Collection

2013 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Andrew Braham; Ashlea Milburn Bennett; Jeton McClinton

lives and do not want their teachers andinstructors using Facebook for class related activities. A natural alternative to Facebook forclassroom use is LinkedIn, the professional networking website.LinkedIn was created in 2003 (www.linkedin.com) as an online professional network. It wasdesigned to allow users to access other professionals, jobs, and organization opportunities in aprofessional online setting. With more than 150 million members, it is a growing community forprofessionals. Therefore, LinkedIn was chosen as the social networking tool to be used in thisstudy. Using LinkedIn allows not only for the use of social media transfer of course-relatedinformation, but also introduces the students to a professional social network they can

Conference Session

Mechanics, Hands-on Demo - Show & Tell!

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward J. Berger, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

for increasing synthesis and design in the engineering curriculum, for greater emphasison deep inquiry, and for a general reversal of the compartmentalization of engineering content inthe classroom. The ability to integrate knowledge is a key trait of the modern engineer, andtraditional engineering curricula often struggle to instill this trait. The Engineering Genome, oncefully realized, will address this critical need by building a cross-curricular tool that describes theincredible richness of relationships between pieces of “content”, and therefore promotes studentunderstanding and integration of knowledge. Page 23.753.3Methods

Conference Session

Outreach Along the K-12 Pathways to Engineering

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janet L. Yowell, University of Colorado Boulder; Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-12 schools, students might consider their failure in math and science as a means to beingaccepted—in other words, failure is perceived to be the social norm.5 Well thought-out, engagingengineering activities, presented as extension opportunities for K-12 students, could do doubletime: help students who are interested in engineering stay on track and interest other studentsearly on about the possibilities of an engineering future. K–12 engineering education is linkedwith the improvement of student learning and achievement in mathematics and science.6 Imaginethe outcomes if our nation’s schools pervasively integrated effective engineering education intotheir curriculum on a regular basis; the impact could have a staggering effect on our

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur Ornelas Jr., Arizona State University; John Sadauskas, Arizona State University; Sandra Houston, Arizona State University; Wilhelmina C. Savenye Ph.D., Arizona State University; Eddy Ramirez; Claudia E. Zapata, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

and partnerinstitutions will be discussed, with an emphasis on updating the Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) curriculum in an environment in which change is oftendifficult. Page 23.161.3 3 Introduction History dictates that in geotechnical engineering undergraduate classes, saturated soilmaterial is the focal point of the learning content in foundations technology (Fredlund, Rahardjo,& Fredlund, 2012). This has been the case because of the introduction of the single

Conference Session

FPD 8: Engineering Math Issues

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tanya D Ennis, University of Colorado Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder; Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

performance, teaching effectiveness and collaborative learning.Dr. Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder Daniel W. Knight is the engineering assessment specialist at the Integrated Teaching and Learning Pro- gram (ITLL) and the Broadening Opportunity through Leadership and Diversity (BOLD) Center in CU’s College of Engineering and Applied Science. He holds a B.A. in psychology from the Louisiana State University, and an M.S. degree in industrial/organizational psychology and a Ph.D. degree in counseling psychology, both from the University of Tennessee. Dr. Knight’s research interests are in the areas of re- tention, program evaluation and teamwork practices in engineering education. His current duties include

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Ehlig-Economides, Texas A&M University; Bugrahan Yalvac, Texas A&M University; Emily Binks-Cantrell, Texas A&M University; Don R Gilman PE, PMP, Texas A&M University; Mehmet Ayar, TUBITAK; Timothy Allen Robinson, Penn State University; Anthony R Kovscek, Stanford University; Reza Toossi, California State University, Long Beach; Sarma V. Pisupati, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Sukesh K Aghara, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Paper ID #5792Live Energy: An Initiative for Teaching Energy and Sustainability Topicswith the most Up-to-date and Relevant ContentDr. Christine Ehlig-Economides, Texas A&M University Dr. Ehlig-Economides has been full professor of petroleum engineering at Texas A&M University in the Albert B. Stevens endowed chair since 2004. Before that she worked for Schlumberger for 20 years in well test design and interpretation, integrated reservoir characterization, modern well construction design, and well stimulation. She has worked in more than 30 countries and authored more than 60 papers. Dr. Ehlig- Economides has

