Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Forsberg, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

14.1306.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Use of the Knowledge and Skill Builder (KSB) Format in a Senior Mechanical Engineering LaboratoryOverviewThis paper discusses the use of the Knowledge and Skill Builder (KSB) format in HofstraUniversity's ENGG 170 laboratory course during the Spring 2008 semester.The current investigation is a fifth-year research project of the NSF-funded MSTP 1, 2Project, "Mathematics Across the Middle School MST Curriculum" . KSBs werepreviously used by the author in a sophomore level Measurements and Instrumentation 3Laboratory course (ENGG 160A) . The success of the KSBs in that

Conference Session

Innovations in Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Theodore Heindel, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Filters 9 Resistance/Capacitance Sensors Op-Amps 10 Linear Variable Differential Transformers, Strain Gauges Thermocouples, Thermistors 11 Accelerometers, Exam Thermocouples and Multi- channel Data Acquisition 12 Piezoelectric and Semiconductor Devices, Accelerometers Experimental Design 13 Electrical Noise LVDT “Design” Project 14 Standards and Codes, Review LVDT “Design” Project 15 Optional Topics No Lab 16 Final

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 11

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward H. Currie, Hofstra University; Kevin C. Craig, Hofstra University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

engineering capstone courses around the country will uncover considerabledifferences. Among the differences are:• The course is either a one-semester, three-credit course or a two-semester, four-credit to six- credit course.• The design project is either purely mechanical or is multidisciplinary, with sensor, actuator and micro-computer control.• The design project is industry-sponsored or is proposed by the student design team.• Funding ranges from industry financial support up to several thousand dollars, to $400 - $1000 per 4-person team funded by the mechanical engineering department.• The project can be virtual, i.e., a paper design and slide presentation are the end result, with or without a working virtual prototype. Or

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Simon Thomas Ghanat P.E., The Citadel; Dena Garner, The Citadel; Jason Howison, The Citadel; Rebecca A. Hunter, The Citadel; Breeanne Baker Swart, The Citadel; Shankar Madhab Banik, The Citadel; Michael P. Verdicchio, The Citadel; Nathan John Washuta P.E., The Citadel

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

or closely related projects such as the NSF-funded REUpresented by Youssef et al. [4].Undergraduate research at all types of higher education institutions is now being emphasized.Since undergraduate research is listed as one of five, high-impact practices on student learningoutcomes [5], it is beneficial to expose as many students to research as possible. Undergraduateresearch has been linked to retention in undergraduate degree programs [6], improved skills indata acquisition, data reduction, and public speaking [7], and increased participation in graduateprograms [8]. There are even journals dedicated to undergraduate research. These might bewithin a single academic department at an institution [9], school wide [10], or discipline

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, University of California, Merced; Ala Qattawi, University of Toledo; Sachin Goyal, University of California, Merced

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #25033Assessing and Improving Student Engagement and Motivation in MechanicalEngineering Online CoursesDr. Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, University of California, Merced Soheil FatehiBoroujeni received his Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of California, Merced in 2018. As a postdoctoral researcher at Purdue University, School of Engineering Education, Soheil is working on a multi-institutional project characterizing governance processes related to change in engineering education, and pursuing other research interests in epistemology and design, among other philosophical topics in engineering

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Potpourri

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

John Crepeau P.E., University of Idaho, Moscow; Barry Willis, University of Idaho, Moscow; Sean Quallen, University of Idaho, Moscow; Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho; Dan Cordon, University of Idaho, Moscow; Terence Soule, University of Idaho; P.K. Northcutt II, University of Idaho; Terri A. Gaffney, University of Idaho; Jeffrey Kimberling, University of Idaho; Angela C. Shears, University of Idaho; Ann Miller, University of Idaho

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

interests include improving the representation of young women in engineering fields and the development of Generation Z students.Dr. Steven W. Beyerlein, University of Idaho Dr. Beyerlein has taught at the University of Idaho for the last 27 years. He is coordinator of the college of engineering inter-disciplinary capstone design course. He is also a co-PI on a DOE sponsored Industrial Assessment Center program in which several of the student authors have been involved. Dr. Beyerlein has been active in research projects involving engine testing, engine heat release modeling, design of curricula for active , design pedagogy, and assessment of professional skills.Mr. Dan Cordon, University of Idaho, Moscow Clinical faculty

