Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Phelana Pang, Seattle Girls' School

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

 (CSNE), the author, a middle school science teacher, designed and implemented a two­week, project­based neural engineering STEAM unit.  The unit was designed to provide multiple access points for student engagement through the inclusion of a range of high interest topics: neuroscience, circuitry, coding, engineering design, art, and ethics.  The unit’s effectiveness in teaching science and engineering skills and affecting attitudes was evaluated through the use of student surveys.  Program Description The interdisciplinary STEAM curriculum unit titled “Sensory Substitution” examined the real­world problem of sensory impairment.  The unit engaged 5th­8th grade students at an all girls middle school in engineering design and was implemented over

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Younkyeong Nam, Pusan National University; Jina Yoon, Pusan National University; Jeanna Wieselmann, Southern Methodist University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

] proposed that students’ epistemic practice in SSI are understood through bothargumentation and informal reasoning [6], [13]. Based on an intensive literature review, Sadler [6]concluded that it is hard to assess the quality of student argumentation only by logical reasoningbecause in SSI contexts, everyday life experiences, moral and ethical beliefs, values, and cultureaffect students’ argumentation practices. Duschl also points out that student argumentation in SSIis a reasoning strategy that involves the general reasoning domain of informal logic as well ascritical thinking [10].In most recent research concerning argumentation, Toulmin’s model [14] was adopted as a usefultool to understand logical reasoning of argumentation. However, Toulmin’s

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 12

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amy Wilson-Lopez, Utah State University; Jorge Americo Acosta Feliz

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

values, building codes, budgets, construction, design and architecture,repair, and ethics.3 Although Moll and colleagues did not explicitly connect these funds ofknowledge to engineering, many of these categories bear direct relevance to engineeringpractices, and for this reason, engineering may be an especially promising discipline forforegrounding Latinx students’ funds of knowledge.8 Under this assumption, we conducted aproject to better understand the engineering-related funds of knowledge of Latinx youth who hadbeen designated by their schools as ‘English learners.’9 Wilson et al. authored the firstpublication that stemmed from this work, which outlined funds of knowledge categories such asworkplaces; health of self and family

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Resource Exchange

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Kristen Clapper Bergsman, University of Washington; Eric H. Chudler, University of Washington

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

integrated into the units through the use of case studies, articles, anddiscussions. These curriculum units engage students in designing and building models ofneuroprosthetics, artificial neural networks, and sensory substitution devices. Curriculum unitsare available for middle school STEM courses, as well as for high school biology, physics,chemistry, and computer science.“Students were hooked by the combination of science and ethics. Using circuits, Arduinos/sensors, etc. in designing lessons always helped students feel like they were doing pertinent science. And hearing about current research kept them hooked. They knew the lessons were real and important.” ~RET teacher participantHighlight

Conference Session

PCEE Resource Exchange

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Clapper Bergsman, University of Washington; Eric H. Chudler, University of Washington

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

. Finally, students will explore the ethical implications of building artificially intelligent machines.This curriculum was co-designed by Benjamin Hart of Redmond High School and LarryBencivengo of Mercer Island High School and has been pilot-tested with their students overthree years. Lessons include: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence  Introducing Arduinos Introducing Artificial Neural Networks  Building Neural Networks with Arduino 1414 North East 42nd Street, Suite 204, Seattle, WA 98105-6271 Telephone: (206) 685-8915 URL: http://www.csne-erc.org

Conference Session

Professional Development for Teachers and Counselors

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristen Clapper Bergsman, University of Washington; Jill Lynn Weber, Center for Research and Learning; Eric H. Chudler, University of Washington

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

neural engineering data and results, and ethical and responsible conduct of research in neural engineering, and the role of neuroethics in neural engineering. 2. Neural engineering best practices: Knowledge of oral and written communication of neural engineering knowledge and research, and innovation. 3. Connections to neural engineering industry and careers: Knowledge of industry’s role in neural engineering, careers in neural engineering, and careers in neuroethics.Conceptual Framework The design of this RET program is guided by sociocultural theories of learning,including: cognitive apprenticeship [6]; situated learning [7], [8]; distributed expertise [9], [10];and

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alexandra M. Pike, Juanita High School

