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Displaying results 421 - 450 of 1309 in total
Collection
2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Thomas MacCalla; Jacqueline Caesar; Michael Maxwell; Shay Vanderlaan; Sandra Valencia; Terena Henry; Matt Leader
426 CIBRED via CIERRA for Educating the Next Generation of EngineersThomas MacCalla, Ed.D., NUCRI, Jacqueline Caesar, Ph.D., and Michael Maxwell, Ph. D., NUCRI and National University College of Letters and Science, VBI Project Teachers Shay Vanderlaan, Sandra Valencia, Terena Henry, and Matt LeaderAbstractThe National Science Foundation CI-TEAM (Cyber-Infrastructure Training, Education,Advancement, and Mentoring for Our 21st Century Workforce) awarded the VirginiaBioinformatics Institute at Virginia Tech University a two-year Implementation grant for aCIBRED* (Cyber-Infrastructure for Biological
Conference Session
Aerospace Workspace: Current and Future 2
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Lisa Guerra, NASA; John A. Christian, University of Texas, Austin; Wallace Fowler, University of Texas, Austin
Tagged Divisions
Aerospace
the students was thelead systems engineer for the in-house satellite build project, called Texas2Step, sponsored bythe Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). An added bonus to the pilot class was theparticipation of the capstone design professor, as well as a graduate teaching assistant with aMaster’s degree in aerospace engineering from Georgia Tech with an emphasis on SystemDesign and Optimization. The participation of all these many perspectives provided continuousimprovement on the course content and delivery. {Note that current offerings of the SE Courseare available to all students in the space track of the aerospace engineering degree program.}The SE Course content is based on numerous systems engineering handbooks and primers fromNASA1
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Reid Bailey, University of Virginia; Benjamin Choo, University of Virginia; Heather Rowan-Kenyon, University of Virginia; Amy Swan, University of Virginia; Marie Shoffner, University of Virginia
systemslevel and a component level are needed for the U.S. to remain competitive. Most engineeringschools fail to meet the growing need for engineers skilled in multiscale design: they educateengineers to handle systems issues or component issues, but not both. Furthermore, engineeringeducation focuses on designing static, “point” solutions, not agile solutions that can adapt tochange. Specifically, this project proposes the development of Technology Leaders, atransportable interdisciplinary program that will prepare engineers and technicians to lead teamsin the designing and building of multiscale agile systems.Building on prior work at the University of ___A___, ___B___ Community College, and theLearning Factory at Penn State, the Technology Leaders
Conference Session
Software and Hardware for Educators I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Fuller, Auburn University; Chetan Sankar, Auburn University; P.K. Raju, Auburn University
Tagged Divisions
Computers in Education
LITEE lab has been producing case studies for many years, such as Lorn Textiles, DellaSteam Plant, STS-51L and others (www.litee.org), but they have always focused on events thatoccurred in or involved companies in the United States. In 2007, LITEE was awarded an NSFgrant to send students from American Universities to India to live, work and finally produce acase study. Before the group of five students ventured to India, the project leaders of the LITEE lab were in communication with multiple private companies located in Indiaand IIT Madras asking them for projects that students may work on. This paper describes theexperiences of a graduate student who travelled to India to develop a case study with a largeconstruction company.1.1 Project
Conference Session
Implementation of Experiments in Manufacturing Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
George Gray, Texas Tech
Tagged Divisions
Manufacturing
.” ≠ “really enjoyed the welding, machining was also very useful and interesting.” ≠ “the more focus on practical manufacturing methods, the better. ME courses already provide plenty of theory. Good practical knowledge is important for engineers.” ≠ “I only wish we had more time.”These hands-on manufacturing activities can also be very valuable as recruiting and retentiontools within the engineering disciplines, as students seem to relate better and stay focused withintheir chosen engineering fields when they are actively engaged in hands-on projects early on intheir curricula. The hands-on lab in a supportive learning environment helps to develop a senseof involvement and fun for the
Collection
2009 ASEE Midwest Section Conference
Authors
Dennis Audo; Seth O'Brien
”, and a piece of aluminumfoil no bigger than 18”x 18”. The foil can be ripped into smaller pieces if desired by the student,but no scissors are allowed. Students are asked to build a construction project from the materialsprovided, and they are given one hour to construct their project. All parents or guardians areasked to leave the room while the students are constructing their projects. All building projectsmust in some way relate to the construction industry. (Examples include: bridges, houses,skyscrapers, retail shops, etc.) After the one-hour time limit, students are then judged by collegestudents, industry persons and faculty volunteers. Each judge is given 3 to 4 students to review,usually in the same grade level. The judges are given a
