small groups (60 min total). Results from the Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance (RM-ANOVA) demonstrated that participants reported higherperceived ability to engage in scientific learning processes (d = .17) and in science learningbehaviors (d = 0.15). Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.Objective Self-efficacy is the judgement an individual makes regarding their ability to performvarious tasks and this judgement is domain and task specific (Bandura, 1977, 1982). Since theway in which people act, think, and feel, is a direct reflection of their own beliefs in theircapabilities, learners’ beliefs promote both engagement and learning (Linnenbrink & Pintrich,2003), as well as long-term achievement (Parker
, provided additional context for theengineering design activities students engaged in as part of the project. Whenever possible, theseshort interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for analysis. When discussions were notrecorded, relevant comments were captured in field notes.Engineering Design Self-Efficacy InstrumentSelf-efficacy was measured using the engineering design self-efficacy instrument [18] which wasadministered online at the beginning and end of the course. This instrument is designed tomeasure students’ self-efficacy as it relates to engineering design generally and to each of thestages of the engineering design process. The full instrument includes a total of thirty-six items,with the same nine items aligned to the engineering
enrolledexhibit an engineering self-efficacy of at least 3.5 out of 5, and over 67% of the students reportthe ENGR 102 HS course increased their interest in becoming an engineer [2, 3, 4]. Teachereffectiveness is also measured and is consistently high year after year with 86% of studentsreporting that their teacher is always or usually effective.With the successful launch of the Advanced Placement (AP) Computer Science course in 2016,engineering educators, NSF and the College Board accelerated the development of anIntroduction to Engineering AP course. College of Engineering deans from across the countrywere surveyed and multiple meetings of engineering thought-leaders and educators wereconvened to decide on a course of action [5]. With these strides to
discussions with participants. Interviews and focus groupswere digitally recorded and transcribed. A reflective analysis process was used to analyze andinterpret interviews and focus groups.Test of Students’ Science KnowledgeA student science content knowledge assessment aligned to the instructional goals of the researchcourse was developed and administered at the onset and conclusion of each part of the course.S-STEM SurveyThe S-STEM Student Survey measures student self-efficacy related to STEM content, interest inpursuing STEM careers, and the degree to which students implement 21st century learning skills.The survey was administered in a pre/post format at the beginning and end of each project year.FindingsResults are organized by evaluation
More training for students in collaboration skills Added more activities that relate to science or engineering Introduced an engineering design project I hadn't used before More effective in my science teaching More confident in my science teaching Started a robotics or STEM club No changes to my teachingAnalysesWe used a repeated measures ANOVA to look at the change in scores on each of the three self-efficacy measures. Focus group interviews from all eight sites were transcribed and coded forcommon themes related to teachers’ comfort with STEM, their perceptions of student gains, andtheir own learning experiences. A follow up survey was distributed in December, 2018, askingteachers to complete the efficacy
projects. Across two years, 32 teachers from two cohorts provided post-fairsurvey data from participating and non-participating students. We received data from 1,257students at the beginning of the year, but just 982 at the end of the year. Our matching effortsidentified 795 complete cases, which is the data we focus on here. See Table 1 for a breakdownof demographic information by teacher.MeasuresThe evaluation team developed these surveys to assess student attitudes towards science andengineering as well as experiences being involved in S&E fairs. Measures of science attitudes(value and self-efficacy for science) as well as science and engineering interest were drawn fromthe MSP-MAP project[12] that developed theoretically grounded measures
validated measures includingthe STEM Fascination and Competence/Self-efficacy Scales [27-28], the STEM Career InterestSurvey (STEM-CIS) [29], the Modified Attitudes toward Science Inventory (M-ATSI) [30], andthe Persistence Research in Science & Engineering survey (PRiSE). We selected items fromthese instruments to address unique aspects of the constructs of interest within the engineeringcontext. When possible, we tried to select entire scales from validated instruments. Therefore, wedid not select items from other existing measures when they were redundant with items alreadyincluded from an intact scale. We added 21 items in the following areas:performance/competence (8 items), STEM fascination (6 items), interest (4 items
