Conference Session

Fundamental: Tools and Content for K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jale F. Akyurtlu, Hampton University; Otsebele E Nare, Hampton University; Lumumba Harnett, University of Kansas

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

is still in contention whether to continue toinvolve art teachers in these programs or not.Several assessment tools were administered for the evaluation of the summer institutes and theteachers‟ circles, namely, Questionnaire for Evaluation of Teachers‟ Circles before the start ofthe Summer Institute, Pre- and Post- Surveys for the Evaluation of the Summer Institutes, andDaily Content and Inquiry reflections. The t-test results (Table 3) from pre/post surveys revealedthat the teachers showed significant changes after participating in the Summer Institute in the useof a logical approach to explain algebra, for example; - in demonstrating to students how to check work, - in analyzing students‟ mathematical thinking skills, - in

Conference Session

Research & Evaluation on K-12 Teachers and Teaching.

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Birgit Fahrman, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Lena B. Gumaelius, KTH Royal Institute of Technology; Per G. Norström, KTH Royal Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the teachers’ education is important for teaching structure andcontent. Bjurulf also mentions that classroom and group size affects the choice of content. Allteachers in the Bjurulf study performed design and make tasks, but it was found that the taskswere handled in very different ways and that reflection for a deeper understanding by thestudents was lacking in some cases.Blomdahl13 shows that teachers’ lack of knowledge about pupils’ preconceptions can causeproblems in planning and implementation classroom activities. Not knowing the pastexperiences of students has been found to be an uncertainty factor.Mattson14 discusses how teachers, student teachers, and pupils view technology. Her workshows that teachers need subject competence to give

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students' Beliefs, Motivation, and Self-efficacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joel Alejandro Mejia, West Virginia University; Dustin Drake, Utah State University; Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University - Teacher Education and Leadership

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

“little opportunity to discuss and see the relevancy of their work”(p. 573).9 This example correlates with similar observations made by Stevens and colleaguesindicating that underrepresented students lost interest in engineering due to the lack of relevancyand connectedness to their values and cultures.8It is important for Latino students to see how engineering relates to their everyday lives. Valuessuch as “caring” or being a “people person,” 8 which are not reflected in engineering cultures,may be important to many minority students. Integrating information from a wide range ofsources, including affective factors, cultivates the sense of relevance of engineering work ofunderrepresented students.20Research QuestionsTo build the interest of

Conference Session

Engineering in Middle Schools

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth Reid, Indiana University-Purdue University-Indianapolis; Christine Floyd, Brownsburg East Middle School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

progress through the development of their model. The problem must include sufficient data and context to allow the students to judge for themselves when a model is working or if it requires modification.4. The Model Documentation principle requires students to document their progress as well as their final model. The development of the final product – the model – is a deliverable in itself. This allows students’ to look reflectively as they continue development of the model.5. The Share-ability / Reusability / Generalizability Principle requires a solution that can apply not only to the situation as presented, but is applicable to similar situations. The solution should also be transferable to other

Conference Session

Engineering Professional Development for K-12 Teachers – II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Shumway, Brigham Young University; Jared Berrett, Brigham Young University; Andy Swapp, Milford High School; Ronald Terry, Brigham Young University; Thomas Erekson, Western Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

summer program focused on systems control. The technology teachers had previouslyidentified systems control as an area of expertise that they needed and could use in theirclassrooms.Near the end of the summer of 2005, the BYU team met to reflectively assess the strengths andweaknesses of the program as we prepared for the next round of professional development. Ourassessment was that we successfully followed the model of 1) presentation of theory, 2)demonstration of a new strategy, 3) initial practice, and 4) prompt feedback about participant’sefforts. However, despite a successful incorporation of many of the “best practices”(competitive selection of participants, allowing participants to participate in the planning,professional development