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aleksandra Vinogradov, Montana State University; Carolyn Plumb, Montana State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

AC 2008-646: ENHANCING STUDENT UNDERSTANDING OF AND INTEREST INMECHANICAL ENGINEERINGAleksandra Vinogradov, Montana State University Dr. Aleksandra Vinogradov has extensive academic and industrial experience in mechanical engineering. Her academic career has been dedicated to teaching and research. She has taught a variety of courses in materials engineering, engineering mechanics, mechanical vibrations, engineering analysis, and finite element analysis. She has supervised award winning student projects in mechanical design. Dr. Vinogradov’s research interests are in the area of materials. Her recent research focuses on the performance and properties of piezoelectric polymers, durability of

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ashok Kumar Manoharan, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. He received his Ph.D. from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania and has worked at Temple University and AT&T Bell Laboratories. His research interests focus on researching innovative practices to integrate teaching, research, and outreach both locally and globally (www.litee.org). He has published more than 150 papers in journals, book chapters, and conference proceedings. He has won awards for research and teaching from the Society for Information Management, iNEER, Decision Sciences Institute, American Society for Engineering Education, Frontiers in Education, and the Project Management Institute. He is the editor of the Decision Sciences Journal of Innovative Education

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John M Mativo, University of Georgia; Natasha Smith, University of Southern Indiana

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

views ofthe rigor of the course and its impact on their learning experience. Results indicate theyperceived to have a superior grasp of concepts after designing and implementing their ownexperiments.IntroductionThe ultimate objective of any academic program is for students to gain the ability to transferclassroom learning to practice, for which they will be required to construct and apply knowledgetowards problem solving. For example, the consensus outcome for engineering graduates is theability to apply principles of engineering, science, and math to design and analyze real systemsor processes2 . Much debate however exists on the best learning practices to build these skills.Proponents of problem-based learning (or project-based learning

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ronald Goulet, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. The course includes a series eight (8) of heavily weightedindividualized chapter-based homework sets that are intended to encourage students to preparefor lecture, to practice solution techniques and to apply concepts to solve multi-step problems. Page 15.727.3The course also includes two projects designed to familiarize students with modern tools. Thefirst project requires the student to create a tool to compute the centroids, moments of inertia ofchannel, T, modified I sections using Excel®. The second project requires the use of Maple® forthe analysis of an individualized simply supported beam. The analysis requires the student to: a)Derive

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goodarz Ahmadi, Clarkson University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

abroad.Introduction Nano- and micro-particle transport, deposition and removal are of critical interestto many modern technologies, as well as in a number of environmental processes. Thelast decade has seen development of significant computational as well as experimentaltools for studies of particle transport, deposition and removal. The primary objective ofthis combined research and curriculum development project is to make these newimportant research findings available to seniors and first year graduate students inengineering through developing and offering of sequence of specialized courses. Anotherobjective was to integrate the simulation and experimentation into these courses, as wellattract industrial interactions. In these courses, the

Conference Session

Trends in Mechanical Engineering: Curricula and Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Abrams, Ohio State University; James William Altschuld, Ohio State University; Blaine W. Lilly, Ohio State University; Daniel A. Mendelsohn, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the labs and hands-onexperiences.This paper focuses on the new sophomore level design course which has been piloted as anabbreviated ten-week quarter long version in Autumn 2011 and Winter 2012. The sophomorecourse fills, in part, the major gap in design education that exists between the fundamentals ofengineering course sequence (and its honors equivalent, both of which serve as a prerequisite tothe major) and the senior-year capstone design course. And while the first year course sequencesinclude a design-build project, there exists a wide variance in the machine skills and experienceof entry-level Mechanical Engineering students. This new sophomore course attempts to level-set the practical knowledge of machining among students in addition

