Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Warren A. Rosen, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Irina Nicoleta Ciobanescu Husanu, Drexel University (Tech.); M. Eric Carr, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

technologies. To do this, twoprogramming tools were chosen—the C programming language and LabVIEW. The first half ofthe course is dedicated to C programming. Topics include a brief introduction to computers andprogramming, I/O, data types, expressions and assignments, relational operators, loops andbranching, functions, and arrays. This part of the course is taught in a computer laboratory sothat each student has an individual computer. Every lecture includes simple exercises (~ 5minutes each) that are preformed by the students in real time as the relevant topic is covered.Most lectures are followed by a laboratory exercise. The laboratory exercises are based on theArduino microcontroller platform [1]. Code::Blocks [2] is used as the development

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sunil Mehendale, Michigan Technological University; John L. Irwin, Michigan Technological University; Robert A. Marlor, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Northern Michigan University, Dynamicscourses (MET 2130 and MET 310, respectively) are high-enrollment, high-impact sophomoreMET core courses. 2004-2013 GPA data for MET courses offered at Michigan TechnologicalUniversity confirm the statement made by Magill [1] that Dynamics is “one of the more difficultcourses that engineering students encounter during their undergraduate study.”Dynamics is essentially the study of motion, but textbooks and whiteboards, the traditionalclassroom teaching tools, cannot capture this motion. MET 2130 and MET 310 have traditionallybeen taught in “chalk and talk” mode, where the instructor presents three, 50-minute lectures ortwo 100-minute lectures per week. For the majority of the class duration, students passively

Conference Session

Subjects in 3D Printing and ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez P.E., Western Michigan University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

. This wouldalso help in getting a better understanding of the molding process and deciding injectionparameters. Three primary designs were developed for experimentation in this project; thedesigns went through a progression from basic to more complex (Figure 1). (a) Initial Design (b) Modified Design (c) Final Design Figure 1. Photograps showing the progression in mold design The initial design was made up of simplified features from the final part desired. The initialdesign (Figure 1a) has two fingers that protrude upwards with a curved section to represent oneof the 8 curved fingers on the final design. Rectangular and cylindrical features were tied intothis design as well to give a

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technology Education I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

• Current City: City, StateDemographics – 0-5 Year GraduatesOf those graduating in the last 5 years who participated in the survey, 24 graduates responded.Of the respondents in this group, only males responded. 23 graduates were in the 23-30 year agebracket, and one was in the 31-37 year old age bracket. Of the 24 graduates, half graduated witha degree in MET and the other half in ECET/EET. None of the graduates responding to thissurvey was a graduate of the MFT program. Table 1 contains the responses of graduates to thequestion asking where students started their studies. Table 1. Where 0-5 Year Engineering Technology Graduates Began Their Undergraduate Studies Purdue University – Technology

Conference Session

Novel Teaching Methods In Engineering Technology

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claude Villiers, Florida Gulf Coast University; Carlin J McFarlane, Florida Gulf Coast University; Patricia O'Connor-Benson, Florida Gulf Coast University; Thomas Patrick Felke MSW, PhD, Florida Gulf Coast University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

experience. Using technology asa pillar of the universities foundation requires constant innovation and research in all forms oftechnology, integration, and training. From its initial foundation, teaching has always been thenumber one priority along with integrating and leveraging technology to emphasize and multiplythe efforts of the faculty, staff, and students of the University.Conventional teaching pedagogy often incorporates faculty members interacting with studentsface-to-face in classrooms or lecture halls. This style of teaching is not always the most adequatefor the newer generations of students that are much more adapt to digital interfaces, multimediaexperiences, and information in smaller chunks of time 1. “Lecture capture technology

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huiru Shih P.E., Jackson State University; Pao-Chiang Yuan, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

response. In this paper, the key elements of theproject will be highlighted and the challenges discussed.1. IntroductionOn March 11, 2011, the earthquake and tsunami caused a series of equipment failures andnuclear meltdowns that led to the release of radioactive materials at the Fukushima DaiichiNuclear Power Plant in Japan. This accident shocked a lot of people in the world, especially thepeople living in the vicinity of the nuclear power plant [1]. There is one nuclear power plant(Grand Gulf Nuclear Station) located in Mississippi. Responding to a nuclear or radiationaccident is one of the most difficult aspects of a disaster response. Effective response to a nuclearor radiation incident requires a broader scope of planning.Radioactive