Surveys, Dimensions of Success (DoS) Observation tool, pre/post topic self-efficacy, and survey student interviews. The results showed that engineering design activitieshad a positive impact on attitude towards STEM learning and careers. Integration ofengineering design principles, student demographics and evaluation instruments and resultsare discussed in this paper.IntroductionEngineering is a natural platform for the integration of science, technology, engineering, andmathematics (STEM) content into K-12 classrooms, while sparking creativity amongst youngminds. Research around effective learning in K-12 classrooms demonstrates that anengineering approach to identifying and solving problems is valuable across all disciplines.Educators and
Engineering Teachers’ Literacy InstructionPeople enter and exit science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pathwaysat different points in their educational trajectories (Cannady, Greenwald, & Harris, 2014;Maltese, Melki, & Wiebke, 2014), but middle school is an especially critical juncture forcapturing and maintaining youths’ interest in STEM fields. From fifth to eighth grade,adolescents’ interest in STEM often declines (Gonzales et al., 2008; Osborne, Simon, &Collins, 2003), and many develop a negative sense of self-efficacy regarding their potentialto succeed in future STEM courses (Chen & Usher, 2013). Though many people exit STEMpathways before they enter high school, this problem is especially pronounced
portrayal) [12], [13] which leads to lower interest. Additionally, minority populations are challenged with access to computers [8], [14] and resultant low self-efficacy [15]. This program will follow a design protocol and a curriculum based on constructivism (drawing on learners’ existing beliefs, knowledge and skills) [16] and real-world experiential, project-based applications which have been shown to support STEM and computing interest and success for minorities [17], [18]. Computational thinking practices in STEM will focus on students gaining experience in practices for data management, computational problem solving, modeling and simulations and systems thinking. One of the controversial topics in the study of CT is a lack of consensus on a
prior success; if they fail, they are more likely toavoid the task in the future [8]. Research on undergraduate students’ achievement and retentionin the major demonstrates that high self-efficacy, especially as it relates to learning engineeringconcepts, indicates that a student will remain in engineering as opposed to transferring to anothermajor [9].If pre-college outreach programs like summer camps are meant to continue to build the futureengineering workforce by encouraging students to pursue engineering degrees and engineeringcareers, looking at how informal science experience increases student efficacy can be one way tocontinue the trend. For the remainder of this paper, we will offer a look into how we have
]found that college students who were high-achieving usually had access to a summer bridgeprogram prior to entering their first year.In the second area, increasing interest in the major [13], [14], improving student sense of belonging[15], [16], [17], increasing student sense of preparedness [17], [18], increasing student self-efficacy [17], [19], and networking with students [20], [21], [22], and faculty [15], [23] can beconsidered as sub-goals. Finally, recruiting students to the majors [13], [14] and enhancingdiversity in the major [15], [24] are considered sub-goals for the third category.This paper presents a detailed report of a Summer Bridge Program (SBP) as a part of an ongoingNational Science Foundation (NSF)-supported project, which
the teachers and theuniversity students related to engineering habits of mind, awareness of engineering as aprofessional field, and development of self-efficacy related to engineering topics.Data Collected: Consistent with a mixed methods approach [28], we collected multiple sources ofdata to evaluate our RET program, including a STEM teaching efficacy instrument, video andobservation of classroom lessons, engineering-based lesson plans, laboratory notebooks, and anend-of-summer reflection survey.STEM teaching and learning outcomes were measured by the MISO T-STEM instrument, whichwas intended to characterize participant attitudes on entering the program and identify areas ofgrowth due to program participation. The T-STEM (Teacher Efficacy
meaning ofparticipation, motivation, and self-efficacy [9], while others argued that engagement is aconstruct with its defined boundaries and dimensions [10]. In general, the literature shows threeaspects of engagement, namely behavioral, emotional, and cognitive [1], [8], [9], [11].Behavioral engagement is based on academic and social participation such as credits earned,homework completion rates, attendance in class, events attended, participation in extracurricularactivities, etc. [12], [13]. Emotional engagement is based on affective measures of interactions inschool, both in positive and negative manners. These interactions can happen with parents,teachers, peers, school, etc. [13]. Cognitive engagement is based on the willingness to put
