nature and theengineer's academic training has primed them for their resolution. However, others are of a moralor ethical sort without an apparent answer and academic training may not have adequatelyprepared new engineers for their solution. Little of the undergraduate engineering experience isdevoted to the potential moral, social, political, and economic issues they may encounter.Instead, they focus on the mathematics, physics, and engineering aspects of problem solving.Thus leaving a void in their preparation that should be addressed.The organization responsible for accrediting American undergraduate Engineering andEngineering Technology

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elisa Warford, University of Southern California

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #22608Toward a More Caring Code of Engineering EthicsDr. Elisa Warford, University of Southern California Elisa Warford is a senior lecturer in the Engineering Writing Program at the University of Southern Cali- fornia, where she teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in written and oral engineering communica- tion and the ethics of science and technology. Her current research interests include the rhetoric of science and portrayals of engineering and technology in American literature. She is also a professional technical editor specializing in engineering writing for academia and industry. She holds a Ph.D

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mysore Narayanan, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

have a strong sense of the strengths and weaknesses of theirengineering models. This can be done through a general discussion of the nature of the modelingprocess. (Healy 1997).Learning ModulesEthics modules have been incorporated into course syllabi and content of several courses withinthe engineering technology program at Miami University. These learning modules weredesigned to introduce concepts, enhance understanding, and broaden student knowledge in thearea of engineering ethics and ethical behavior. (Appendix A) The inclusion of these moduleswithin the content of engineering technology courses was initiated by the authors about five yearsago. They have been successfully used in a first year freshman course and assessment data havebeen

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division - Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jodi Reeves, National University; Larysa Nadolny, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #6799Ethics in Engineering Education Using Virtual WorldsDr. Jodi Reeves, National University Dr. Jodi Reeves is an associate professor in the Department of Applied Engineering at National University in San Diego, CA. She teaches courses in design engineering, engineering management, electric circuits, and other applied engineering courses. She is also the lead faculty for the Data Analytics program in the School of Engineering, Technology, and Media at National University. Prior to academia, she worked for almost ten years as a quality control manager, engineering project manager, and senior scientist responsi

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brittney Hope Jimerson, North Carolina A&T State University ; Eui Hyun Park, North Carolina A&T State University; Vinod K Lohani, Virginia Tech; Steven M. Culver, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

North Carolina A&T St University (NC A&T) is committed toeducating their students on their ethical responsibility to prepare them for their profession.Unethical choices have damaged the reputation of professionals and organizations andaccrediting bodies, such as the Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET,Inc.), have been dedicated to include ethical knowledge of students as a part of the accreditationprocess for institutions. ABET, Inc. requires as per criterion 3f, “an engineering graduate shoulddemonstrate an understanding of professional and ethical responsibility”. Although theserequirements are mandatory, there are no set guidelines of how to achieve the goal todemonstrate ethical knowledge. North Carolina A&T

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christian Hipp, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Engineering Education. 85(2) 1996: 93-96; Muskavitch, Karen M.T. “Cases andGoals for Ethics Education.” Science and Engineering Ethics. 11(3) 2005: 431-434.2 Weil, Vivian. “Ethics in Engineering Curricula.” Research in Philosophy and Technology 8, 1985: 243-250;“Teaching Ethics to Scientists and Engineers: Moral Agents and Moral Problems.” Science and Engineering Ethics1(3), 1995: 403-416.3 Kymlicka, Will. “Rawls on Teleology and Deontology.” Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol 17, No.3 (Summer1988), pp173-190. This article is also good for framing ethical discussion by distinguishing duty and utilityapproaches through a discussion of ‘the right vs. the good’ or ‘deontology vs. teleology.’4 Brittan, Samuel. “Two Cheers for Utilitarianism.” Oxford

Conference Session

Understanding our Students & Ethical Development

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Natalie C.T. Van Tyne, Colorado School of Mines; Maria Brunhart-Lupo, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