Conference Session
Faculty Development and Research in ET
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Ahmed Khan, DeVry University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
Wireless Engineering, Network Engineering, Fiber Optic Communications, Technology and Society, and Project Management. He also advises students on their senior design projects. He is the author of “The Telecommunications Fact Book, 2E” and co-author of “Technology and Society: Crossroads to the 21st Century,” “Technology and Society: A Bridge to the 21st Century,” and “Technology and Society: Issues for the 21st Century and Beyond.” He is a member of ASEE, and a senior member of IEEE. Page 14.627.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Faculty Scholarship and Professional Currency: A Self
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Carl Shek, Virginia Tech; Kathleen Meehan, Virginia Tech; Robert Hendricks, Virginia Tech
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
. Theadvantage of podcasts is that students can view the tutorials while their computers are runningthe oscilloscope program, enabling real-time instructional support as they work on their labswhile on or off campus. The podcasts are a mixture of still images and screen shots imported intoa Powerpoint presentation with an audio track added. Currently, tutorials are compatible withthree platforms: iPod nano, iPod Classic, and the iPod Touch. An explanation of the techniquesapplied during the development of the tutorials and a brief review of the current tutorials areprovided.IntroductionA project known as Lab-in-a-Box (LiaB) was developed at Virginia Tech as one of the outcomesof a department-level reform of the Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE
Collection
2009 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting
Authors
Reza Raeisi; Deepak Anand
transferred and viewedacross locations. Industrial wireless modems use electromagnetic waves to transmit modulateddata typically using RS-232 standards. The focus of this work is the development of a“Multipoint Remote Temperature Monitoring and Radio Data Acquisition Embedded System”that is taking advantages from embedded microcontroller, such that interaction and processingwith the wireless transceivers and the temperature sensors. The multipoint remote temperaturemonitoring radio data acquisition embedded system project is implemented using DS-18B20digital thermometers that gives 12-bit resolution, long range 433Mhz HAC-UM96 with serialinterface RF modems and the Freescale HCS12 microcontrollers. This hands-on project aims touse the mentioned
Conference Session
Entrepreneurship Education: Experiential Learning and Economic Development II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Barbara Karanian, Wentworth Institute of Technology; Gregory Kress, Stanford University; Joel Sadler, Stanford University
Tagged Divisions
Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation
trying to figure out a way to structure exercises to access story as a methodologyand explorative form for a graduate engineering and design methods class. To do this I reflect back onwhat I already know, what I am learning from graduate student co-creators, and how my participantobservation as instructor for the class will impact the developmental stages of their projects.We know that collaborative design thinking is a social activity [1]. Members work together in teamsin the workplace and increasingly in engineering schools in project-based design courses. While thesecourses give an experience of working in teams, the elements of how insights help individuals createnew approaches, sustain engagement and inspiration well into a project and
Conference Session
Women in K-12 Engineering
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Joy Watson, University of South Carolina; Jed Lyons, University of South Carolina
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
class, and thus do not try8. Both males andfemales need to learn to work in a group environment. It has been suggested that by usingteaching strategies that accommodate gender-related differences, one will see increases in middleschool females’ self-esteem in science and males’ willingness to try through competition9. Insingle-gender classrooms, middle school students are able to focus more on learning and less onthe opposite gender. There can be a sense of additional security for students, emotionally andintellectually. Females can ask more questions or answer a teachers question correctly withoutfear of being laughed at by the males. Males, on the other hand, enjoy the competition andgames that can be played in the classroom8.Project
Conference Session
Research and Education in Radiation and Radiologic
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Mitchell Pryor; Sheldon Landsberger
Tagged Divisions
Nuclear and Radiological