software-only applications in a language like Java or in a visual programming language like Scratch.For the past several years, we have offered a novel introductory C programming course toelectrical engineering students at the University of Maryland [21-23]. This course includedpartner-based programming assignments emphasizing computer-controlled hardware-drivenprojects and a final multi-week group project utilizing Raspberry Pi (RPi) computers. Thisproject looked at students’ self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations as compared tostudents who took a traditional programming course and the PDL students left their course with asuperior self-image regarding their fitness as engineers and an improved understanding of therole of computer
on pedagogy (Fundamental)IntroductionResearch experiences for teachers (RET) programs can provide K-12 teachers with valuable andimpactful professional development opportunities, increase teachers’ self-efficacy and allowthem to gain further mastery in their subject so that they can better translate that knowledge totheir students. At a fundamental level, these types of programs are abbreviated apprenticeships inwhich the teacher trains to become a scientist. After all, if teachers are expected to teach theirstudents how to do science, then they themselves must know how to do science [1].While RET programs exist at universities across the country, the exact structures of the programsand the nature of the actual research experience vary
] A. K. Ambusaidi, and S. M. Al-Bulushi, “A longitudinal study to identify prospective science teachers’ beliefs about science teaching using the draw-a-science-teacher-test checklist,” International Journal of Environmental & Science Education, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 291-311, April 2012.[6] K. D. Finson, “Investigating preservice elementary teachers’ self-efficacy relative to self- image as a science teacher’” Journal of Elementary Science Education, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 31-41, October 2001.[7] R. Hammack, & T. Ivey, “Elementary teachers’ perceptions of engineering and engineering design,” Journal of Research in STEM Education, vol. 3, no. ½, pp. 48-68, 2017[8] C. Cunningham, C. Lachapele, and A
succeed, ortheir self-efficacy, is a major limiting factor for identity development [25], [26].Unique in the research around middle and high school engineering identity is an investigation ofthe background factors that predict engineering students’ engineering identity and success factorswithin an aerospace engineering program [27]. This study examined 98 aerospace engineeringstudents’ backgrounds through both qualitative and quantitative measures. Both the qualitativeand quantitative data indicated the importance of pre-college engineering experiences on thedevelopment of an engineering identity. The authors stated that “we found that takingengineering classes in high school or middle school significantly increases the development of
in Physic (Action Research Thesis). Retrieved from http://modeling.asu.edu/modeling/Mindset&Physics-McT,L,F.pdf.[16] McClary, T., Zeiber, J. A., Sullivan, P., & Stochaj, S. (2018). Using Multi-Disciplinary Design Challenges to Enhance Self-Efficacy within a Summer STEM Outreach Program. Proceedings of the 2018 ASEE Gulf-Southwest Section Annual Conference.[17] National Research Council. (2009). Learning science in informal environments: People, places, and pursuits (P. Bell, B. Lewenstein, A. W. Shouse, & M A. Feder, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.[18] Dweck, C. S., Walton, G. M., & Cohen, G. L. (2014). Academic Tenacity: Mindsets and Skills that Promote Long-Term Learning
understanding of engineering concepts [4], insufficient backgroundin engineering [5], or a lack of self-efficacy [3] [6] [7]. Because of this gap in the ability andconfidence of science teachers to teach engineering, there is a need for improved professionallearning opportunities for these teachers.Instead of having the eight participating STEM teachers be only chaperones, they were given theopportunity to experience the engineering activities with their students and were able toparticipate in several evening workshops led by the researchers. In these workshops, the teacherswere able to reflect on and discuss their engineering experiences in the camp, participate inactivities related to implementing engineering in their classrooms, and were given time
results from (two of a three year project) the pre-experience survey showed that, going intothe program, the teachers’ expectations aligned with the program design. They wanted toimprove their teaching and take away tools to better engage their students. At the end of theprogram, the teachers expressed satisfaction with the program and its mentors. They alsoreported that they experienced several types of professional learning. Growth in teachers’Research Self-Efficacy (t7 = 5.1, p = 0.001) and Confidence in Teaching (t7 = 3.8, p = 0.007)were evidenced through a pre-post-questionnaire. Finally, 89% would definitely recommend thisprofessional development experience to others. Reflections from the teachers later, after they gotback in their