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Laboratories II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daniel Dickrell, University of Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

comments) were also very positive with the mostcommon comment pertaining to the enjoyment of the hands-on experiences which from aninstructive standpoint is correlated back to simple, profound, individually-based activities. Whileit is recognized that group projects are not favored by students, the sharp contrast in studentfeedback data suggests a positive result above simply removing the group project requirement.ConclusionThe introduction of the individual experiment model in the MoM lab was positively perceivedfrom both a student and instructor perspective. Students were more intellectually stimulated andas a group were provided more hands-on experiences than in previous incarnations of the course.The individual experiment model requires a

Conference Session

Thermal Fluid Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Soheil Fatehiboroujeni, Cornell University; Matthew J. Ford, Cornell University; Hadas Ritz, Cornell University; Brian J. Kirby, Cornell University; Elizabeth Mills Fisher, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Prof K. Prof K. 3500gets to play [redacted].Your team plays Among Us with Prof K and TAs 3500Your team gets to pick a project first for 4000Fluid-Mechanical DissectionMembers of your team get one additional homework/quiz 6500leniencyYour team receives MAE3230-themed temporary tattoos xxxxYour team picks its recitation seats first when we next xxxxxreshuffle the seating chartProf K lectures in costume for halloween xxx points from each of 8 teamsYour team gets a private hour of office hours with a TA in xxxxpreparation for written exam or mock job interview(subject to

Conference Session

Capstone Design

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Andrea Gregg, Pennsylvania State University; Eric Marsh, Pennsylvania State University; Karen A. Thole, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

expertise; manage and lead projects; understand basic businessprinciples needed in small and large companies; and ideate when there are not alreadyestablished explicit design specifications.As a curriculum, most Mechanical Engineering programs by necessity are discipline focused,without much flexibility. Curricular changes typically involve a long process and significantjustification. There are also a number of required foundational courses such as math, physics,and mechanics that are followed by the obligatory ME-focused courses such as thermodynamics,fluids, dynamics, labs, and design courses. The sheer breadth of required courses significantlyconstrains the time available to explore other critical skills. These curricula are additionallyshaped

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Pedagogy I - Best Teaching Practices

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Senate Resolution, ASEE Prism, and Voice of America.Dr. Renee M Clark, University of Pittsburgh Renee Clark is Research Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering and Director of Assessment for the Engineering Education Research Center (EERC) in the Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh. She conducts research on education projects that focus on active learning and engineering professional development. Current research includes the propagation of active learning throughout the Swanson School and the use of systematic reflection and metacognitive activities within coursework. She received the Ph.D. in Industrial Engineering from the University of Pittsburgh and the MS in Mechanical Engineering from

Conference Session

Teaching Methods in Mechancial Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Claire Y. Yan, University of British Columbia, Okanagan

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Paper ID #15357Online Homework Assignments: Instructor’s Perspective and Students’ Re-sponsesDr. Claire Y. Yan, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Dr. Claire Y. Yan is a senior instructor in the School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Okanaga. She received her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Xi’an Jiaotong University, China and Ph.D. degree from University of Strathclyde, UK. Prior to joining UBC in 2008, she worked as a research scientist at Ryerson University on various projects in the area of CFD and heat and mass transfer. Dr. Yan has taught a variety of courses including fluid mechanics, fluid machines

Conference Session

Statics and Finite Element Analysis

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sarah C. Baxter, University of St. Thomas; Ann Johnson, University of South Carolina; Bethany S. Fralick, University of South Carolina

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering Statics classes. Because this is preliminary work, the underlyingmotivations are diverse. At a very fundamental level, students often learn how to draw inperspective and construct scaled drawings in freshmen engineering classes but are almost neverasked to use these skills in the next series of classes. Yet, students often have difficulty readingand interpreting textbook drawings and ``seeing'' in three-dimensions. Additionally, theseintroductory classes often focus on design - the perspective of solving a problem given somerequirements - but for the next several years, classwork focuses on analysis and evaluation ofsomeone else's design. The working hypothesis of this project is that a more hands on, activelearning component in Statics

Conference Session

Design Throughout the Mechanical Engineering Curriculum II

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dustyn Roberts P.E., University of Delaware; Jenni Buckley, University of Delaware

