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Displaying results 391 - 418 of 418 in total
Conference Session
Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gurlovleen Rathore, Texas A&M University; Jeffrey E. Froyd, Texas A&M University; Ibrahim H. Yeter, Texas Tech University; Matthew Pariyothorn, Texas A&M University; Nandita Kohli, Texas A&M University ; Prasad N. Enjeti, Texas A&M University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
. professional attitudes and habits related to ethics, lifelong learning, developing professional networks, passion and balance in life9 (slightly modified block quote)Within this framework of abilities and skills, the following research questions were examined todetermine how the future faculty seminar influenced students’ understanding of faculty work.The research questions that were explored in this study are: (1) How do doctoral students describe successful engineering faculty after participation in the preparing future engineering faculty seminar? (2) How do doctoral students’ descriptions of successful engineering faculty change from participation in the preparing future engineering faculty seminar?We
Conference Session
Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Gurlovleen Rathore, Texas A&M University; Matthew Pariyothorn, Texas A&M University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
program’s home site.The research questions explored in this study are: (1) How does participation in the USRG program influence students’ intention to pursue different career and degree paths in engineering? (2) What factors influence USRG program participants’ decision to potentially apply to and matriculate in engineering at TAMU at the completion of the program? (3) How do factors that influence USRG program participants’ decision to potentially apply to and matriculate in engineering differ between those who applied and who did not apply to graduate studies at TAMU?MethodsA mixed methods survey design approach was used to collect data from the target population torespond to the research questions asked in this
Conference Session
Design and Assessment of Graduate Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Homero Gregorio Murzi, Virginia Tech; Prateek Shekhar, University of Texas, Austin; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
. Page 26.368.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 Comparative Analysis of PhD programs in Engineering EducationIntroduction and BackgroundThe field of Engineering Education (ENGE) is a relatively new discipline that has been growingin the last years [1]. The purpose of the field is to increase the attraction and retention of studentsin engineering programs, as well as developing in engineering students, the required professionalskills and competencies that are expected in industry to increase innovation in the globalizedeconomy [2, 3]. According to Jesiek, Newswander [4] “Engineering education research hasexperienced a notable scale up in recent years through the development of departments
Conference Session
Teaching & Learning in Graduate Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Guangming Chen, Morgan State University; Jumoke 'Kemi' Ladeji-Osias, Morgan State University; Gbekeloluwa B. Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Young-Jae Lee, Morgan State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
graduate study and career development. Our experiences have convinced us of the effectiveness of this setting, which can not only retain students’ vigorous interests and enthusiasm, but also enhance their employability in today’s job market. 1. IntroductionParticipation opportunities in funded research projects are an important factor in attractingtalented graduate students. Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fieldsplay an important role as an economic engine for today’s economic development. Indeed, thecompetitiveness in STEM fields is basically considered as a benchmark for the country’s globalcompetitiveness. In the United States, the Federal Government has set up various policies and setaside funds to
Conference Session
Innovative Graduate Programs and Methods, Developing Master's & Ph.D. Programs and Graduate Teaching Assistants
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Thomas J. Connolly, University of Texas - Austin
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
interactive  Content should be presented from an engineering education perspective as much as possible  Actual engineering materials, e.g., problems, lab procedures, etc., should be used in activities as much as possibleThe objectives, approaches, and content of each session of the workshop are described in detailin the following sections.Session 1: Understanding the Undergraduate Engineering Student Body and the Culture ofHigher Education in the United StatesThe objectives of this session are for TAs to develop a stronger understanding of the culturalnorms of higher education in the United States, to develop a sense of the types of issues that arisewhen working with students, and to learn about college- and campus-wide
Conference Session
Assessing Learning Outcomes for Flipped Classrooms, Recruitment and Research Internships, and Alternate Assessments for Online Courses
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ritushree Chatterjee, Iowa State University; Ahmed E. Kamal, Iowa State University; Zhengdao Wang, Iowa State University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
