improving it (Kolodner et al.,2003; Sadler, Coyle, & Schwartz, 2000; Schauble, Klopfer, & Raghavan, 1990), effectivelyavoiding failure, at least initially. In another approach, many published curricula feature asubstantial amount of scaffolding, including task-specific fill-in worksheets and prescribedexperiments (e.g., Engineering is Elementary, Cunningham, 2009; Learning by Design, Kolodneret al., 2003; Project Lead the Way, 2014). Indeed, the National Academy of Engineering reporton K-12 Engineering Education, based on its investigation of literature and curricula, warns:“Although it may be tempting to allow students to direct their modeling themselves, thesuccessful interventions reviewed here highlight the importance of the teacher