Conference Session

First-Year Programs (FPD) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Matthew A Verleger, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

looking at the first year curriculum that introduces calculus and physics courses,often taught by non-engineering faculty, but that are fundamental to the core of engineering. As aresult, there have been several attempts at integrating math into other courses in an effort toencourage that transfer [2, 13-16]. Instead of a separate “math” course, calculus is taught throughoutmultiple courses, as topics are needed, allowing for a clear relationship between the how and thewhy. This model provides increased motivation for, and transfer of, calculus to other relatedareas, in part because terminology differences are quickly resolved. The increased learning andmotivation associated with such models often improves student retention[16]. In their work

Conference Session

Sustainability and engineering education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Woolschlager, Saint Louis University, Parks College of Eng.

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

ofthese programs exhibited significant curriculum transformation or redesign around sustainabilityconcepts. Furthermore, the majority of programs either did not include any sustainabilityconcepts in their programs (27%) or exhibited a weak level of integration of sustainabilityconcepts in their programs (28%). This lack of significant incorporation of sustainability inenvironmental engineering programs is surprising, considering that ABET has identifiedsustainability as an important student outcome. The major challenges that prevent progress insustainability integration likely include the shifting paradigms around sustainability; rigidity ofexisting education system; a lack of new methods of teaching; lack of resources or incentives toteach

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred J Figliano, Troy University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

population provides the basis for America’s current educational reformagenda. The central tenet of STEM literacy is the preparation of people who are knowledgeableof the connections between the content and practices of the STEM fields. This is in contrast tothe silo method of education, which teaches the STEM disciplines independently of each other.When conceived as an integrative curriculum model designed around teamwork and problem-solving environments, Integrative STEM education is the ideal pathway for achieving STEMliteracy (Sanders, 20086, 20065; Wells, 20087).Research Design The purpose of this study was to begin to understand the impact of overtly teaching fortransfer on students learning Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jorge Rodriguez, Western Michigan University; Alamgir A. Choudhury, Western Michigan University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

initiative for curriculum reform via an integrated teaching of innovativedesign, entrepreneurship, and energy efficiency concepts, in a sequence of courses fromengineering fundamental to capstone design. The topics will be introduced by the use of newlydeveloped materials for lectures and labs in standard courses, and then students will apply thislearning in design projects that will focus on human powered transportation system (HPTS).2. Background and ContextAt the undergraduate level, in the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS) atXXXXX University there are twelve engineering and three engineering technology programs,all of which are accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET).The Department of

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lin Zhao, Gannon University; Nigel Yu, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

beginning. In each course, students have opportunity to redesign/modify thesubsystem relevant to the particular course they are in. After completing these three courses in asequence, students will have design and testing experience with component, subsystems, andfinally an integrated system. Details of the platform project as well as individual course projectswill be described in this paper. The assessment method for course evaluation will be presented atthe end of the paper along with students’ feedbacks and course-exit survey results.I IntroductionTraditionally major courses in ECE four-year undergraduate curriculum are taught in relativeisolation with each course focusing on its own teaching materials and structure. It was found thateven the

Conference Session

Programs in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James V Green, University of Maryland, College Park; Alyssa E. Cohen Sherman, University of Maryland

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

product teams. Students notadvancing on an original team were allowed to join another product team, or create aninvestment team to develop the funding proposal and alternative funding sources for the productteams. Page 23.386.5To support the accelerated timeline and a highly interactive classroom environment we employedthe use of the “flip classroom.” Select class lectures and course content was presented onlinethrough video and PowerPoint presentations of material and in-class time was focused onpresentations and group activities.Chart 1. Overview of deliverables and timelineThe integration of experiential learning is key to teaching