techniques, other than the traditional formats ofmultiple choice questions and sit-in proctored exams, based on this cognitive radio networksclass. It will also showcase the ways to implement such assessments successfully in an onlineenvironment along with the highlighting the overall design process of the course.IntroductionOnline learning is fast occupying the non-traditional educational space. These online learningenvironments have presented new paradigms, technologies and strategies to the learning sector inengaging students and enhancing student learning. The portion of students in higher educationtaking at least one online course showed the greatest increase at 7.2% at four-year publicinstitutions [1]. In a literature review on online
Conference Session
Case Studies and Programs to Improve Graduate Students' Skills
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barbara A. Karanian, Stanford University; Srinath Sibi, Stanford University; Matthew T. Ikeler; Leigh Hagestad, Stanford University; Wendy G. Ju, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
is well documented in the consideration of car design 1. Thepractice-oriented, popular literature gives considerable attention to how to motivate teamsto build the safest cars, yet recent academic research suggests a somewhat different angle,focusing instead on influencing emotional responses during the driving experience10.While many discussions and narratives of autonomous driving fantasize about a fully-autonomous experience (one that is likely decades away), the driver’s experience usingcurrent features of vehicle automation has received little attention. Most of the existingwork considers specific technology, or defines emotion as a connection to humanperformance, safety and efficiency. Discussion often considers the benefits
Conference Session
Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Scott R. Hamilton, Northeastern University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
years on the faculty at the US Military Academy at West Point teaching civil engineering. He is a Fellow of ASCE. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 Imperative Issues and Elusive Solutions in Academic Integrity: A Case StudyAbstractThis research investigates the issue of academic integrity, specifically plagiarism, as it relates toand affects graduate engineering students. The scope of this project included a comprehensivereview of relevant literature and case study analysis in a large enrollment, multi-instructor, 1-credit course entitled Career Management for Engineers. This is a required course for graduateengineering students who desire to participate
Conference Session
Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Timothy Kinoshita, Virginia Tech; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; David B Knight, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
statisticallysignificant differences between groups with different funding types. Items related to choosingresearch interests and allocation of graduate teaching assistantship positions. A follow-up studyhas been devised to examine these research questions further, in addition to other questionssurrounding the graduate student experience, in a more systematic fashion.IntroductionThere is an established need to increase the number of STEM professionals in the United Statesto maintain a competitive edge globally in science and technology.1 Although undergraduateeducation is invaluable to the creation and support of a stable economy, graduate educationdevelops the critical thinking skills and tools for innovation that will help ensure the nation’sprosperity.2 This
Conference Session
Exploring Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Martina V. Svyantek, Virginia Tech Department of Engineering Education; Lisa D. McNair, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
National Science Board, the Association of American Universities, andother professional organizations issued the views of higher education leaders, highlighting theincreasing production of Ph.Ds., the shrinking academic job market, and difficulties transitioninginto the academic workforce [1]. More pertinently, these organizations also noted that theemphasis on research training leaves future faculty unprepared to perform other faculty roles,and the need to improve teaching to improve undergraduate education [1]. However, these reports were based on the views of organizational leaders about doctoralstudents’ needs; “none took the point of view of students” [1]. When doctoral students in the artsand sciences were surveyed, findings
Conference Session
Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Erika Mosyjowski, University of Michigan; Shanna R. Daly, University of Michigan; Diane L. Peters, Kettering University; Steven J. Skerlos, University of Michigan; Megan Kaczanowski, University of Michigan
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
study of engineering PhD students with extensivework experience prior to enrolling in doctoral study, a group we call returners. Thoughgraduation age data suggests returners are in the minority of engineering doctoral students, theyare an important group to understand. In addition to representing an under-researched pathwaythrough advanced engineering training, given the combination of returners’ rich real-world workexperience with advanced engineering training, these students may be uniquely poised todevelop innovative solutions to important problems of contemporary society. Creative cognitiontheory suggests in part that innovation is likely to occur at the intersection of multipleexperiences or perspectives.1 Based on such work, we suspected
Conference Session
Case Studies and Programs to Improve Graduate Students' Skills
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joanne Lax, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Audeen W. Fentiman, Purdue University, West Lafayette