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

, 2012. Appendix A - Unit OutlineDay 1: Connect circuitry to neuroscience (Lesson 1, 50 min) ● Engage: Demonstrate gripper hand, let students test it out. ● Explore: On large whiteboards, sketch how the gripper hand works and list similarities and differences between circuits & human bodies. Discuss boards briefly. ● Engage: Show VEST and have students take notes on discussion questions, then discuss constraints and ethics (invasive/noninvasive, end-user input, cost, problems etc) ● Homework 0: Jigsaw one of the four articles about BCI/assistive devicesDay 2: Explore Sensor and Logic Components (Lesson 2, 50 min +) ● Elaborate: Jigsaw and discuss the articles, specifically regarding

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Madhurima Das, NuVu Studio

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

(seePlant biology, Ethics, They will debate ethical issues related to Figure 5)Engineering, Large food production and consumption and learn ● Garden beds designedscale construction, about tried and true methods and new specifically for the plantsCommunication innovations in farming. Then, they will grown in the school garden create a growing system for the school, learn what it takes to grow and harvest successfully, and practice responsibility towards our earth and environment. Figure 5: Vertical hydroponic

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Neal I. Callaghan, University of Toronto; Jose Luis Cadavid, University of Toronto; Huntley H. Chang, University of Toronto; Ileana Louise Co, University of Toronto; Nicolas Ivanov, University of Toronto; Nhien Tran-Nguyen, University of Toronto; Jonathan Rubianto, University of Toronto; Locke Davenport Huyer, University of Toronto; Dawn M. Kilkenny, University of Toronto

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Diversity

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Pre-College Engineering Education

students face in their learning. Wealso qualitatively assessed the degree of reinforcement and attitude propagation within eachcohort as potential mechanisms for the enhancement or suppression of student interest on anindividual basis. This study may offer insight into the value of strategic targeting of differingstudent demographics to systemically enhance STEM performance and interest during key pointsin students’ early careers, such as the end of secondary school and during the transition to post-secondary study.Methods Ethical statementAll data collection involving students was approved by the University of Toronto HealthSciences Research Ethics Board (Protocol # 34825) and the Toronto District School BoardExternal Research Review

Conference Session

Middle School Students' Engineering Identity, Efficacy, Attitudes, and Perceptions

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Glenn W. Ellis, Smith College; Isabel Huff, Springfield Technical Community College; Al Rudnitsky, Smith College; Beth McGinnis-Cavanaugh, Springfield Technical Community College; Sonia K. Ellis, Smith College

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

process to build the robotic cat and solve the mystery, Sadina and her friends learn about artificial intelligence and experience ethical dilemmas paralleling the kinds of situations that professional engineers and technologically literate citizens might face. In TimeTilter, fourteen-year-old Singer joins a band of displaced teens in a futuristic gaming site created by the mysterious company Collusia. Trapped in the TimeTilter, Singer and her team become the unwilling subjects of Collusia’s dangerous research on the limits of human perception. Under the influence of a new and proprietary chemical called the superzeitgeber, the team loses all sense of time—while other senses become mysteriously enhanced. In order to escape

Conference Session

Best Practices in Research & Assessment Tools for Pre-College Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tamecia R. Jones, North Carolina State University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

usedwas collected for a previous research project, and expected challenges of methodologicalintegrity [73] and quality of research exist. Since the researcher was also the instructor as datawas collected although for different purposes, this poses a threat to validity theoretically,procedurally, communication-wise, pragmatically, and ethically[74-76]. From preliminary application, this engineering epistemic frame shows potential forrevealing skills in interactions and conversations that are expressed differently or less frequentlycaptured on traditional paper methods. Specifically, it has the potential to capture values orepistemology that are not currently assessed in K-12 students. Another advantage of thisengineering frame is that it

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 10

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Diane L. Nelson, Carnegie Mellon University; Ilhem F. Hakem, Carnegie Mellon University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

bioplastics. Engineering aspects of the physical, mechanical andchemical properties of bioplastics were investigated.A brief summary of each module for the lectures and hands-on activities of the chemicalengineering course, with the most important steps is described below:Module 0: Introduction to Chemical Engineering and Lab SafetyThe focus of this module is to introduce students to engineering concepts and show that engineersdesign, conduct experiments then analyze and interpret the data. Students learned that engineersdesign a system, component or process to meet desired needs within realistic constraints such aseconomic, environmental, social, political, ethical, health and safety, manufacturability andsustainability. The field of Chemical