interest in the fields of engineering and technology is an importantpart of the recruiting/engagement effort. Part of the “managing” includes administering surveysand developing appropriate program changes based on data. While data had been collected fromstudent attendees since the first event in 2010 using an instrument whose data had previouslybeen validated in a separate study [9], volunteer role model data were collected for the first timein 2014, specifically to begin examining their experiences in this social learning interaction.Study 1 used a Delphi study to develop the factor model and instrument to measure role modelengagement in the IIBI (and other) event interactions, resulting in a single-factor, five itemconstruct. Replicating data
,” Science Education, vol. 101, no.3, pp. 486–505, 2017. [4] K.B. Wendell, C.G. Wright, and P. Paugh, “Urban elementary school students’ reflective decision-making during formal engineering learning experiences”. Proceedings of the 2015 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, Seattle, WA. [5] J. Gale, M. Alemdar, J. Lingle, S.H. Newton, R. Moore, and J. Rosen, “Developing engineering proficiency and self-efficacy through a middle school engineering course”. Proceedings of the 2018 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition, Salt Lake City, UT. [6] M. Honey, G. Pearson, and H. Schweingruber, (Eds.), STEM integration in K-12 education: Status, prospects
21 100%Of the 21 students, 10 were granted full scholarship to attend, one received a half-scholarship,and the remaining 10 paid the full amount. In addition, the gender composition is shown below: Gender N % Male 15 71.4% Female 6 28.6% Total 21 100%The overall program demographics indicate a lower percentage of under-represented minoritygroups in STEM (28%) while the female population composed 36% of the population.Of the 21 students enrolled in this section, 19 were given parental permission to take the exit(self-efficacy) survey
, modeling,number line, functions, rover, statistics, tug of war, and algebraic expressions. For further detailsof the PD program, see [15,21].At the end of the PD, the research team verified that the teachers had become self-sufficient toteach robotics-based science and math lessons in their classes. To assess the confidence and self-efficacy of teachers, the research team conducted a post-program survey. In the survey, teacherswere inquired about their confidence, motivation, teaching effectiveness, and interest in classroomteaching of robotics-activity based lessons. A total of 20 teachers responded to the survey of whom17 teachers strongly or somewhat agreed that the PD participation increased their confidence as ateacher. Moreover, 18 teachers
’ academic and non-academic performances.Research13 indicates that students who engage in these types of learning experiences showpositive attitudes toward learning itself, collaborative behavior, and team communication.Students’ interests, self-confidence, and self-efficacy developed especially when the tasks relatedto real-world experiences. Eighty-five percent of the students strongly agreed or agreed that theworkshops helped them understand the work of engineers, and 78% reported the workshophelped them think like engineers. More than half the students reported that the workshop madethem think that they may want to become engineers. Additionally, 81% reported they learnedsome new engineering ideas they did not know before the workshop.Another
courses have better entrepreneurial self-efficacy [17]. Hence, students who took entrepreneurship courses showed more interest in startingtheir own business than others. Motivated by the aforementioned reasons, and by furtherconsidering [18],[19], entrepreneurship was included as an integral component of the roboticseducation workshop for high school participants conducted at the NYU Tandon School ofEngineering in summer 2018.To effectively and seamlessly integrate robotics and entrepreneurship in our curriculum, theproject team brainstormed and envisioned real-world projects (discussed in later sections) asdesign challenges for summer workshop participants. Moreover, to enable the participants learnbusiness development and product design
, with single-gender groups having more equitable participationpatterns than mixed-gender groups. For example, in a systematic review of 94 studies of smallgroup discussions, researchers found that single-gender groups had more purposeful functioningthan mixed-gender groups [83]. Other studies have found that single-gender pairs of elementarystudents had more verbal interactions, were more task-focused, and were more likely to sharematerials [84]. In addition, students’ self-efficacy in engineering increased significantly if theyparticipated in single-gender engineering programs but decreased significantly for those inmixed-gender programs [86].Single-gender small groups may be particularly effective in fostering girls’ equitable engagementin