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
students enrolled in fall 2015. The followingexamples show how peer review of oral presentations can be adapted to various situations and besubmitted in written, oral, or electronic form. In addition, each instructor asked her students toprovide some feedback on the peer review process, and this information is presented as well.Table 1 provides an overview of the types of peer review used in each context.Table 1: Comparison of Peer Review in Three Engineering Contexts Dedicated Communications Integrated Course Workshop Assignment Feedback written online written/oral Channel Anonymity single-blind single-blind
Conference Session
Graduate Programs, Development, and Research Fellowships
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Sasan Haghani, University of the District of Columbia; Daniel Albano, Northrop Grumman Corp.; Wagdy H. Mahmoud, University of the District of Columbia; Nian Zhang, University of the District of Columbia; Esther T. Ososanya, University of the District of Columbia
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
specifically. Regardless,there are many avenues of study with application to this project, such as research of energysources, optimization of power collection, and optimal storage of harvested energy. Onepromising source of harvestable energy is kinetic energy. Motion can be harnessed fromvarious sources and converted to electrical energy. References [1], [6], [14], [15], and [22]deal specifically with this process and the associated design challenges. In [14], the authorsdescribe a method of extracting energy from a piezoelectric element driven by mechanicalvibrations of varying magnitude. An expression for the optimal power flow for such anelement is derived and based upon that an energy harvesting circuit based is proposed. Thedesign in [14
Conference Session
Exploring Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Natascha M Trellinger, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Brook Sattler, University of Washington; Jennifer A Turns, University of Washington
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
experience descriptors: 1. Exceptionally good experience: “Irealized that I myself am on the path to being a pioneer,” 2. Good experience: “This projectreally confirmed that I enjoy the work I do,” 3. Mundane experience: " I didn't feel that I was abig part of the research,” and 4. Disappointing experience: "I wouldn't say I learned somethingsignificant during this study.” Most participants had a good experience, but insight from theother three experience descriptors give valuable perspective into the varied experiences. Thisanalysis is helpful to both graduate students interested in research and professional development(i.e. blended) experiences, and educators creating blended experiences in that it demonstratesthat a common blended experience can
Conference Session
Innovative Graduate Programs and Methods, Developing Master's & Ph.D. Programs and Graduate Teaching Assistants
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Saeed D. Foroudastan, Middle Tennessee State University; Karly Anne Danhausen, Middle Tennessee State University; Chelsea Rae Nihill, Middle Tennessee State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
. It’s not only crucial to comprehend and understandcomplex research, it’s vital to be able to communicate that information to individuals who maynot possess equivalent scientific intelligence.6 The curriculum is structured to give students acompetitive edge in the global market by creating a new breed of scientist that is able to bridgethe gap between science and business. Many students find that searching for a job aftergraduation can be daunting, and they lack the experience necessary for hiring. However, earninga MSPS degree is comparable to having 1-2 years of experience before even entering theworkplace. With 21 hours of core classes and 15 hours of business and managerial classes,students are able to expand upon their science education
Conference Session
Supporting Diversity through Co-curricular Programming
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Renetta G. Tull, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Alexis Y. Williams, University of Maryland Baltimore County; Shawnisha Shonté Hester, University of Maryland Baltimore County
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
, the scholarship of teaching and learn- ing, mentorship models for undergraduate and graduate students, and professional support of all students, with special emphasis for those from underrepresented backgrounds in STEM and beyond. She has en- joyed collaborations with colleagues from multidisciplinary backgrounds toward solving special chal- lenges in teaching and learning. Her ongoing collaborations analyze 1) the experiences of participants in STEM professional development programs for retention and success in academia and 2) similarities, differences, and gaps in the expectations of STEM faculty and students toward successful undergraduate course completion.Ms. Shawnisha Shont´e Hester, University of Maryland
Conference Session
Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael J. Dyrenfurth, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Kathryne Ann Newton, Purdue Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mitchell L Springer PMP, SPHR, SHRM-SCP, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mary E. Johnson, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Randy R. Rapp, School of Construction Management, Purdue Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