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ranjeet Agarwala, East Carolina University; Robert A. Chin, East Carolina University; Daniel P. Zuberbier, East Carolina University; Mark McKinley Sanders, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Makerbot 9, provide their printer specifications indisparate format making an “apples to apples” comparisons difficult. As well, the layperson andeven professionals may not have access to these resources or may have difficulty assimilatingthese through conference and journal papers. And in many instances, jargon and many terms maymake no sense to the layperson.The authors in their prior work 1 have designed a system model and associated parameters for thedesign of a web based 3D printer selection system. This paper expands on their previous workand focuses on the deployment of a tool that will enable any category of end user to match theirneeds and product specifications to 3D printers by means of a webpage. The technology,techniques and methods

Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert J. Durkin, Indiana University - Purdue University, Indianapolis

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

include PID control algorithms for closed-loop control structures. 2 Our Universityincludes a total of twelve credit hours of courses to study the selection of control systemscomponents and the overall system design; introduction, PLC-specific controls, and processcontrol and automation. • Electrical Power and Controls: 4 Cr. (3 Class, 2 Lab) An introduction to transformers, induction motors, and single-phase and three-phase power systems, motor control devices, programmable logic controllers, PLC input and output devices, and PLC communications. 1 • Introduction to Control Systems: 4 Cr. (3 Class, 2 Lab) A continuation of the study of industrial controls including on-off, open-and closed-loop control systems, and

Conference Session

Integrating Curriculum and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ranjeet Agarwala, East Carolina University; Robert A. Chin, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

to the additive manufacturing resources, capabilities, capacities, and products that could be produced. They were then introduced to several processes underway, including the one with which they would be engaged during the balance of the event. The introduction also included supervised processing and post-processing. Once a level of participant hands-on confidence with 3D printing was achieved, they were provided the opportunity to process canned products, which they could have personalized, and then 3D print the designs they developed. During the end of the last session of the event, the participants were administered a post-event poll to, on a 1-4 scale, gage their satisfaction with the event and to ascertain their plans for the

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

manufacturing engineering field5, and it may serve asa foundation for continuous improvement of manufacturing-related curricula, such as IndustrialEngineering Technology. The four pillars are: 1) Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2)Product, Tooling, and Assembly Engineering, 3) Manufacturing Systems and Operations, and 4)Manufacturing Competitiveness6. Additional usages of the four pillars model include:  Dialogues between program constituents and curriculum designers to ensure that graduates possess knowledge and skills in manufacturing principles and practices  A starting point for defining the field of manufacturing engineering  Assessing job applicants to manufacturing-related jobs  Designing in-house training for

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technolgy Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

E. Shirl Donaldson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University, School of Engineering Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

department in which this course is taught has increased its’ focus on active learning and is moving away from traditional lectures as the primary method of conveying information to students. The departments’ goal is to encourage creativity and develop problem solving skills. However, students are seeking the most efficient ways to garner top grades on exams. Where does this leave the development of critical thinking with respect to the classroom when students are more focused on grades than subject matter mastery? Literature Review The development of critical thinking skills is the “primary goal of higher education” 1. Surveys of faculty have demonstrated that more than 90% of faculty supports this assertion. 2,3 Based upon Douglas’1 findings, there

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn T. Wrate P.E., Northern Michigan University; Michael D. Rudisill, Northern Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

ASEE2, many traditional electrical engineering programshave begun to grow again in the last several years. The number of BSEE graduates per yearreported to ASEE is shown in Figure 1. At the same time most electrical engineering technologyprograms have either been stagnant or have seen declining enrollments3. While the Power Techprogram at NMU is new, the overall trend in enrollment has been positive. This is shown inFigure 2. These enrollment improvements are similar to several other engineering technologyprograms when adding power systems courses to their curriculum4. While positive, more workneeds to be done to get individual course enrolments to the level preferred by the university(approximately 20 students per course). The oscillation in