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Sparkfun Inventor Kits and peripheral sensors.The Cage is home to all of our hand tools (e.g., portable drills, Dremels, sanding equipment,wrenches) and several benchtop tools (e.g. belt sander, drill press), as well as prototyping space.The Universal VLS4.60 laser cutter lives in the Hack-A-Torium next to a fume hood, severallarge work tables, and a lot of project storage bins. The Pit has room for group work and a walllined with desktop computers, as well as two lounge areas for more casual collaborations. TheTest Lab houses our sensor inventory and two large tension testing rigs, and the MechanicalSystems Lab is home to three out of four of our laboratory courses. Finally, the Hive is primarilyused for teaching assistant (TA) office hours and

Conference Session

What's New in Dynamics?

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Benjamin Liaw, City College of the City University of New York; Ioana Voiculescu, City College of the City University of New York

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

materials, and (2) improving engineering education through innovative teaching and research techniques, with emphasis on attracting under-represented minorities and women. Through years he has published more than 70 refereed papers with funding support from NSF, NASA, ARPA, AFOSR, ARO, U.S. Army TACOM-TARDEC and ARDEC-Picatinny Arsenal, AT&T, Digital Equipment Corporation, Alliant Techsystems, Frontier Performance Polymers, NYS GRI and PSC CUNY. In addition to being active in research, he had also served as the ECSEL Project Director at CCNY in 1993-2001. The main charge of the NSF-funded ECSEL Coalition is to improve undergraduate engineering education through design across the

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University; Margot Hutchins, Michigan Technological Universtiy; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; Chris VanArsdale, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

Rosa2 address hands-on skills: Instrumentation,Experiment, Data Analysis, Design, Psychomotor, and Sensory Awareness. While the emphasisin the early part of the 20th century was on the practical, it shifted to the theoretical in mid-century because it was believed that scientifically trained engineers would create morerevolutionary products3. The pendulum has more recently shifted back to the practical withgreater emphasis on project-based learning4. Even as engineering work becomes increasinglysophisticated, practical ability and intuition about physical phenomenon remain important.In addition to grade point average, employers pay attention to practical experience. Recruitersroutinely ask about hands-on experiences outside of classes during

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer I

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

K. Hodge, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

c American Society for Engineering Education, 2011 Using Travel and the Internet to Develop and Formulate Enhanced Homework AssignmentsIntroductionOne student criticism of homework and project exercises in engineering courses is thelack of connection that the projects have with the “real world.” The author has taught arequired course in thermal systems design in Mechanical Engineering at MississippiState University for many years and has endeavored to make assignments as realisticand credible as possible. Over the last decade the realism has been enhanced bydeveloping homework exercises from engineering “examples” observed on trips. Thispaper will delineate in detail the process of evolving assignments based on

Conference Session

Student Learning and Assessment II

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anca L. Sala, Baker College; Raghu Echempati, Kettering University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

. Understand the effects and apply basic control actions commonly used in industrial automaticcontrollers in modeling different control systems.11. Complete a course project involving topics of the course and transient and steady-stateresponse analysis of the control system.The course format includes lectures, and computation and visualization sessions using Matlab.As stated before, the mathematical modeling of mechanical systems overlaps with the similartopic in the Vibrations course. Anecdotally, students who have already taken Vibrations, or aretaking Vibrations concurrently with DCS, remarked they already knew some of the material fromthe Vibrations course. This can be of great help to students in the DCS course, allowing themsome confidence

Conference Session

Thermodynamics, Fluids, and Heat Transfer

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Zietlow, Bradley University; Jacqueline Henderson, Bradley University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

in the discipline would occur. (1) Engaging students through interactive learning is not a onetime occurrence. Heller et. al. investigated student and faculty perceptions of engineering engagement. (2) It was found that first year students defined engagement as faculty interest and involvement along with interactions with faculty. Once faculties were removed from the equation, students Page 25.37.2 defined engagement as their work on a project, participating in course groups, outside work or research. Comparatively, second year engineering students defined engagement as active participation and hands-on activities.(2) Student