rather non-systematic programmatic manner. The authors view the forces leading to the need for aprofessional doctorate as depicted in the following illustration's converging arrows. The arrowsin Figure 1 represent these forces converging on universities and on business and industry. Thecore of the figure depicts four primary aspects of advanced post-graduate (doctoral in this case)education that need to be tailored to create a professional doctorate program responsive to thesituation faced by contemporary business and industry. Figure 1. Forces Creating the Need for, and Components of, a Professional Doctorate. The fields of nursing, education
Conference Session
Graduate Student Needs and Experiences, Exploring Graduate Funding and Undergraduate Research Experiences
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Robert N. Coffey Jr., University of Michigan; Katy Luchini-Colbry, Michigan State University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
: Qualitative Results from a Multi-Year SurveyAbstractWe identify and discuss themes that emerged from a study of undergraduates participating in asummer research program at Michigan State University. The goals of this study were: (1) toexamine the degree to which program participation diverted students from summer activities thatdid not further their academic or career goals; (2) to better understand students’ goals forparticipating in research; and (3) to assess student satisfaction with the research program.Students were asked to complete pre- and post-experience surveys; these two survey instrumentswere deployed during multiple summer programs over a four-year time period (2011-2014),resulting in four sets of pre- and post-survey data from more
Conference Session
Potpourri: Various Issues and Topics in Graduate Studies
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Donna M Mohr, Lehigh University; Jennifer H. Gross P.E., Lehigh University; Raymond A Pearson, Lehigh University; John B Ochs, Lehigh University; Ana-Iulia Alexandrescu, Lehigh University
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
details, student blogs, and information on financing their education.Marketing the ProgramEffectively spreading the word about your program to a large audience of prospective students isnot the easiest task to accomplish on traditionally limited recruiting budgets. Thus, defining yourapplicant pool and determining the most cost-effective way to reach these students are critical.When considering the four professional master’s programs, the applicant pools varysignificantly. As shown in Figure 1, the Structural Engineering M.Eng. program draws studentswith very focused backgrounds, traditionally in civil, structural, or architectural engineering.Whereas the Healthcare Systems Engineering and Energy Systems Engineering programs recruitstudents
Conference Session
Case Studies and Programs to Improve Graduate Students' Skills
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Fazil T. Najafi, University of Florida; Emily Rivera P.E., University of Florida; Ryan Thrun, U.S. Navy; Sarah Isabel Romero, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
Engineering and Acquisition Division Director for the base. His areas of specialization include construction management, public works, and government acquisition & contract management.Ms. Sarah Isabel Romero, University of Florida Currently a graduate student at University of Florida achieving a Masters in Environmental Engineering Sciences. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2016 1 THE LARGE SCALE USE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AND ITS BENEFITS OVER OTHER SOURCES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY.ABSTRACT As climate change becomes more of a reality, and as our non-renewable resources arebecoming depleted, finding "cleaner" renewable energy for
Conference Session
Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vincent Wilczynski, Yale University; Patrick H. Knowles Jr., Cleveland Mixer
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
, andarchitecture, the concept is not commonly used within the engineering disciplines. This paperoutlines the value and typical content of an engineering portfolio. A process to develop anengineering portfolio will also be presented. The paper will document the efforts of graduate andundergraduate engineering students to (1) archive professional academic work for display in aportfolio, (2) curate their archived collection to present a concise and cogent display of theirprofessional skills, and (3) organize the portfolio to demonstrate job skills.IntroductionModern communication methods have dramatically changed yet some processes are grounded inthe past. One of those processes is the employment application process, in this case forengineering positions
Conference Session
Graduate Recruitment & Professional Development
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Anne M Lucietto, Purdue University; Diane L Peters, Kettering University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
, newsletters, andmagazines, as they attempt to attract new members, retain existing members, and draw membersinto taking an active role in the society. As an example, a President’s Message in the IEEEMicrowave Magazine set out both tangible and non-tangible benefits of IEEE membership, withtangible benefits including the society’s magazine, discounts on journals, standards, andconference registration, career-related resources, and group life insurance.1 Non-tangible benefitsincluded the ability to hold office, professional development and networking opportunities, andthe ability to influence the direction taken by the society.1 One of IEEE’s divisions, the ControlSystems Society, published a similar President’s Message in the IEEE Control