Conference Session

Computing -- Increasing Participation of Women and Underrepresented Minorities

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Laura K. Dillon, Michigan State University; Maureen Doyle, Northern Kentucky University; Linda Ott, Michigan Technological University; Wendy Powley, Queen's University; Andrea E Johnson, Spelman College

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering, Pre-College Engineering Education, Women in Engineering

science from Purdue University in 1978. She joined Michigan Tech’s faculty shortly after completing her doctorate and chaired the department of computer science from 1996 to 2010. Her research interests are in software engineering, including software pro- cesses, software measurement, and software engineering education. She also has interests in ethical and social aspects of computing and has been active in efforts to increase the number of women in computing for many years. She has been a co-PI on nearly $1.5 million in grants from industry and the National Science Foundation. Dr. Ott is a 2010 recipient of the ACM SIGSOFT Retrospective Paper Award for the paper ”The Program Dependence Graph in a Software Development

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Amari T. Simpson, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Lara Hebert, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Luisa-maria Rosu, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign; Meagan C. Pollock, Engineer Inclusion; Lynford Goddard, University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

support from a school administrator, and committed to launch or expand a STEM cluband assist in nominating students to attend STEM summer camps. Five schools provided schoolteams for the 2019-2020 school year. Several additional schools expressed interest prior to thesummer institute, but they chose to delay their participation to a future date. Each participantreceived a $1,200 stipend plus housing and travel costs for the summer institute. Each schoolreceived $3,000 engineering curriculum and materials for supporting up to 50 students in STEMclubs plus an additional $1,500 for flexible spending toward STEM-Club activities (e.g., 3Dprinter, virtual reality headset, etc.). An ethics review board approved our research design, andwe received

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Laura Bottomley, North Carolina State University; Susan Beth D'Amico, North Carolina State University; Amber L. M. Kendall, Tufts Center for Engineering Education and Outreach; Daniel Gordon Mendiola Bates, North Carolina State University; Whitney N. McCoy, North Carolina State University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

and designing a Nano Bug maze that directs the bug totravel in multiple directions and distances. The final day of camp involved the book Billy Bloo isStuck in Goo by Jennifer Hamburg. The book introduced the activity involving the campersmaking slime. Figure 2: Camp participants review one of the story books for the weekThe six engineering habits of mind [18] that we use at camp are Creativity, Optimism,Collaboration, Communication, Systems Thinking and Ethical Considerations. These habitsdirectly support the approach that the campers exhibit for each of our engineering activities. Atthe end of each day, we identify campers from each team that best demonstrates each of thehabits to provide them with positive reinforcement, as well

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eunhye Kim, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Greg J. Strimel, Purdue Polytechnic Institute

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

-appropriate value propositionsUnderstand • Seeing the value of their work as it affects societysocietal values • Recognizing internal and external customers • Maintaining high ethical standards • Sustaining environmental stewardship • Maintaining a global view • Cultivating the next generation of engineersTechnical depth • Make products designed and tested for commercialization • Persist through failure to do what is needed to succeed.Proposed future research To look into the effectiveness of teaching P-12 students an entrepreneurial mindset ontheir problem framing, we

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mi Thant Mon (Thant) Soe, Drexel University; Robert Shultz, Drexel University; James M. Muscarella, Plymouth Whitemarsh High School; Jessica S. Ward, Drexel University (Eng. & Eng. Tech.); Adam K. Fontecchio, Drexel University

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Diversity

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Pre-College Engineering Education

Academy of Engineering and National ResearchCouncil Center for Education emphasized the teaching of the engineering design process (EDP)as a pedagogical strategy to teach science, mathematics and technology in a meaningful context.According to the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), EDP is definedas “the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs, specifications,codes, and standards within constraints such as health and safety, cost, ethics, policy,sustainability, constructability, and manufacturability. It is an iterative, creative, decision‐makingprocess in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and the engineering sciences are applied toconvert resources optimally into solutions” [2]. EDP