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jessica E S Swenson, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Merredith D Portsmore, Tufts University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

selected problem and were asked to decide which problem they wanted to solveusing engineering. The next two days were dedicated to making a stop-motion action movieusing SAM software [23] to explain their problem and proposed their solution to the class. Weeksseven and eight were spent designing, building, and testing. The materials students used to buildtheir prototypes consisted of whatever was available in the classroom and supplies obtained byrequest from the STOMP fellows. The last day of the unit was dedicated to reflection about theprocess.Data CollectionThe primary method of data collection was video of in-class student group work and largerclassroom discussions. Pictures of student artifacts were also collected to document the stages

Conference Session

Standards and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene F. Brown, Virginia Tech; Larry G. Richards, University of Virginia; Elizabeth A. Parry, North Carolina State University; Malinda S. Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Stacy S. Klein-Gardner, Vanderbilt University and Harpeth Hall School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

challengesquestions.2011 Vancouver K-12 WorkshopIn June, 2011 at the Vancouver K-12 Workshop, the division executive board led a discussion on theresults of both the Louisville plenary session and the 2011 member survey over a working lunchNearly 170 participants were given an overview of the information gathered on K-12 EngineeringOutreach at the plenary, and then were shown the results of the member survey identifying the mostpressing research questions on K-12 Engineering. The survey identified the top three researchpriorities as assessment of learning and skills, integrating engineering into STEM, and engagingstudents. Survey respondents reflected general concern about teacher preparation and in serviceteacher professional development overall

Conference Session

Women in K-12 Engineeering & Outreach Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sharnnia Artis, The Ohio State University; Ruth Friedman, The Ohio State University; Glenda LaRue, The Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

before engaging in the process of extracting visible DNA from strawberries. Rheology Activity: As part of the rheology activity, participants were introduced to the physical property viscosity before going outdoors and mixing together water and corn starch to create a substance that allowed them to “walk on water.” Ice Cream Activity: The participants had a follow-up activity to reflect on their visit to the Graeter’s ice cream facility. OSU graduate students in chemical engineering talked with the participants about the function of ice cream’s ingredients and what chemical engineers call the “unit operations” involved in manufacturing large-scale quantities of ice cream. Participants then developed their own

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vaneshette Henderson, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Kelly Rusch, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Brenda Nixon, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; Warren Waggenspack, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

residents. Thedemographics of enrolled undergraduate students at LSU do not reflect the population ofLouisiana. Only 8.5% and 16% of the undergraduate engineering students enrolled at LSU areminorities and females respectively.Participant Application Selection ProcessParticipants of HSTEAP consisted of mathematics and science teacher pairs with each paircoming from the same high school. The participants for the first year program were recruitedthrough various media, organizations and agencies, including the Office for Diversity Programs,The LSU CAIN Center,Louisiana Science TeachersAssociation, LouisianaAssociation of Teachers ofMathematics, informationalmagazines, newsletters,listserves, websites and bydirect mail to high schools inLouisiana. The

Conference Session

Engineering Across the K-12 Curriculum: Integration with the Arts, Social Studies, Sciences, and the Common Core

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mariana Tafur-Arciniegas P.E., Purdue University, West Lafayette; K. Anna Douglas, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Heidi A. Diefes-Dux, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Page 24.270.12engineering instruction. Likewise, it is important to analyze how engineering instruction helpsscience understanding, regardless of science content being linked to engineering instruction.AcknowledgementThis work was made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation DLR 0822261.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are thoseof the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. Committee on Standards for K-12 Engineering Education; National Research Council, Standards for K-12 Engineering Education? The National Academies Press: Washington, D.C., 2010.2. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, When STEM? A

Conference Session

It's Elementary

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eduardo Alfonso Suescun-Florez, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Ryan Francis Cain, PS 3 The Bedford Village School; Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic Institute of New York University; Magued G. Iskander P.E., Polytechnic Institute of New York University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their favorite aspect of thescience course. The classroom teacher believed that concepts learned in soil mechanics weremore memorable to the students than those encountered in a traditional class. Finally, we believethat the opportunity for elementary school students to interact closely with goal-oriented rolemodels, who are studying engineering, will help them to develop academic goals for themselves.5. Reflections, Sustainability, and Conclusions The observations on student engagement from the Fellow and classroom teacher arelargely positive for both science and math lessons. The students were reported to be eager toparticipate in the lesson and actively encourage other classmates to join. They attentively listenedto the lesson

