Conference Session

The Best of First-year Programs Division

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

John Charles Minor, Clemson University; Elizabeth Anne Stephan, Clemson University; Abigail T. Stephan, Clemson University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

self-directed learning. Since 2017, Abigail has been the graduate assistant for the General Engineering Learning Community (GELC), a program that supports first-year engineering students in their development of self-regulation and time management skills, effective learning strategies, and positive habits of mind. American c Society for Engineering Education, 2021 Implementing an Engineering Math Curriculum Sequence: Preliminary Results and Lessons LearnedThis Complete Evidence-Based Practice paper details an engineering math curriculumsequence for first-year engineering students belonging to the General Engineering LearningCommunity

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University; M. Kevin Parfitt, Pennsylvania State University; Sez Atamturktur Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University; Moses Ling P.E., Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #33853WIP: Enhancing Freshman Seminars With Themes: An ArchitecturalEngineering ApproachDr. Ryan Solnosky P.E., Pennsylvania State University Ryan Solnosky is an Associate Teaching Professor in the Department of Architectural Engineering at The Pennsylvania State University at University Park. Dr. Solnosky has taught courses for Architec- tural Engineering, Civil Engineering, and Pre-Major Freshman in Engineering. He received his integrated Bachelor of Architectural Engineering/Master of Architectural Engineering (BAE/MAE), and PhD. de- grees in architectural engineering from The Pennsylvania State University. Dr

Collection

2023 Fall Mid Atlantic Conference: Meeting our students where they are and getting them where they need to be

Authors

Sakhi Aggrawal, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Kevin C. Dittman, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

. Be prepared to adapt to new challenges and opportunities in your career, leveraging your project management skills to excel in diverse roles. • Ethical Awareness: When working on generative AI projects, be mindful of the ethical implications of your work. Collaborate with ethics experts and contribute to responsible AI development.5. Conclusion and Future WorkThis research paper highlights the critical role of project management skills in engineeringeducation, particularly in the context of generative AI projects. Educators must adapt theircurricula to equip students with the necessary skills, while students should embrace theopportunity to develop these skills for a successful and adaptable engineering career

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Poster Session

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Peter L.L. Walls, Dunwoody College of Technology; Jonathan Aurand P.E., Dunwoody College of Technology

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

theobjective of enabling others to successfully implement the design project in their course.Since its founding, Dunwoody College of Technology has prided itself on ensuring studentslearn in an environment that mirrors industry as closely as possible. With this history in mind, weguide interdisciplinary groups of students consisting of electrical, mechanical, and softwareengineering majors through the engineering design process. The project objective is to research,design, build, calibrate, and test a balance or scale with a digital readout made from simplecomponents. Successful completion requires elements of each engineering discipline representedin the course. The course itself, Introduction to Engineering, is laid out in a manner thatincrementally

Conference Session

Design Mental Frameworks

Collection

2021 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Christopher D. Schmitz, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign; Jake Fava, Siebel Center for Design; Sneha Subramanian, Siebel Center for Design

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

? ● What experiences do you plan to take advantage of during your time here to help move you towards that goal?○ Design ■ In your own words, what is “design” as it relates to engineering? ■ In your opinion, what should the role of an engineer be in the design process? ■ ■ In your opinion, is it important for an engineer to interface directly with a person they’re designing something for? Why or why not? ■ In your opinion, is it important for engineering courses to explore topics that aren’t just technical? Why or why not? ● If so, what topics or concepts come to mind? ■ What’s important for you to have in a class project? ● Creativity/freedom

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Unique Projects & Pedagogies

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Michelle M. Blum, Syracuse University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Paper ID #28413Work in Progress: Inquiry-Based Lessons for Introduction to EngineeringInstructionDr. Michelle M Blum, Syracuse University Dr. Blum is interested in research in improving undergraduate engineering education; including develop- ment of inquiry based activities for first year engineering courses, improvement of student design projects, hands-on activities, professional skills development and inclusion and outreach activities. Dr. Blum also specializes in high performance materials development and characterization for tribological (friction and wear), structural, and biomedical applications

Conference Session

CoNECD Session : Day 2 Slot 5 Technical Session 1

Collection

2021 CoNECD

Authors

Claudio Freitas, Purdue University; Jennifer Deboer, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