Conference Session
Design and Assessment of Graduate Curriculum
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Dhaval Gajjar, Arizona State University; Kenneth Timothy Sullivan PhD, Arizona State University; Jacob Shizuo Kashiwagi; Joshua Jason Mischung
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
in Table 1. The transitionperiod for the Indian graduate students is only 10 days. Only 8% of the respondents had afamily support system that arrived with their spouse / children indicating that 92% of therespondents have no family support and have to get accustomed to the new social life Page 26.1645.3within a very short period of time. Moreover, 42% of the respondents have felt lonelyduring their stay in the United States. Table 1: Overall life experience in the U.S. Criteria Data Average number of days between the time the
Conference Session
Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Tech; Benjamin David Lutz, Virginia Tech; Marvin K. Karugarama, Virginia Tech; John J. Lesko, Virginia Tech
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
for members ofunderrepresented populations (i.e., women and minorities), and is further exacerbated when enteringgraduate students come from different schools than those which they are entering to pursue a graduatedegree 1. In other words, while the transition to graduate school is a challenge for everyone, certainfactors can amplify this challenge for different individuals. Thus, this article articulates a framework of apilot summer graduate engineering bridge program and the assessment of its impact.The transitions to new educational contexts are not unique to graduate education, and studies haveexamined the transition from high school into undergraduate program, particularly among engineeringstudents 2, 3. Conclusions from these studies
Conference Session
Issues in Academic Integrity and the Value of Portfolios, Case Studies, and Supportive Programs
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lesia L. Crumpton-Young, Tennessee State University; Shabnam Etemadi, Tennessee State University; Germysha Emily Little, Tennessee State University ; T'Shana DeShai Carter
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
student perspectives and experiences guidedthis research on investigating the efficacy of many practices. As a result of successfullycompleting the project goals, a model from the graduate student perspective defining variouspractices, procedures, and policies proven to support the success of broadening participationefforts and underrepresented minority student success in STEM graduate education programswill be established. The establishment of the model is significant and will allow for nationaldissemination and improvement of program support for underrepresented minority graduatestudents in STEM fields.MethodologyParticipantsApproximately 91 students (N=91) nationally from 16 universities (Figure 1) primarily in theage range of 22-32 years
Conference Session
Graduate Programs, Development, and Research Fellowships
Collection
2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Vanessa Dunn, University of Colorado, Boulder; Sarah Miller, University of Colorado, Boulder; Stephanie Swartz, University of Colorado, Boulder; Arthur L.C. Antoine, University of Colorado, Boulder
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
their faculty research advisors received $100.AssessmentDemographicsThe pilot Spring Break for Research program attracted 25 applications for the pilot program. Fromthese applications, a diverse group of 20 undergraduates and 20 graduate mentors were selected asseen in Table 1. 60% 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 25.0% 24.3% 25% 20% 11.5% 10% 6.2% 0% URM Female Undergraduates in College of Engineering SB4R Undergraduates Graduates in College of Engineering SB4R GraduatesTable 1. Demographics
Conference Session
Exploring Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Irene B. Mena, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
through the Lens of LiminalityAbstractThe purpose of this study is to learn about the experiences of postdoctoral scholars (postdocs) inscience and engineering fields. It is guided by the theory of liminality. Forty-two postdocsemployed at a Mid-Atlantic, research-intensive University, participated in individual interviewsto describe their experiences as postdocs at the University. This paper provides answers to thefollowing three research questions: (1) What are the benefits and challenges of science andengineering postdoc positions? (2) What liminal experiences characterize the postdoc position?and (3) What recommendations to improve the postdoc experience emerge from this study?IntroductionThe purpose of this study is to learn about the
Conference Session
Teaching & Learning in Graduate Programs
Collection
2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Diane L Peters, Kettering University
Tagged Topics
Diversity
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
STEAM-inspired interdisciplinary studio course. Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference. Atlanta, GA.6. McCord, R., Hixson, C., Ingram, E. L., & McNair, L. D. (2014). Graduate student and faculty member: An exploration of career and personal decisions. Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference. Indianapolis, IN.7. Delamont, S. (2007). Arguments against auto-ethnography. In British Educational Research Association Annual Conference (Vol. 5, p. 8).8. Holt, N. L. (2008). Representation, legitimation, and autoethnography: An autoethnographic writing story. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2(1), 18-28.9. Ellis, C., Adams, T