Conference Session

The D/M/A of CE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Emmanuelle Reynaud, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Ella Willard-Schmoe, University of Massachusetts Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

in Engineering Service-LearningAbstractAttracting and retaining women in engineering is critical in the USA today. While women arecoming to college in overrepresented numbers, they are not represented equally to men inengineering majors. Though a university can only have limited impact on the attrition of womenin the engineering workforce, we can (and must!) work to improve recruitment and retention andto graduate women with adequate preparation for an engineering career. An increasing numberof engineering programs are integrating service-learning (S-L) into their curricula.For the past eight years of one S-L program, students in a college of engineering have beenwidely surveyed at the beginning of their studies and at the end of each

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Zhang Fenzhi, Aalborg University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

value.Meanwhile, the increasing need of specialized and unique products requires engineers toinnovate in relation to cross-disciplinary fields. Traditional engineering education is losingsome of its relevance in relation to these new requirements of the engineering knowledgeand profession [1]. In many universities, the traditional engineering curricula areincreasingly replaced by learner-centered and group-organized approaches, such asproblem based learning (PBL). Facing employer demands for innovative engineers,engineering education has tried to connect engineering scientific knowledge withprofessional practice. New educational models, like problem based learning (PBL)curriculum, are intended to integrate subject knowledge into projects, empower

Conference Session

Classes in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nihad Dukhan PhD, University of Detroit Mercy; Nassif E Rayess, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, which meets with thefaculty and makes recommendations to the department on the skills that are expected formgraduating engineers. The department also has funding geared toward implementing innovationand creativity into the curriculum, and continuous efforts in entrepreneurship.The course outcomes were listed as follows. After taking this course, students will have an:1. increased ability to evaluate contemporary issues of the engineering profession2. increased ability to evaluate professional and ethical responsibility3. increased ability to evaluate the impact of engineering solutions in a global, social context4. increased ability to evaluate the importance of team work5. increased ability to make judgments based on analysis of literature and

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ella Willard-Schmoe, University of Massachusetts Lowell; John J. Duffy, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Emmanuelle Reynaud, University of Massachusetts, Lowell; Linda Barrington, University of Massachusetts, Lowell

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

tensions of service learning in higher education: A philosophical perspective. The Journal of Higher Education, 72(2, Special Issue: The Social Role of Higher Education), 148-171. 7. Bringle, R., & Hatcher, J. (1995). A service-learning curriculum for faculty. Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning, 2(1), 112-122. 8. deKoven, A., & Trumbull, D. J. (2002). Science graduate students doing science outreach: Participation effects and perceived barriers to participation. Electronic Journal of Science Education, 7(1). 9. Banzaert, A., Duffy, J., & Wallace, D. (2006). Integration of service-learning into engineering core at U Mass Lowell and MIT. American Society of Engineering

Conference Session

Activities and Assessment for “Awkward ABET Outcomes”

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norb Delatte P.E., Cleveland State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

. Page 23.1106.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 Student Projects in Engineering History and HeritageAbstractUniversity undergraduate engineering programs have technical components as well as generaleducation and liberal arts components. Often, the various components are not integrated well,and students may not see the relationships between technology and history. On the other hand,non-engineering students very rarely take engineering courses, and thus may graduate with verylimited understanding of engineering and technology and their roles in society. At ClevelandState University, a course entitled ESC 200 Engineering History and Heritage has beendeveloped to allow students to

Conference Session

Projects in ECE

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Mark Jansson PE, Bucknell University; Daniel Schmalzel; Robert R. Krchnavek, Rowan University; John L. Schmalzel, Rowan University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Based upon these and similar experiences, it is clear that theeffectiveness of an EAP depends heavily on planning and practice before emergencies; inconjunction with clear coordination and communication linkages to integrate stakeholders duringrecovery.[1] It was this challenge that our student engineers faced when developing the first planfor New Jersey from scratch, assuring it would meet the specific needs of this coastal state. The purpose of EAPs was established by multiple Federal entities who created a set ofhelpful and prescriptive guidelines to assist states in creating their custom EAP. The lead agencywas the U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability (OE).Other key entities who aided in

Conference Session

Implementing Transfer, Exchange, Research Programs and Professional Development; in Asia and Far East

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott I. Segalewitz, University of Dayton