CoNECD Paper Submissions, Diversity

motivated and empowered to learn engineering and apply theirknowledge. One interviewee, for example, said, ‘maybe you can say it is not enough, but I assureyou that in a group we are able to make a miracle solution that will be never be forgotten byKakuma.’ Figure 1. Students presenting their capstone projects in the Azraq refugee campCurriculum re-centers learners as local experts The localized curriculum provided the students with a transformative experience wherethey were re-centered and re-localized as local experts, leading to both immediate and sustainedimpact focused on local development. As one student in Azraq said, ‘the course can be about totransform the mind of a student. At the end of the course, it's when your thoughts

Collection

2007 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Nihad E. Daidzic; Vojin R. Nikolic

Appendix. It is pointed out that the main idea of the camp has been to show to the participating students that engineering is much more than just solving equations, crunching numbers and generating complex designs; it is also exciting, creative, and a lot of fun. The program is intended for the high school juniors who had little interest in engineering but who also have not made up their minds as to the future career yet. In other words it is intended to those students who under certain circumstances may consider engineering as a distant career possibility only. The program staff included the two authors, three teaching assistants (MSU students, two from the Aviation Department and one from the Department of

Collection

2013 North Midwest Section Meeting

Authors

Byron Garry; Suzette Burckhard

Lohmann16 In the report, Recommendation 5 states: “Raise awareness of the proven principles and effective practices of teaching, learning, and educational innovation, and raise awareness of the scholarship of engineering education.” 16 It is with this goal in mind that the committee approaches the Best Practices in Engineering Education series.Best Practices in Engineering Education SessionsSince the early-1990’s there has been a series of meetings at the SDSU campus level to ‘talkabout teaching.’ These meetings were generally very informal, and covered topics across a widerange of educational subjects. Most of the sessions were guided and led by experienced faculty 36from the Education

Conference Session

Race/Ethnicity Track - Technical Session IV

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Sarah Rodriguez, Iowa State University; Mackenzie Sissel, Iowa State University; Ronnia Estes, Iowa State University ; Erin Doran, Iowa State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Race/Ethnicity

Paper ID #241482018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and ComputingDiversity Conference: Crystal City, Virginia Apr 29Engineering Identity for Latina Undergraduate Students: Exploring Devel-opment and Intersecting IdentitiesDr. Sarah Rodriguez, Iowa State University Sarah Rodriguez, PhD, is an assistant professor of Higher Education at Iowa State University. Dr. Ro- driguez’s research addresses issues of equity, access, and retention for Latina/o students in the higher education pipeline, with a focus on the intersections of gender and race/ethnicity for Latinas in STEM. She has experience coordinating large

Conference Session

Gender Track - Technical Session III

Collection

2018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity Conference

Authors

Tim John Weston, University of Colorado, Boulder; Wendy DuBow, National Center for Women & IT; Alexis Kaminsky, Kaminsky Consulting, LLC

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Gender

Paper ID #242252018 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and ComputingDiversity Conference: Crystal City, Virginia Apr 29Women in Computing & Engineering: Differences between Persisters andNon-persistersTim John Weston, University of Colorado, Boulder Tim Weston is a research associate for the University of Colorado’s Alliance for Technology, Learning and Society (ATLAS) where he has conducted evaluation and research on NSF, Department of Educa- tion, NASA and private foundation funded projects for 19 years. Weston specializes in the evaluation of programs with educational technology interventions, assessing new

Collection

2017 ASEE Mid Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Peter Raymond Stupak, Raritan Valley Community College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

first was that theRVCC student Engineering Team delivered a fully-functioning product that met or exceeded theCustomer specifications and expectations. This was a significant achievement given thechallenging and open-ended problem, the Team’s initial knowledge level, and the brief executionperiod. The second was that the responsibility of designing and delivering a real product to areal customer, and under authentic engineering conditions, was effective in accelerating studentlearning of important skills that are often acquired later when employed in Industry. Theconcepts of focusing on the Customer, doing what you say you will do, aggressive prototyping,and determination and grit, became real.The result was a mature, cohesive, open-minded, and

Conference Session

Technical Session III

Collection

2018 FYEE Conference

Authors

Suzanne Keilson, Loyola University Maryland; Lynne C Elkes, Loyola University Maryland