Conference Session

High School Engineering Programs, Curriculum, and Evaluation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heath Tims, Louisiana Tech University; Krystal S Corbett, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; David E. Hall, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

input, computations 2.29 3.33 1.04and plotsQ. Computation of servo efficiency under various operating 1.71 3.08 1.38conditionsR. Solving of work, power and efficiency problems 2.33 3.25 0.92S. Fabrication of a solar oven from foam board 1.63 3.38 1.75T. Use of a Boe-Bot to measure temperature 1.46 3.08 1.63U. Use of uss digital temperature sensors to measure temperature 1.46 2.96 1.50potentialV. Use of a solar oven to explain infrared reflection 1.46 2.71 1.25W. knowledge of the relationship between thickness of insulation 1.83

Conference Session

Out-of-School and Informal Activities

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary L. Winn, West Virginia University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

upon work supported by the National ScienceFoundation under Grant No. 0525484. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in Page 25.1097.13this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.” Page | 12

Conference Session

High School Engineering Programs, Curriculum, and Evaluation

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kelly B Crittenden, Louisiana Tech University; Galen E. Turner III, Louisiana Tech University; James D. Nelson, Louisiana Tech University; Jane A. Petrus, Louisiana Tech University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

project will be available fordownload on the ISERC website, ISERC.LaTEch.edu.Along with the project description, data are presented that reflect the effectiveness of the projecttoward building lasting relationships with area feeder schools. Since 2004, 74 different teachersfrom 17 different high schools have participated in Louisiana Tech's STEM outreach programs.Although the primary focus of these programs is to build lasting relationships with the areateachers, over 350 local high school students have been directly impacted by these programswith over 1500 indirectly impacted. The rising enrollment in the College of Engineering andScience at Louisiana Tech University indicates that the direct and indirect impact of theseprograms on local high

Conference Session

Certifying Teachers in Engineering or Integrated STEM

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

AnnMarie Thomas, University of Saint Thomas; Jan B Hansen, University of Saint Thomas; Sarah H. Cohn, Science Museum of Minnesota; Brian Phillip Jensen, University of St. Thomas

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

invention and 3-5negative aspects of this invention. The unit began with the students forming small groups Page 22.464.10to discuss their papers and brainstorm more positives and negatives. The class thenreconvened to share their discussion points. The possible social, environmental, healthand economic implications of engineering were touched upon.Students were then introduced to various engineering ethics codes, including that of theASME. The film Henry’s Daughters, which deals with a wide variety of engineeringethics issues, was watched and discussed.20Final ProjectFor their final projects, students were asked to reflect upon and apply key

Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-navigating whiskerrobot, and a line-following robot.4. Broadened Education and Training of Fellows Through effective performance of their teaching, mentoring, and collaboration activities,Fellows are developing (i) a deeper understanding of STEM concepts; (ii) an ability to exploreand recognize connections and relationships between different STEM concepts; (iii) an ability topractice and reflect on the process of knowledge building; (iv) an ability to review others’ workand provide constructive criticism; and (v) an ability to revise and enhance their own work basedon others’ feedback. Development of these various abilities assists Fellows in their own researchsince every successful engineering research enterprise relies on deep understanding

Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanne Christman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Robert Garrick, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

continually update and change the experiments to keep it interesting for themselves andto reflect the interest levels demonstrated by the Girl Scouts to the various activities. Each of thefour engineering technology departments has a core group of students who plan and organizetheir experiment with other volunteers from the department helping with facilitation of the event.Funding for the Girl Scouts in Technology Program was made available through a grant from theRochester Area Community Foundation. The grant money covered the cost of supplies, websitedevelopment, faculty stipend and pay for student volunteers.Program DetailsThe Girl Scouts in Technology program was designed such that it encompasses the essentialingredients for a successful outreach