Conference Session

Utilizing Digital Technologies in Classroom and Distance Learning in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nasser I Alaeddine, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Hamid R. Parsaei, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Konstantinos Kakosimos P.E., Texas A&M University at Qatar; Bing Guo, Texas A&M University at Qatar; Bilal Mansoor, Texas A&M Qatar

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

-course implementations, as evidenced by the candidate status received at the end of the long- term assessments of phase five, can become a standard educational technology offering that is available to all faculty members.A graphical representation of the lifecycle is provided in figure 1 below. Phase 1 Feasibility Analysis Phase 6 Phase 2 Adoption and Scale Design and Development Phase 5 Phase 3 Multi-Course Implementation

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and ET

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenan Baltaci, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Faruk Yildiz, Sam Houston State University; Andy S. Peng, University of Wisconsin, Stout; Ulan Dakeev, University of Michigan, Flint

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

49.6% from 2000 to 20137. As shown in Figure 1, ashare of renewable energy has increased from 9.2% to 14% in the same period3. Page 26.542.2 Figure 1. The Share of renewables in electricity production from 2000 to 2013.However, this continued growth has brought about the problem of a serious shortage of skilledprofessionals. The type of workforce in demand not only includes engineers and technicians, butit also includes policy analysts, teachers, researchers, lawyers, regulatory experts, powermarketers, finance managers, environmental scientists, and many others. In short, there is a highneed for a workforce from diverse backgrounds

Conference Session

Student Recruitment and Retention in ET Programs and Labs in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alka R Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Bradley C. Harriger, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

, instructional session, to a month-long or semester-long,immersive experience. Projects included developing a simple fitness game to innovating a self-contained, commercial-quality, automated system.The paper and presentation will provide details about each of these varied approaches and sharepluses and minuses of each. Information about how others can make use of this technology atlow or no cost will also be shared.BackgroundThere is an insufficient number of youth pursuing STEM subjects, resulting in a large gap ofqualified workers for STEM jobs. [1] Increasing access to hands-on learning to spark STEMinterest and bridge the STEM attraction gap is a recommended strategy. [2] Numerousapproaches have been taken by academic institutions to spark STEM

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve C. Hsiung, Old Dominion University; Feng Jao, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

instructors.Active distance learning environments typically capitalize on high-speed Internet connectionsusing televised lectures and demonstrations via satellite connections, video streaming, orconferencing applications. Typical streaming, collaboration, and conferencing applicationsinclude Adobe Connect Pro, MSN Messenger, Yugma, iPod/iPad, Google Chat, Skype,Facebook, YouTube, and others are typically utilized in the on-line teaching environment4.Couse Delivery Methodologies 1. Synchronous/real-time lectures Planning, designing, and implementing active learning in a distance education environment is similar to those activities for traditional classes except that planning for courses without face- to-face contact makes the design process particularly

Conference Session

Engineering Technology Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamer Omar, East Carolina University; Sirena A. Hardy, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

organizations to determine if implementing a big data solution will bringvalue to their organization. There are three key areas involved with a big data infrastructurewhich includes data acquisition, data organization, and data analysis.Mobile service providers (MSPs) are particularly faced with big data issues because of theproliferation of wireless devices and mobile applications. Most of these devices access theInternet using cellular networks. Cellular networks are becoming the primary method foraccessing the Internet 1. MSPs must contend with the challenge of managing and planning theirnetwork resources to address the continuous increase in traffic demands. Due to the increasedtraffic from mobile applications, MSPs are generating huge amounts of

Conference Session

Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric John Addeo, DeVry University; Nugroho Iwan Santoso, DeVry University, North Brunswick; Chao-Ying Wang, DeVry University, North Brunswick; Raul San Martin Rivadulla, Graduate Education

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

currently professor and academic Coordinator of College Engineering c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Paper ID #13289courses 1-DeVry Brazil Education Group. Has experience in the field of chemistry and Petrochemistry,and Mechanical Processes for the industry. Experience and knowledge in the area of transformationprocesses and information technology. Developed consulting for large companies in the area of controland technological innovation. Know the transformation processes of thermoplastics, with emphasis intechnology