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Poster Session

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alissa Ruth, Arizona State University; Tameka Spence, Arizona State University; Joseph V. Hackman, Arizona State University; Jennifer Velez M.Ed., Arizona State University; Hope Parker, Arizona State University; Tirupalavanam G. Ganesh, Arizona State University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

community engagement. Moreover, the curriculum incorporateshuman-centered design and key engineering processes to foster engineering habits of mind suchas systems thinking, optimism, and ethical consideration in engineering as well asentrepreneurial mindsets such as the three C’s (creativity, collaboration, communication).Throughout EPICS High, students continually explore potential problems in the community thatcan be solved by the skills they are learning in the classroom. Ultimately, students learn to workwith members of the community to create engineering solutions that are designed to address real-world problems. Preliminary research shows that EPICS High promotes positive outcomesamong high school students9,10. In a small study on an

Conference Session

Professional Development for Pre-Service and In-Service Teachers

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sylvia W. Thomas, University of South Florida; Scott W. Campbell, University of South Florida; Manopriya Devisetty Subramanyam, University of South Florida; Cheryl R. Ellerbrock, University of South Florida

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

(classroom scale) Discuss the application of STEM strategies as part of the implementation of engineering problem-based learning experiences. The engineering process as the application of scientific and mathematical knowledge to obtain a solution. Examine STEM issues from a6 scientific vs. engineering Effectively address controversial STEM issues within the local perspective. community (e.g. addressing sociocultural, moral and ethical aspects of the STEM solution). Discuss the importance of an economic

Conference Session

Pre-College Engineering Education Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Susan M. Letourneau, New York Hall of Science; Dorothy Bennett, New York Hall of Science; ChangChia James Liu, New York Hall of Science; Yessenia Argudo, New York Hall of Science; Kylie Peppler, University of California, Irvine; Anna Keune, Ruhr-University Bochum; Maggie Dahn, University of California, Irvine; Katherine McMillan Culp, New York Hall of Science

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Diversity

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Pre-College Engineering Education

College (1988) and holds a PhD in developmental psychology from Teachers College, Columbia University (1999). American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Observing empathy in informal engineering activities with girls ages 7-14 (RTP, Diversity)BackgroundResearch and policy shifts in engineering education have identified socioemotional skills likeempathy as a fundamental and often neglected part of engineering practice [1]-[2]. This workargues that solving complex engineering challenges with societal and ethical implicationsrequires engineers to empathize with clients and colleagues whose perspectives and needs mightdiffer from their own [1]-[4]. Humanistic

Conference Session

Engineering Career Attitudes

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Oluwatosin A. Bewaji, Texas A&M University; Madison Elaine Spier, Texas A&M University; Gustavo Mosqueda Elizondo III, Texas A&M University; Chiamaka Theclar Umah; Todd Sherron, Texas State University; J. Timothy Lightfoot, Texas A&M University; Carolyn L. Cannon, Texas A&M University; Robin S.L. Fuchs-Young, Texas A&M University

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

blood borne pathogens. After the training, the participantsbegan working in their assigned laboratories. Over the course of the 6- week, summer program,students also attended didactic sessions and participated in discussions of research ethics,scientific misconduct, and the appropriate use of animals in research. In addition, the studentsparticipated in regular lab meetings with their research teams, and attended a workshop onpreparation and delivery of a 10-minute scientific talk.Throughout the program, the group also participated in enjoyable social and educational eventson weekends and evenings. These events included movie nights, a visit to a local museum, pizzaand burger nights at local restaurants, a visit to a research barn to observe an

Conference Session

Bridge Programs Connecting to First-Year Engineering

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rezvan Nazempour; Houshang Darabi, University of Illinois, Chicago; Peter C. Nelson, University of Illinois, Chicago; Renata A. Revelo, University of Illinois, Chicago; Yeow Siow, University of Illinois, Chicago; Jeremiah Abiade

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Diversity

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First-Year Programs, Pre-College Engineering Education