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

can reflect on and evaluate present and past D&T, its uses and effects. (Design and Technology Association, ¶1, 2010) As summarized in Developing Industrial Design Education: A British perspectivea paper by David Weightman, Professor/Director & Deana McDonagh, AssociateProfessor of Industrial Design of the School of Art and Design, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign: After establishing the context of design and design education in the UK, the authors describe emerging themes in industrial-design education. These themes can be classified into three types. The first theme involves enabling students to utilize a variety of research approaches at different levels. The design process

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati; Patrick Brown, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their male counterparts, the chances for success in these types of projects will be proof toboth genders that many girls are very skillful in these areas. It may take a while to graduallychange the perceptions that both genders have about their relative abilities, but if project basedlearning is a regular part of the science curriculum, we will have produced students who aremore experienced, more confident and more informed about the everyday activities of STEMcareers. This has the potential to gradually erase the disparity between the genders in scientificand technical arenas. The exploration of their own questions, the satisfaction of creating andtesting their own designs, and the experience of working in cooperative groups reflects the

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-college Engineering Curriculum and Programming Resources, Part 1 of 2

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cynthia Marie Baker, University of Nebraska, Lincoln - Mid American Transportation Center; Laurence R Rilett P.E., University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Gina M. Kunz; Gwen C. Nugent

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

concepts to transportation. 3) Next, students engage in hands-on activities, utilizing and applying the main concepts of the day’s lesson. 4) Typically, transportation professionals are invited to club sessions, where they provide a multimedia presentation pertaining to their respective field, a project going on in the community and/or a specific sector of the workforce (e.g., salary information and educational requirements). This presentation tends to take place toward the end of the club period. 5) The program day ends with a “wrap-up” activity to summarize main themes or ideas and record reflections on the day’s

Conference Session

Pre-Service Development Initiatives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Bethke Wendell, University of Massachusetts Boston

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

engineering and literacy approach, design challenges are drawn from children’sliterature. Students and teachers read texts closely, analyze the plot for problems faced by thecharacters, design and test solutions to the problems, and then reflect in writing about theproblems and solutions. Although new engineering-and-literacy research studies are uncoveringa great deal about elementary teachers’ and students’ engagement with literature-basedengineering experiences, we have limited understanding of what pre-service teachers can knowand do related to engineering design, and what they need to be effective at bringing engineeringdesign to their future students. In order to design effective elementary teacher preparationapproaches in engineering, we need

Conference Session

iSTEM

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stacy S Klein-Gardner, Harpeth Hall School and Vanderbilt University; Crystal Tricia Chukwurah, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

opinions,findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views of our donors.Bibliography 1. Jeffers, A.T., Safferman, A.G. & Safferman, S.I. (2004). Understanding K-12 engineering outreach programs. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, 130(4), 95-108. 2. Fadali, M. S., Robinson, M., and McNichols, K. (2000). Teaching engineering to K – 12 students using role playing games. Paper presented at the American Society for Engineering Education 2000 Annual Conference, St. Louis, MO. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Engineering Education. 3. Klein-Gardner, SS. (2012). K-Career Directions for Women. Paper

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K12 Programs

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jill Andrews, University of Michigan; Lorelle Meadows, University of Michigan; Joy Oguntebi, University of Michigan

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amy Prevost, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Mitchell Nathan, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Benjamin Stein, University of Wisconsin; Natalie Tran, California State University, Bakersfield; Allen Phelps, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

dynamic and varies fromteacher to teacher, and even changes across classrooms taught by the same instructor, as thespecific interactions vary with different students. The assessed curriculum refers to the specificcontent that is tested and can differ markedly from the intended and enacted curricula as tests aredrafted by the federal government (thought instruments like NAEP, for example), individualstates, districts, and the teachers themselves. The learned curriculum captures the actual changesin knowledge by the individual students, which reflects the notion that students can and often dolearn more and less than offered in the instructional context