Tagged Topics

FYEE Conference Sessions

. Lynne C Elkes, Loyola University Maryland Lynne C. Elkes. M.B.A. is a Lecturer of Economics at Loyola University Maryland. Her publications include ”Knowing When to Quit/DNF” (2015). 2018 FYEE Conference: Glassboro, New Jersey Jul 25 Work in Progress: Life Cycle Assessment and Economics in First Year Engineering Suzanne Keilson, Engineering, Loyola University Maryland Lynne Elkes, Economics, Loyola University MarylandAbstract:Approximately three years ago, a module on life-cycle assessment was incorporated into anIntroduction to Engineering course that is open to all first-year undergraduate students at LoyolaUniversity Maryland. This paper will

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chell Roberts, Arizona State University; Senay Purzer; Darryl Morrell; Mark Henderson, Arizona State University; Scott Danielson, Arizona State University; Nancy Cooke, Arizona State University

Nachtmann, H. N. (1999). A Comparison of freshman and senior engineering design processes. Design Studies, 20(2), 131-152.19 Chira, C., Chira, O, & Roche, T. (2005). Multi-agent support for distributed engineering design. Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence (Subseries of Lecture Notes in Computer Science), 3533, 155-164.20 Cross, N., Christiaans, H., Dorst, K. (eds.) (1996). Analysing Design Activity. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.21 Bransford, J., Brown, A. & Cocking, R. (2000). How people learn: Brain, mind, and experience and school. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.22 Dwarakanath, S. and Blessing, L. ‘Ingredients of the Design Process: A comparison between Group

Conference Session

Design Methodolgy

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Salinas, United States Military Academy; Bobby Crawford, USMA; Tony Jones, USMA

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

predominantlylanguage, history, and social science majors had resulted in the development of four generalizedattitude groups, loosely identified by responses provided in their initial entry surveys: the firstgroup was composed of students who had come to the conclusion that engineering was next toimpossible to understand, much less excel in. These students were discouraged by difficultiesthey had experienced and intimidated by the prospects of another semester of engineeringinstruction. The second group was typically composed of students who had been forced to takethe mechanical engineering sequence and, regardless of their previous performance, had made uptheir minds that engineering was irrelevant, both to their academic interests and to their futurecareers

Conference Session

FPD11 -- Multidisciplinary Experiences

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University; Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University; John K. Estell, Ohio Northern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

AC 2007-1599: ONE-MINUTE ENGINEER, NTH GENERATION: EXPANSION TOA SMALL PRIVATE UNIVERSITYJohn-David Yoder, Ohio Northern University JOHN-DAVID YODER is an Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at ONU. His Doctorate is from the University of Notre Dame. Research interests include education, controls, robotics, and information processing. Prior to teaching, he ran a small consulting and R&D company and served as proposal engineering supervisor for GROB Systems, Inc.Beverly Jaeger, Northeastern University Beverly Jaeger, PhD is a member of Northeastern University’s Gateway Team, a selected group of full-time faculty expressly devoted to the first-year Engineering Program at Northeastern

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Gattis, University of Arkansas; Shannon Davis, University of Arkansas; Bryan Hill, University of Arkansas; Patricia Kirkwood, University of Arkansas

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

Guide to Winning Support,Organizing for Change, and Implementing Programs, John Wiley and Sons, San Francisco, CA, 1999, p. 171-187.21 Patton, Michael Quinn. 2001, Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods 3rd Edition. Sage Publications,Thousand Oaks, California. P. 247.22 Light, Richard J. 2001 Making the Most of College: Students Speak their Minds, Harvard University Press,Cambridge, Massachusetts.23 Light, Richard J. 2006. “The College Experience: A Blueprint for Success.” Harvard University,http://athome.harvard.edu/dh/light.html.24 Hickel, Richard W., “Undergraduate Engineering Retention as Measured by Degree and Enrollment Comparisons– Data for the Last Half Century,” Engineering Trends, Report 0206A, February 2006, p. 3.25

Conference Session

Teams and Teamwork in Design II

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vukica Jovanovic, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Mileta Tomovic, Purdue University; Richard Mark French, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