.  On-campus housing is provided to the Scholars. A resident coordinator is present at all times to handle logistical, operational, and emergency matters.  Multifaceted daily activities are administered, including lectures on mathematics, science, communications, social justice and ethics (e.g., construction of racial identity, identifying inequalities), workshops on technical writing, coding, robotics, and resume building, hands-on team challenges (projects), professional tours, social and shopping trips, and personal time.  All projects are team-based where two to three Scholars collaborate under the guidance of ambassadors. Each project is a challenge for which each team must

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 15

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Sarah Hug, Colorado Evaluation and Research Consulting; Suzanne Eyerman, Fairhaven Research and Evaluation; Trina L. Fletcher, Florida International University; Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University; Michael A. Soltys, University of Colorado, Boulder

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

mechanical engineering through team- oriented projects. Table 3. Programs implemented by AmbassadorsIn addition to providing an overview of their projects and who the intended populations are, theAmbassadors provided further details on their plans, purpose and passion surrounding theirideas. The first ambassador showed excitement around being able to empower other girls andbuild their confidence: “I would like to spread my passion for STEAM and my passion for empowering girls so they can learn to believe that all they need is knowledge, confidence, strong work ethics and determination to achieve anything they want in any field they want. I will

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Marialice Mastronardi, University of Texas at Austin; Audrey Boklage, University of Texas at Austin; Risa D. Hartman, University of Texas at Austin, NASCENT Center; Darlene Yañez, University of Texas at Austin, NASCENT Center; Maura J. Borrego, University of Texas at Austin

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

was developed by graduate students, under the supervision of the Education &Outreach Staff Director (Mrs. Risa Hartman) and included statistics, fundamentals ofnanotechnology and ethics classes to offer a wide range of useful preliminary information. Thesafety training (combination of online and onsite) for a total of four hours, under the guidanceand supervision of trained laboratory graduate students, allowed YSs to learn about laboratoryprocedures. During the final day of bootcamp, mentors held a formal meeting with their scholarsto discuss details, plans and expectations about the specific project.During weeks 2-6, students worked on their project daily, performing original research under thesupervision of their graduate mentor

Conference Session

Teacher Attitudes, Beliefs, & Self-efficacy

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Erica J. Marti, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Erdogan Kaya, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Hasan Deniz, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Ezgi Yesilyurt, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Johana Iglesias, University of Nevada, Las Vegas

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

, causeslearners to appreciate the contribution of engineering in our culture, assists learners inrecognizing the ethical and moral values that engineers need to demonstrate, and aids in theteaching and learning of engineering instruction. However, NOE teaching is not an easy task,and a lack of NOE understanding also raises many issues and obstacles for science teachers toincorporate NOE in science instruction. Science teachers need training to fulfill the requirementsdescribed in the NGSS and to inform teachers about NOE aspects. To meet this goal, weprovided a professional development that focuses on NOE and the engineering design processduring summer 2017 in a southwestern research institute. Using the cognitive apprenticeshipmodel, secondary science

Conference Session

Engineering Career Attitudes

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Araceli Martinez Ortiz, Texas State University; Hiroko Kawaguchi Warshauer, Texas State University; Sara Garcia Torres M.Ed., Texas State University; Laura Rodríguez Amaya

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Energy & Technology in Pre-College Engineering Education

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle Jordan, Arizona State University; Wendy Wakefield, Arizona State University; Mia Delarosa, Arizona State University; Clark Miller, Arizona State University; Carlo Altamirano-Allende

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

Conference Session

Pre-college Engineering Education Division Technical Session 17

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Deborah Besser P.E., University of St. Thomas; Karin Brown, University of St. Thomas; Alison Haugh Nowariak, University of St. Thomas; Tami Brass, University of St. Thomas and St. Paul Academy and Summit School; Rebecca Ann Leininger, University of St. Thomas; Annmarie Thomas, University of St. Thomas

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Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education

, it allows for the solution to viewed as something realistic,usable, and practical, resulting in greater overall success [6]. As an engineer, it is important tolearn about those the project will impact to ensure that the product will meet their needs. Byasking students to consider the needs of others and providing realistic environments to practiceempathy in engineering design challenges, researchers hoped to achieve two outcomes: first,increased retention and initial registration in STEM-based classes after participating in theprogram, and second, greater overall success in designing and creating solutions.The empathy connections made in the program drew heavily from education research, includingNoddings’ ethics of care and Dweck’s growth