Conference Session

Evaluation: Exploring High School Engineering Education Initiatives

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Jill Rogers, University of Arizona; Noel Kathleen Hennessey, Program Coordinator; Sanlyn Buxner, University of Arizona; James C. Baygents, The University of Arizona

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

reflection aboutindividual career goals. It is reasonable to expect that students need to complete multiple GCDELI units in order to get a broader perspective on engineering as a career choice.Research question #2: Which components of the GC DELI unit impact student learning in apositive way?We analyzed students’ responses to two survey questions to answer this research question. Page 26.811.11Students were asked to rate how important the following factors were in forming an opinionabout their GC DELI unit: the online content, the hands on projects, the details and lecturematerials added by the instructor, and the interest they had in

Conference Session

Gender Perceptions and Girls in K-12 Engineering and Computer Science

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christina Deckard, SPAWAR Systems Center Pacific; David Quarfoot, SDSU/UCSD; Kimberly C Csanadi

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Conference Session

Gender and Accessibility Issues in K-12 Engineering Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenda Kelly, Duke University; Paul Klenk, Duke University; Gary Ybarra, Duke University; Lee Anne Cox, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

principles in physics can be crucial––using theheart to illustrate the principles of a pump was found to interest girls more than an oil rig; and theneed “to put effort into making sure the way the material is presented reflects girls’ interests inhuman service occupations, human needs, and biological systems” was stressed 1.Researchers also agree that mentors and role models are important from the early grades andthroughout a woman's career in science or engineering 4, 10, 11, 12. Programs for girls combininghands-on activities, role models, mentoring, internships, and career exploration have improvedgirls' self-confidence and interest in STEM courses and careers 13,14.For both genders, hands-on experiences such as using tools and equipment have

Conference Session

Engineering Student Involvement in K-12 Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina; Veronica Addison, University of South Carolina; Stephen Thompson, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

the multidisciplinary aspect ofengineering related activities in order to show connections between math and science.AcknowledgementThis material is based upon work supported by the National Science Page 12.785.10Foundation under Grant Number 0440568. All opinions expressed withinare the authors' and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Science Foundation.Bibliography1. National Science Foundation, NSF Graduate Teaching Fellows In K-12 Education (GK-12) http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=5472&from=fund2. A. Caicedo, J. Lyons, S. Thompson, (2006) “Investigating Outcomes for GK-12 Teacher Partners and GK-12

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Valerie Galarza, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Mariela Figueroa, UPRMUniversity of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Cristina Lugo, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Ricardo Rodriguez, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Francisco Rivera, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez; Alexandra Medina-Borja, University of Puerto Rico-Mayaguez

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

make it” said a student who enter college from a technical public HS. We noticed most of the students who came from private schools thought they had a goodeducational background when they arrived at the UPRM, but they actually confronted the sameproblems of those students who came from public and rural schools (Figure 2). Although privateschools provide a diverse curriculum for those students interested in science and math areas,students coming from those expressed the same problems than the rest of the students. Thisfinding was reflected previously in college impact analysis (Figure 1). Another relevant aspect was critical thinking. Most of the participating students answeredthat HS instruction didn’t promote or encourage

Conference Session

Engineering in the Middle Grades

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Karen High, Oklahoma State University; Becky Hammack, Stillwater Middle School; Beth Watt, Stillwater Middle School; Julie Thomas, Oklahoma State University; Adrienne Redmond, Oklahoma State University; Pat Jordan; Jean Dockers, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

assess how well students can work X X 43 in teams, essential for engineering Problem Solving Process Key to assess how the students are X X 43 able to solve problems, which is an invaluable skill for engineers Author generated engineering content survey X Qualitative Draw an Engineer Test X 44 Field notes by engineering and education faculty X X X Teacher interviews X X X 39 Teacher and mentor reflections as well as middle school X