AC 2008-2278: COLLABORATIVE PRODUCT DESIGN AND REALIZATION INMECHANICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY CURRICULAVukica Jovanovic, Purdue University, West Lafayette Vukica Jovanovic began her academic career in 2001 when she graduated at University of Novi Sad, majoring in Industrial Engineering and Management, Minor in Mechatronics, Robotics and Automation. She was working as Graduate Research and Teaching assistant and lectured various courses at departments of Industrial Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Mechatronics from 2001 until 2006. She was an active member European organizing committee of student robotic contest Eurobot and chief of Eurobot organizing committee of Serbian student

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2008 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Adrienne Minerick, Mississippi State University

andresearch skills training was interspersed with laboratory research, site visits of chemical plants and national researchlabs, social activities, interactive workshops in diversity and research ethics, and an end-summer symposium. At theconclusion of the summer, they presented at a campus-wide symposium with the option of submitting an abstract topresent at regional meetings, such as those of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and the American Institute ofChemical Engineers (AIChE).The program was designed with the following attributes and outcomes in mind: • State-of-the-art research experiences that motivate students to pursue graduate degrees in chemistry, chemical engineering, or related field. o Broad

Conference Session

Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carmen Villa, Texas A&M University; Carolyn Clark, Texas A&M University; Jennifer Sandlin, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

; Tarule, J. M. (1997). Women’s ways of knowing. The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books, Inc.34. Lipson, A., & Tobias, S. (1991). Why do some of our best college students leave science? Journal of College Student Teaching, 21(2), 92-95.35. Rosser, S. (1995). Teaching the majority: Breaking the gender barrier in science, mathematics, and engineering. New York: Teacher College Press, Columbia University.36. Sukumaran, B. Hartman, H., & Johnson, D. (2004). How to improve enrollment of women in engineering: Lessons learned from the developing world. Retrieved April 10, 2008 from http://asee.org/acPapers/2004- 280_Final.pdf

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace & Successful Graduates for a Flat World: What Does It Take?

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lisa Romkey; Yu-Ling Cheng, University of Toronto

Tagged Divisions

International

groups work ininstitutions around the US and worldwide. Engineers Without Borders student membersrun curricular and co-curricular workshops for Canadian engineering students that seek tohelp students understand the complexity of poverty and the role of technology inaddressing international poverty. The benefits of these workshops could perhaps beenhanced through the presentation and use of this framework by the facilitators and theparticipants, and the framework could be enhanced by the outcomes of these activitiesand the others listed above.Conclusions & Further ResearchIt is widely believed in the engineering community that we must use better educationalpractices to train engineers who are globally-minded and prepared for our complex

Conference Session

Attitudes, Self-Confidence, and Self-Efficacy of Women Engineering Students

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Angela Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

help retain female students.Information from the Reflective EssaysIn addition to the quantitative data from the Likert-based surveys, the students in the CVEN andEVEN first-year courses write reflective essays at the end of the semester. They comment ontheir attitudes about engineering, how these attitudes may have changed, and if they intend tochange majors. The guidelines for the essays are very general, so the information that thestudents choose to include in their essays provides insight into about what is most relevant intheir own minds. Many of the EVEN students commented that they were surprised at how muchof EVEN is devoted to protection of human (public) health and safety rather than theenvironment. Many CVEN students commented that

Conference Session

Classroom Engagement

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Keith Holbert, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

(EPAR),” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 86, no. 2, April 1997, pp. 183-187.11. S.K. Starrett, M.M. Morcos, “Hands-on, minds-on electric power education,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 90, no. 1, Jan. 2001, pp. 93-99.12. C.J. Finelli, A. Klinger, D.D. Budny, “Strategies for improving the classroom environment,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 90, no. 4, Oct. 2001, pp. 491-497.13. S. Shooter, M. McNeill, “Interdisciplinary collaborative learning in mechatronics at Bucknell University,” Journal of Engineering Education, vol. 91, no. 3, July 2002, pp. 339-344.14. T. W. Simpson, H. J. Thevenot, “Using product dissection to integrate product family design research into the classroom and improve

Conference Session

Integrating Math, Science, & Engineering

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Leslie Keiser, University of Tulsa; William Hamill, University of Tulsa; Bryan Tapp, University of Tulsa; William Potter, University of Tulsa; Jerry McCoy, University of Tulsa; Peter LoPresti, University of Tulsa; Donna Farrior, University of Tulsa; Shirley Pomeranz, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