and industry. A course structure and timeline is outlined andmapped to the proposed curricula and project development. Students in the program areadditionally mentored by DOE personnel to complete interdisciplinary research projects relevantin nuclear application areas.Background and MotivationThe idea of automating the multitude of hazardous tasks associated with all phases of the nuclearfuel cycle (whether it be weaponized or energy producing) is not a new one. The positive impactof successful automation for safety and security is clear, yet the few successes have been costlyand time consuming. A review (as examples, Y-121, LANL2, INL3, ORNL4, SNL5, 6, andAcademia7) of the multitude of projects teaches an important lesson. Automation in the
Conference Session
Issues and Direction in ET Education and Administration: Part II
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
David Spang, Burlington County College; Vladimir Genis, Drexel University
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
investigator on both NSF and NASA grants, as Adjunct Professor of Project Management (cost, risk, contract & procurement) at the Keller Graduate School of Management and as Adjunct Professor of Material Science at SUNY Maritime College. Dr. Spang has also served on the Editorial Board of the International Materials Reviews, a publication of ASM International and is a frequent reviewer of ASEE proceeding submissions.Vladimir Genis, Drexel University Dr. Vladimir Genis, Associate Professor and Program Director of Applied Engineering Technology in the Goodwin College, Drexel University, taught and developed graduate and undergraduate courses in physics, electronics, nondestructive testing
Conference Session
Preparing and Retaining Engineering Students
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Prue Howard, Central Queensland University
Tagged Divisions
Cooperative & Experiential Education
preparation and reflection requirements for the workplacement. The changes included a move to Project Based Learning (PBL) with a partiallyinverted curriculum, and the introduction of a dual award, the Bachelor of Engineering(Coop)/Diploma of Professional Practice.PBL and an inverted curriculum was introduced in 1998, with the aim being to ensure thatstudents were sufficiently prepared to work as junior engineers in industry at the end of theirsecond year of study. The PBL curriculum was intended to teach students in context, withcontent being integrated instead of delivered in discipline silos, as well as developing a numberof the professional practice skills required, such as teamwork, communication, critical thinkingand problem solving.The Diploma
Conference Session
Best Practices in IE Education
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Terri Lynch-Caris, Kettering University; Daniel Ludwigsen, Kettering University
Tagged Divisions
Industrial Engineering
technicalprograms. Intern, co-op and capstone experiences and preparation for professional certificationare popular benchmarks for relevance in these programs.2, 3 At Kettering University, all studentsparticipate in a mandatory co-op program from their first year, alternating every quarter betweenacademic terms and co-op work at an industrial or research-oriented sponsor. These culminate ina sponsor-driven thesis project, required for graduation.This fully co-operative model of education demands connection to practical applications inacademic courses. Students expect course topics explicitly tied to industrial needs orprofessional skills. Additionally, students bring a rich variety of experiences from their workterms, and will readily share what they’ve
Conference Session
Innovations in ECE Education I
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Xingguo Xiong, University of Bridgeport; Linfeng Zhang, University of Bridgeport; Junling Hu, University of Bridgeport; Lawrence Hmurcik, University of Bridgeport
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
till finally the nano-devices are shaped. Thenanolithography techniques, such as extreme UV lithography (EUV), X-ray lithography,E-beam projection lithography (EPL), ion projection lithography, microcontact printing,nanoimprinting, and SPM (scanning probe microscope) based techniques are used in top-down approach. In bottom-up approach, it creates a construct by assembling simplebuilding blocks (atoms, molecules, etc.) according to pre-designed scheme. It relies onthe self-assembly and self-organization of the molecules, which is totally different fromthe top-down approach used in VLSI fabrication in the past decades. In conclusion, microand nano fabrication techniques are important knowledge backgrounds to understand theMEMS and
Conference Session
Sustainable-energy Education: Lessons Learned
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Linfeng Zhang, University of Bridgeport; Xingguo Xiong, University of Bridgeport; Junling Hu, University of Bridgeport
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
solar cells 2 weeks: power deliveringThis part may be difficult to most of the students and it will cover some basic knowledge inpower electronics, such as DC Regulation and Voltage Conversion, Inverters, Fuel Cell/PV cellor Capacitor Hybrid Systems Page 14.752.6In the teaching of the above contents, discussions in the class are helpful to ensure that studentsare not overwhelmed by the multidisciplinary material or the course pace, thus they can followthe lecture notes with strong interest. In the mean time, the feedback from the discussion is veryhelpful to improve the course design, especially in the homework and project
Conference Session
Computer Applications in Energy Conversion