Tagged Divisions

International

articulation be developed to transferstudents in two programs: Electronic Information Engineering at Shanghai Normal University toElectronic Engineering Technology at UD; and Mechanical Design, Manufacture & Automationat Shanghai Normal University to Manufacturing Engineering Technology at UD. Theagreement also indicated that “the two parties will negotiate the curriculum offered…”Early in the curriculum development process, faculty at UD shared course outcomes and syllabiwith their counterparts at Shanghai Normal University. A short time later, SHNU sent theircourse outlines, which in some cases, bore a very close resemblance in both content andnumbering, to the University of Dayton outlines. An initial articulation of courses from SHNU

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Hao Jiang; José Carrillo; Alam Salguero; Ellaine Talle; Enrique Raygoza; Xenia Leon; Ben Lariviere; Amelito G. Enriquez; Wenshen Pong; Hamid Shahnasser; Hamid Mahmoodi; Cheng Chen

, a Hispanic serving communitycollege, join force with San Francisco State University, a four-year university with an activemaster program, to create an internship program that integrate underrepresented minoritystudents into research. Supported by NASA 2012 CIPAIR program, five students join theElectrical Engineering research program in SFSU.The critical challenge to integrate community college students into research is to assign theactivity at an appropriate level, so that students are actually involved in the research and makecontributions. The approach here is to let students understand the research by pre-packagedcomputer simulations, and contribute to the project by hands-on tasks.Project BackgroundThe research project is to optimize an

Conference Session

Secondary (6-12) Outreach

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Christine Schnittka, Auburn University; Michael A Evans, Virginia Tech ; Tiffany Drape, Virginia Tech; Samantha Gwai Lan Won, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

they had missed the previous week. There was little support from the Boys andGirls Club administrator to help ensure students were in attendance and the students wereresistant to attend consistently for unknown reasons. Students who would veer off-task duringthe sessions were more concerned with outside concerns than the STEM Club.This study has implications for how STEM programs can be integrated after school to reinforceschool curriculum while providing safe, secure, social outlets for developing youth. It also hasimplications for how learning can be assessed in an informal setting through interviews,documented online chatting, storyboarding, and whole setting video analysis.ReferencesBeck, E. L. (1999). Prevention and intervention

Conference Session

Programs in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew L Gerhart, Lawrence Technological University; Donald D. Carpenter P.E., Lawrence Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

components in the engineering professionand includes a multi-disciplinary capstone design experience for which teams are eligible forstudent venture grants administered by the institution. Several multi-year grants havestrengthened the program through workshops, keynote speakers, faculty curriculum awards,student venture grants, and faculty incentives to work with industry sponsored student teams.Specifically, the College of Engineering received an invitation to participate as part of a larger Page 23.266.2initiative to develop the Kern Entrepreneurship Education Network (KEEN). The invitation alsoprovided funding to develop and integrate

Conference Session

Global Competency and What Makes a Successful Engineer

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nancy Healy, Georgia Institute of Technology; Lynn Charles Rathbun, National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network, Cornell University

Tagged Divisions

International

greatly to their research and culturalexperiences. Several of the iREGs have worked in the same lab as an REU intern fostering astrong international connection. Unlike undergraduate REU students, these graduate studentscome with a significant prior skill set and more focused scientific interests. During this time,they integrate into the appropriate faculty research group, are trained in equipment andtechniques, and contribute to both their own research project and the overall goals of theresearch group. Page 23.400.7Since 2008, 18 students have been hosted at eight NNIN sites. While we do not have anysurvey data on these participants as they are part

Conference Session

Programs in Entrepreneurship

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven B. Shooter, Bucknell University; Seth Orsborn, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

their discipline and someone new. We strongly encouraged them to move tonew seats throughout the semester (if they were sitting at all). Students shared their work ingroups of various sizes and often presented to the entire class. Reflection, self-criticism andconstructive criticism of others were integral to all activities. Passivity was not an option. Theclass met twice per week with two hour sessions. This allowed for flexibility of class activities.Students shared and presented their assignments at each class. All of these various techniquessupported an overall active learning method of Problem-based Learning that incorporated bothCollaborative and Cooperative learning methods19(The course was developed and team taught by Steve Shooter in