., Engineering Ethics, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.2. Lathem, S., M. Neumann, and N. Hayden. 2011. The Socially Responsible Engineer: Assessing Student Attitudesof Roles and Responsibilities. Journal of Engineering Education, 100(3):p. 444-474.3. Redish, E., Smith, K., Looking Beyond Content; Skill Development for Engineers. Journal of EngineeringEducation. 97(3):p. 295-307.4. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. 1997.ABET Code of Ethics ofEngineers.http://wadsworth.cengage.com/philosophy_d/templates/student_resources/0534605796_harris/cases/Codes/abet.htm (accessed January 3, 2014).5. Gilbane Gold. 1989. 24 min. Lubbock, TX: National Institute for Engineering Ethics, Texas Tech University.(DVD)6. Sweeney, R. 2013

Conference Session

Teaching Ethics II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emine Atasoylu, Eastern Mediterranean University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Industrial Engineering in 2001 and is currently a member of the full time faculty as an Assistant Professor. She is the course coordinator and one of the lecturers of the “Ethics in Engineering” course offered to student’s studying engineering. In May 2003 Dr. Atasoylu was appointed Vice Dean for the Faculty of Engineering. She is on the board of directors of the Research Center for Water and Marine Sciences at EMU since November 2002, on the board of directors of the Advanced Technology Research and Development Institute since December 2004 and an Advisory Board member of the EMU Continuing Education Center since September 2004. She is also an active member of several committees

Conference Session

Socio-Technical Issues in Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Catalano, Binghamton University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

build for the future through a wide range of leadership roles in industry, government, and academia--not just through technical jobs.”The Academy further adds that: “The next several decades will offer more opportunities for engineers, with exciting possibilities expected from nanotechnology, information technology, and bioengineering. Other engineering applications, such as transgenic food, technologies that affect personal privacy, and nuclear technologies, raise complex social and ethical challenges. Future engineers must be prepared to help the public consider and resolve these dilemmas along with challenges that will arise from new global competition, requiring thoughtful and

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session - Ethics in the First Year

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico; Jordan Orion James, University of New Mexico; Vanessa Svihla, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #25370Ethical Reasoning in First-Year Engineering DesignMr. Amir Hedayati Mehdiabadi, University of New Mexico Amir Hedayati is an Assistant Professor at Organization, Information & Learning Sciences program at College of University Libraries & Learning Sciences at University of New Mexico. He received a Ph.D. in Human Resource Development from University of Illinois. He has a B.S. degree in Computer Engineering from Sharif University of Technology and an M.B.A. degree from University of Tehran. He has presented his research in past years at multiple conferences including American Society for Engineering

Conference Session

Professional and Regulatory Issues in Ethics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramanitharan Kandiah P.E., Central State University; Krishna Kumar V Nedunuri, International Center for Water Resources; Ning Zhang, Central State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Resources Management. He is also the Chairperson/Professor of Water Resources Management and Environmental Engineering at Central State University, Wilberforce, Ohio. He holds a PhD in the area of Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering from Purdue University. He co-authored a textbook titled ’Introduction to Water Resources’ published by Kendall Hunt.Dr. Ning Zhang, Central State University Dr. Ning Zhang currently is an assistant professor at Central State University. Dr. Zhang holds a Ph.D. degree in Environmental Engineering from West Virginia University. She has expertise in physical and chemical processes for water and wastewater treatment. Her research interests are water/wastewater treat- ment technology

Conference Session

Innovative Approaches to Ethics Instruction

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George D. Catalano, Binghamton University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

ethics and engineering ethics. Yet,professional ethical issues in biomedical engineering are often different from the onestraditionally discussed in these fields. Biomedical engineers differ from medical practitioners,and are similar to other engineers, in that they are involved in research for and development ofnew technology, and do not engage in the study, diagnosis and treatment of patients. Biomedicalengineers differ from other engineers, and are similar to medical practitioners, in that they aim tocontribute to good patient care and healthcare. The ethical responsibilities of biomedicalengineers thus combine those of engineers and medical professionals, including a responsibilityto adhere to general ethical standards in research and