2006-3: ENHANCING INTERDISCIPLINARY INTERACTIONS IN THECOLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND NATURAL SCIENCESBryan Tapp, University of Tulsa Bryan Tapp is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Department of Geosciences at The University of Tulsa. His interests include strain measure, deformation mechanisms in rock, and the application of numerical methods in modeling rock deformation.Donna Farrior, University of Tulsa Donna Farrior is an Applied Assistant Professor of Mathematics and Associate Chair of Mathematics in the Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences at The University of Tulsa.Jerry McCoy, University of Tulsa Jerome McCoy is an Applied Assistant Professor in the Department of

Conference Session

Emerging Trends in Engineering Education Poster Session

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot Douglas, University of Florida

2006-155: CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS OF ENGINEERING STUDENTS:UNDERGRADUATE VS. GRADUATE STUDENTSElliot Douglas, University of Florida Elliot Douglas is an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida. His educational research interests lie in the areas of critical thinking and active learning techniques. Page 11.374.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Critical Thinking Skills of Engineering Students: Undergraduate vs. Graduate StudentsAbstractCritical thinking among engineering students is

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Grandin, University of Rhode Island

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-159: PREPARING ENGINEERS FOR THE GLOBAL WORKPLACE; U. OFRHODE ISLANDJohn Grandin, University of Rhode Island Page 11.1016.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace: The University of Rhode IslandGiven the fading importance of time and distance in a world now bound so closely together bythe Internet and modern transportation means, coming generations of engineers will inevitably beworking in far different ways than their predecessors. Products are rarely designed for singlenational markets today, meaning that research and development work is often assigned to

Conference Session

Curricula of the Past, Present, and Future

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Litzinger, Pennsylvania State University; Robert Pangborn, Pennsylvania State University; David Wormley, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

of our current approach is to develop and implement a marketing plan to takebetter advantage of the World-class Engineer vision during the first two years of our programs.We hope that by getting this vision into the minds of our students early in their academic careers,we can help them make better decisions to maximize their preparation to enter the increasinglyglobal marketplace. We are developing marketing and advising materials to make studentsaware of the many opportunities that are available to them to make progress toward being aWorld-class Engineer. In addition we have instituted a World-class Engineer Alumni Awardthat brings successful, young graduates back to campus to speak with current students about theexciting opportunities and

Conference Session

Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gayle Elliott, University of Cincinnati; Cheryl Cates, University of Cincinnati; Brian Dansberry, University of Cincinnati; Louis Trent, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-1021: PREPARING ENGINEERS FOR THE GLOBAL WORKPLACE: THEUNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATIGayle Elliott, University of CincinnatiCheryl Cates, University of CincinnatiBrian Dansberry, University of CincinnatiLouis Trent, University of Cincinnati Page 11.1015.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2006 Preparing Engineers for the Global Workplace: The University of Cincinnati International Co-op ModelAbstractIn 1906, the University of Cincinnati developed the concept of Cooperative Education in theCollege of Engineering. Today UC has the largest cooperative education program at any publicuniversity in the Country, with 4,000 students (from five

Conference Session

International Case Studies, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Roli Varma, University of New Mexico

Tagged Divisions

International

2006-1131: CHALLENGES TO DIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY OF ASIAN INDIANSCIENTISTS/ENGINEERSRoli Varma, University of New Mexico Roli Varma is a Regents’ Lecturer and an associate professor in the school of public administration at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. She also teaches an undergraduate course, Technology in Society, for the School of Engineering. Her research focuses on the under-representation of women and minorities in science and engineering, representation of new immigrants in science and engineering workforce, and management of industrial and academic science. Her research is supported by the grants from the National Science Foundation and the Sloan Foundation. She

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship and Innovation in First-Year Programs

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Chao Wang, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

case studies to teach product development lifecycle including customer needidentification, concept generation, concept development, scope expansion, and business plan.The assignment for students was to develop an abstract idea into a one-page product concept andenter into an idea to product competition.A freshman introduction to engineering course [6] spreading over two semesters incorporatedKEEN learning outcomes into multiple well-defined design/build/test team projects, individualhomework assignments, active collaborative learning modules, and presentations.Entrepreneurially minded learning was introduced in a two-course sequence spanning the entirefirst year [7]. During the first semester, artificial budget requirements were built into