Conference Session

Learning styles affect on students in graphic and design courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lulu Sun, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Christopher D Grant, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

Authentic Integration of Mathematics andTechnology in Inquiry-Based Science Instruction,” Journal of Computers in Mathematics and ScienceTeaching, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2001, p. 99.[3] Schlenker, R., and K. Schlenker, “Integrating Science, Mathematics, and Sociology in an Inquiry-Based Studyof Changing Population Density,” Science Activities, Vol. 36, No. 4, 2000, p. 16.[4] Buch, N., and T. Wolff, “Classroom Teaching through Inquiry,” Journal of Professional Issues in EngineeringEducation and Practice, Vol. 126, No. 3, 2000, p. 105.[5] Biernacki, J.J. and C.D. Wilson, “Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Advanced Materials: A Team-OrientedInquiry-Based Approach,” Journal of Engineering Education, Vol. 90, 2001, p. 637.[6] Stahovich, T.F., and H. Bal, “An

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A. LaMack, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Charles S. Tritt, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

engineering tools and the ability to integrate knowledge from differentdisciplines.1,2 Undergraduate capstone design experiences are largely developed to provide asetting for the attainment of these skills, and many have demonstrated positive outcomes in theseareas.3,4 However, it remains a challenge to provide students with opportunities to hone theseskills, particularly those based in the highest levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy of synthesis andevaluation, elsewhere in the curriculum. The junior-level undergraduate biomedical engineeringlaboratory module described here attempts to do this by asking students to use three distinctengineering approaches toward a common problem in a multidisciplinary laboratory course.Multidisciplinary Laboratory Course

Collection

2013 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Kalyan Mondal

EENG/EGTE 3288 Microprocessor System Design II whichrequires programming the Freescale HCS12 microcontroller using the C language. As such, thiscourse is a prime candidate for introducing Secure Coding principles. Proceedings of the Spring 2013 Mid-Atlantic Section Conference of the American Society of Engineering Education 132Secure coding concepts have been proposed and incorporated in some college curriculum [2 – 4]mostly in the computer science departments. However, due to the criticality of the cyber attacksand the resulting disruptions, all engineers must know the root cause of

Collection

2013 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Tammy Yut-Ling Chan; Gustavo Borel Menezes

faculty to learn new teaching methods, mismatch between active learningtechniques and learning styles for instructors and students, and lack of administrative support4.Nevertheless, several examples of active learning methods have been successfully implemented.MIT’s Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, for example, overcame such challenges inusing active learning in the curriculum with strong institutional support, faculty team teaching,careful planning with faculty involvement, and training on active learning methods5.Careful planning also minimizes time in preparing active learning activities. Texas A&MUniversity developed a series of in-class exercises in an upper-division course in biological andagricultural engineering, which

Conference Session

Instrumentation Technical Session I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kenneth E. Dudeck, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus; Wieslaw Grebski, Pennsylvania State University, Hazleton Campus

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

programs, especially those who have the interest to deal with energyissues. Many teachers are working to integrate energy related topics into their curriculums andinvolve students in “a community based sustainable energy project that will give them theopportunity to make a difference in their local community and the world”.[2]At the university level, various “Energy Engineering” programs have begun to emerge to addressthe anticipated shortage of energy engineers. In a 2009 industry survey by the Center forEnergy Workforce Development [3], it was found that over half of engineers engaged in powergeneration could leave their jobs by 2015, due to retirements and other attrition. This anticipatedshortage of traditional energy engineers, along with the

Conference Session

Software Engineering Pedagogical Approaches

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joanna F. DeFranco, Pennsylvania State University; Colin J. Neill, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Constituent Committee

that facilitate both team success andindividual learning during team-oriented project-based learning. Of particular interest is the efficacyof collaborative learning approaches in general for individual engineering students. Our results froma large scale experiment provide no evidence that working on a successful and effective team affectsindividual exam performance. Thus, we will propose a qualitative study to determine the best waysto structure team work to enhance individual leaning.IntroductionFor a number of reasons, team-based projects are frequently included in software engineeringprograms. Educators integrate team projects into the curriculum to emulate real worlddevelopment situations, expose students to the challenges and benefits of