Conference Session

Curriculum and New Course Development in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ali Ahmad, Northwestern State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

and supervisory careers in a variety of industries. The programcombines technical knowledge with communications skills and teamwork to provide theflexibility needed in today’s rapidly changing marketplace. Figure 1 depicts an as-is curriculummap of the selected Industrial Engineering Technology program. The selected programeducational objectives are:  Demonstrate technical proficiency in the field  Apply quantitative reasoning and critical thinking in solving technical problems  Effectively communicate technical knowledge, ideas, and proposals to others, including upper management  Lead project teams in successful completion of projects  Have strong organizational and management skillsA brief description of some of

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mukasa E. Ssemakula, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

technical support (if any) is available to students during that time?  Q5: How do you handle liability issues?  Q6: Is yours a 2-year or 4-year institution?  Q7: Are there any special issues we should pay attention to?2. ResultsThere were a total of 33 responses received and the results are summarized in Table 1. Therespondents are anonymized by assigning them individual identification numbers rather thanusing personal or institutional names. Not all respondents addressed every question and a blankentry indicates that no response was given to that particular question. Two of the respondents(ID# 5&6) were from the same program and so the corresponding data is aggregated. Onerespondent (ID# 23) did not give direct answers to the

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maher M Murad, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown; Brian L Houston P.E., University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

components are presented anddiscussed. Feedback from students is also discussed. The experience gained may be useful tothose considering ways to develop and teach enhanced courses that meet both ABET criteria andindustry demands.IntroductionThe University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown offers a 4-year Bachelor of Science degree in CivilEngineering Technology. Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology outlines CivilEngineering Technology Program Criteria for accreditation.(1) One of the requirements of theABET general criteria is that an Engineering Technology (ET) program must demonstrate thatgraduates have an appropriate mastery of the knowledge, techniques, skills and modern tools oftheir disciplines. Another criterion requires graduates to

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica M. Jovanovic, Old Dominion University; Otilia Popescu, Old Dominion University; Orlando M Ayala, Old Dominion University; Mileta Tomovic, Old Dominion University; Alok K. Verma P.E., Old Dominion University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

example of such action research (AR) problem solving learningstrategy is given in Figure 1 (McKay & Marshall, 2002). Figure 1: Action research (AR) teaching and learning approach (McKay & Marshall, 2002) One problem which might happen when novices are engaging in problem based learningactivities that they might learn about process of finding a solution, but due to the lack of theircontent knowledge and previous experience, solutions for authentic problems might not beadequate in the real world situation. Furthermore, focusing only on facts replication might increaseperformance on known procedures and examples and might leave students without skills neededto produce a solution when needed if it is out of the scope of what was

Conference Session

Issues in Engineering Technology Education I

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandr Sergeyev, Michigan Technological University; Nasser Alaraje, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

representativesneed to constantly update their knowledge base. Besides all the reasons mentioned above andrelated to the implementation of various teaching methodologies, the current economy affects thecollege students in a way that many undergraduates have to work to secure the funds for theireducation, which in turn requires a more flexible class schedule. In order to accommodate theneeds of both groups: the university enrolled students and industry representatives, theeducational units must adequately adjust their curriculum, providing students with theopportunity to learn via traditional, blended or purely on-line class styles. Figure 1 depicts allthree educational approaches. The first case represents a traditional model, in which the theoryand hands-on

Conference Session

Hands-on Active Learning

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Randy Shih, Oregon Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

the basic mechanismanalysis and design process. The students are also given a specific design task, currently thedesign task is to improve the walking motion of the given robot kit.Course DescriptionThe current format of the course contains three components: (1) The use of a commercialParametric Modeling package. Currently the SolidWork and Autodesk Inventor software areused. (2) The practical training of measuring and modeling actual parts. (3) The analyzing andre-designing of an actual product to further reinforces the concepts and principles learned inrelated engineering design courses. By integrating the project into the 2nd half of the course, theinsights and strengths of using the Parametric Modeling software can be better observed.The

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

TJ Brown, Middle Tennessee State University; Chong Chen P.E., Middle Tennessee State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

market is Bebionic, their hands offer a much better quality oflife to whoever can afford them with prices above $30,000 [1], but even this high dollar handrequires the user to select which grip function they want to preform before using the hand. Theyselect functions by either pushing a button or manually repositioning the thumb. Having the userstop in the middle of a task in order to setup their hand for the next chore is not what most peoplewould expect from a hand that cost as much as a car. There are other organizations out there who are trying to help bring the cost of bionic handsdown by using a fairly new technology known as 3D-printing. These organizations aredesigning 3D-printable hands that users can download for free to use. These are