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: The Remote World

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Smitesh Bakrania, Rowan University; Lopa Bakrania, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

undergraduate and graduate sections.The course content details are presented in Bakrania, et al. [16], but briefly described here forcontext. The original face-to-face course lectures were slide-based due to the highly visual natureof the content. Each lecture required students to read handouts and answer the providedquestions prior to lectures. The questions were collectively answered during the lectures andoften prompted discussions. The assignments relied heavily on students’ ability to reviewnanotechnology-related scientific journal papers and evaluate the outcomes. The assignmentsculminated into a term project where students selected an application area and presented theirresearch to the class. In the end, each student prepared a research proposal

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Assessment and Accreditation: Making the Grade!

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Thomas W. DeNucci, U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Elizabeth (Elisha) M.H. Garcia, U.S. Coast Guard Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

SO2-1 1453 Ship Propulsion Design Propulson Plant Trade-off Submittal 7 3 7 0 2.00 13 10 0 0 2.57 4 2 10 0 1.63 0.188 environment, and vessel and crew/passenger safety. 1444 Ship Design/System Integration Crewing Submittal 10 7 0 0 2.59 4 19 0 0 2.17 0 0 16 0 1.00 0.794 1444 Ship Design/System Integration Final Project Report

Conference Session

Uses for MATLAB in Mechancial Engineering

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shanon Marie Reckinger, Montana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

was initiated. These undergraduate peer learningleaders played two roles in the course, (I) they were in the classroom helping students’ with theirwork, and, (II) they led optional two hour helps sessions outside of the class time. The secondform of peer learning was implemented through the inclusion of a peer discussion periodfollowing in class clicker quizzes3. The third form of peer learning had the students creatingvideo project assignments and posting them on YouTube to explain course topics to their peers.Several other more informal techniques were used to encourage peer learning, which will also bediscussed in this paper.This paper will explain some of the details of how these peer learning techniques wereimplemented. Examples and

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 8

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amir Karimi P.E., University of Texas, San Antonio; Randall D. Manteufel P.E., University of Texas, San Antonio

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

classroomelectronic response devices, assigning group and individual projects, using the flipped classroomconcept, and offering mandatory recitation periods. This paper briefly describes the teaching andlearning schemes attempted, the advantages and disadvantages of each scheme, and theeffectiveness of each scheme. The most promising scheme has been unique homework problems,and this is supported by comparing exam grades when homework problems were assigned fromthe textbook.Introduction:Preparing graduates for engineering employment and practice is the most important function ofengineering education. Graduates are expected to have the basic knowledge, and the ability tosolve new engineering problems that they might not have seen before. The traditional

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bobby G Crawford P.E., Quinnipiac University; Jose Antonio Riofrio, Quinnipiac University; Richard Melnyk, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

result of SDI application, the Introduction to Circuits course at QU provides students withfoundational knowledge in DC and AC circuits, as well as some building-block knowledge forfuture courses in Mechatronics, Controls, and Data Acquisition (motors, generators, diodes,strain gages, voltage regulators, and op amps). Finally, through a design project, students applythe knowledge and skills learned in the course and lab to design, simulate, prototype, build, andtest a multi-output DC power supply. The final circuits are embodied with Printed Circuit Boards(PCBs) which the students design.The success of this course is assessed by comparing our students’ perception of their circuits-related abilities to those of students from a nationally-regarded

Conference Session

Thermal Fluid Related

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Autar Kaw, University of South Florida

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

, including problem sets and projects thatreinforce higher-order thinking skills, take time, and force learning from failures. Anothercommon myth is that the teacher does not play a central role. The keyword is "central" - theteachers play a prominent role but mainly in the background. On behalf of an instructor, it takesmore organization, effort, and resources in a flipped classroom than in a traditional lecture-basedclassroom. Lastly, the popular myth is that students learn by themselves. In a well-designedflipped classroom, the pre-class work only includes learning the basics of a topic and gettingrefamiliarized with the prerequisite course materials. In a proper flipped classroom, theobjectives, assignments, and tasks are expected to be clearly