Conference Session

Moral Development, Engineering Pedagogy and Ethics Instruction

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kevin Schmaltz, Western Kentucky University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

applying existing technology to contemporary problems. … Program curricula will be project-based. Students will have sufficient opportunity to engage in project activities to support development of a clear understanding of engineering practice. … Projects that provide opportunity to accomplish design, development, and implementation should be available.To achieve this outcome, the ME curriculum delivery involves a structured ProfessionalComponent that defines and organizes how students acquire design tools and skills, competencyin mathematical and technical analysis, the ability to communicate effectively, and experiencesand methods to make professionally ethical decisions. The four areas defining, quantifying andassessing

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics and Justice

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodney W. Trice, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

temperature ceramics such as ZrB2. He is also investigating hot corrosion of Ni-based superalloys in collaboration with Rolls-Royce. Page 22.1372.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Development and Assessment of “Ethics in Engineering Practice”: A New Technical Support Elective ABSTRACTWithin the engineering and scientific community it is difficult to overestimate the importance ofacting with high ethical standards in global, social, intellectual and technological contexts. Withthis need and consistent with the NAE’s Engineer

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel J. Biezad P.E., California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

Paper ID #11544Ethics Education as Philosophical History for EngineersDr. Daniel J. Biezad P.E., California Polytechnic State University Daniel J. Biezad is professor emeritus in the aerospace engineering department of the College of Engi- neering at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo (Cal Poly). He received the B.S. in electrical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT-1966), the M.S. in astronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT-1972), and the Ph.D. in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue University (1984). He has received the

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Elliott Butay, Oral Roberts University; Ben Hase, Oral Roberts University; Sean McDonough, Oral Roberts University; Taylor Tryon, Oral Roberts University; Joshua Weed, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

. They do mention that a unit on the confluence ofscience and spirituality is particularly significant for students, since we seem to beaccelerating into an ever more technological age. Classroom discussions aroundquestions such as: “How do we make meaning of transcendent spirituality in atechnological age?” and “How do individuals reconcile traditional systems of belief withan increasingly complex and comprehensive knowledge of science?” are suggested.12Fortunately, much has been written in an effort to bring understanding, evenreconciliation, to the fields of science/engineering and spirituality. As an example, I havefound some success using Guy Consolmagno’s book entitled God’s Mechanics: HowScientists and Engineers Make Sense of Religion.13

Conference Session

Engaging Ethics in Teams and Communities

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Barsanti Jr., The Citadel; Ronald J. Hayne, The Citadel; Kevin C. Bower P.E., The Citadel; Johnston W. Peeples, The Citadel

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

examples in the classroom improves studentinvolvement and enhances the learning experience. In that regard, the electrical engineeringcurriculum has used simulations to assist student learning for more than two decades. A strongargument for the use of circuit simulators in the classroom can be found in [3], where the authorsargue the superiority of the ‘learn by doing” approach to teaching circuit analysis. A more recentexample of this teaching paradigm can be found in [4] where circuit simulation software iscombined with Mathcad to permit student interactive experimentation.Incorporation of projects into lecture classes provides an added mechanism to align thecurriculum with the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bhavna Hariharan, Stanford University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

California Press, 2001. 8. Fisher, Berenice, and Joan Tronto. "Toward a feminist theory of caring." Circles of care: Work and identity in women’s lives (1990): 35-62. 9. Mayeroff, Milton. On caring. New York: Harper & Row, 1972. 10. Schneider, Jen, Juan Lucena, Jon A. Leydens. Engineering to help: The value of critique in engineering service. IEEE Technology and Society, Winter 2009 11. Mitchell, Claudia. "Geographies of danger: School toilets in sub-Saharan Africa." Ladies and gents: Public toilets and gender. Temple University Press, 2009. Page 26.1235.10