Conference Session

Robotics, Automation, and Product Development

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kee M Park, Queensborough Community College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

additiveprocess to create a desired shape by incremental addition of material in a layer-by-layerfashion[1]. These early machines are relatively expensive, difficult to operate and require longbuild time. With the advent of self-replicating rapid prototype (RepRap) movement that startedin early 2005[2], more affordable desktop 3D printers started to appear in the market[3] starting in2009. These 3D printers deposit melted plastics layer-by-layer in microns until the part iscompleted. The build times depends on the size and fill options, typically several hours. Thisenabled designers to evaluate different design options and finalized the part in matter of days.Uses of 3D printers have evolved into mainstream manufacturing. 3D printing has fashiondesigners

Conference Session

Subjects in Renewable Energy and Sustainability in ET

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Charter P.E., Oklahoma State University; Ridge Reid, Oklahoma State University; Rachel Mosier P.E., Oklahoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

exhaust hood for appliances thatutilize solid fuels as the primary heat source. NFPA 96 defines solid cooking fuel as “any solid,organic, consumable, fuel such as briquettes, mesquite, hardwood, or charcoal.” (1) Solid fuelspresent an added hazard, specifically when the creosote that results during the solid fuel burningprocess mixes with grease-laden vapors from other cooking appliances within the kitchen.However, NFPA 96 provides an exception for cooking appliances that are gas-powered and havea limited size tray for solid fuels solely intended for food flavoring. This gas-poweredequipment, if the list of restrictions in NFPA 96 is met, will not be required to have a separatekitchen exhaust hood. However, there is minimal information provided

Conference Session

Software Applications in ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maddumage Karunaratne, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

theywould be able to analyze the broader picture, identify the actual problem, develop a solution,design and implement a software program for that solution. Students are to use structured formsin dividing the solution into distinct and coherent functions with data exchanged via parameters.Those actions are straight forward in both C and MATLAB. However, MATLAB allowsmultiple result to be passed back directly whereas one has to use data pointers (arrays) in C topass back multiple values.Table 1 below lists the course topics and objectives while stating whether MATLAB wasdiscussed with regard to that topic or not. Whenever MATLAB was contrasted, its usage inwriting code was assessed (in most cases) in a homework, a quiz, or in an exam to a lesser

Conference Session

Subjects in 3D Printing and ET Programs

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hector Erick Lugo Nevarez, University of Texas, El Paso; Mike Thomas Pitcher, University of Texas, El Paso; Oscar Antonio Perez, University of Texas, El Paso; Hugo Gomez, University of Texas, El Paso; Pedro Arturo Espinoza, University of Texas, El Paso; Herminia Hemmitt, University of Texas, El Paso; Randy Hazael Anaya, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

printers resulted from an increase in classes wanting toparticipate during the third year of the 3D printing in the classroom program. This requiredsupporting approximately 150 students and 29 student bridge designs. Having only one fullyfunctional printer to complete all the loads became unreasonable as each successful print modelcould require approximately four to five hours to print. This workload gave us the experience togenerate requirements moving forward with the pilot. The requirements were the following. The3D print system must: 1) be able to produce a high volume of 3D printed models, 2) provide astreamlined process for student project submission and 3) train students on 3D design using simpletools.A proposal was submitted in order to

Conference Session

ETAC/ABET-Related Issues

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron G. Garry, South Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

usage, quality can have two meanings: 1. the characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs; 2. a product or service free of deficiencies. According to Joseph Juran, quality means “fitness for use;” and according to Philip Crosby, it means “conformance to requirements.”ASQ defines continuous improvement11 as an ongoing effort to improve products, services orprocesses. These efforts can seek “incremental” improvement over time or “breakthrough”improvement all at once. The ISO 9001-201512 standard is used by manufacturers to assesswhether they are following a good continuous improvement process. When used within a qualitymanagement system, such an approach emphasizes the importance of