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Liping Guo, Northern Illinois University; Paul Curtis, Northern Illinois University; Andrew Barendregt, Northern Illinois University; Anthony Surillo, Northern Illinois University
Tagged Divisions
Energy Conversion and Conservation
of Phi Kappa Phi.Paul Curtis, Northern Illinois UniversityAndrew Barendregt, Northern Illinois UniversityAnthony Surillo , Northern Illinois University Page 14.122.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Design and Implementation of A Sun Tracking Solar Power SystemABSTRACTA senior design project is an integral part of the undergraduate engineering technologydegree program requirements at a four-year engineering technology institution. Allstudents are required to complete a two-semester long (4 credit hours) senior designproject. Three electrical engineering technology undergraduate students formed a seniordesign project
Conference Session
NSF Grantees Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Hamid Vakilzadian, University of Nebraska, Lincoln; Dietmar Moeller, University of Hamburg
, except for handful institutionsthat offer a Master of Science program in M&S, no other educational program is currentlyavailable at the undergraduate level, especially for electrical engineers. This demands thedevelopment of a curriculum and requirements for its assessment, which is the topic of thispresentation. The development is part of a National Science Foundation (NSF) grant for acourse, curriculum, and laboratory improvement project called Undergraduate STEMEducation Initiative in Creative Educational (USE-ICE) innovation for electricalengineering students at the College of Engineering, the University of Nebraska-Lincoln(UNL).1. IntroductionGlobalization and international research and development have changed the way the UnitedStates
Conference Session
Assessment and Curriculum Development
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Tom Bramald, Newcastle University; Sean Wilkinson, Newcastle University
Tagged Divisions
First-Year Programs
holistic “cradle to grave” approach Do things right, having decided the right thing to do Beware cost reduction masquerading as value engineering Practice what you preachThe third lecture builds on Egan Review Skills for Sustainable Communities7. This is included tostimulate student thinking about their skills development, the other professions who they may beworking with in the future and to support their year-long first year design project which is Page 14.800.5looking at conceptual design of an eco-town for 20 000 people.The Egan Review presents seven components that are core to realising a sustainable community.They are
Conference Session
ECE Poster Session
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Georgios Anagnostopoulos, Florida Institute of Technology; Michael Georgiopoulos, University of Central Florida; Veton Kepuska, Florida Institute of Technology; Kenneth Stanley, University of Central Florida; Alison Morrison-Shetlar, University of Central Florida; Pat Lancey, University of Central Florida; Paula Krist, University of Central Florida; Tace Crouse, University of Central Florida
Tagged Divisions
Electrical and Computer
Effectiveness Assessment process and supports assessment of academic programs and administrative departments. She also designs statistical studies to provide information about student engagement, institutional conditions that enhance student learning outcomes, progression, and retention to provide actionable reports to decision makers to include upper administration, faculty and staff. Dr. Lancey has served as the outside evaluator for several NSF funded grant projects. Prior to this, she held positions at Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Westat, Inc., University of Alabama, and Palm Beach Community College. She presents papers and workshops for faculty and administrators on educational
Conference Session
International Initiatives, Partnerships, Teaching Strategies & Collaborative Networks (IUCEE, IFEES, LACCEI.... )
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andy Ward, Ohio State University; Ann Christy, Ohio State University; Robert J. Gustafson; Jessica D'Ambrosio; Kurt Paterson, Michigan Technological University
Tagged Divisions
International
the majority havenow undertaken graduate studies. Two students (one in 2007 and another in 2008) made returnvisits to implement aspects of their designs. Another group of 4-6 students will participate in2009. These projects add to engineering capstone design opportunities by providing a moreglobal experience, a unique cultural opportunity, experiential10 and service learning11opportunities, humanitarian objectives, and the potential to aid in developing design solutionsthat could extend well beyond those of most undergraduate projects. This initiative wasestablished by Professor Ward who has lived in South Africa and has relatives living in thevicinity of Cape Town.Throughout the nation some engineering educators have instituted international
Conference Session
Infusing Engineering Content Through Curricular Innovation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community College; Linda Desjardins, Northern Essex Community College; Paul Chanley, Northern Essex Community College; Lori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College
Tagged Divisions
K-12 & Pre-College Engineering
AC 2009-1281: PUTTING THE 'E' INTO STEM EDUCATION IN THEELEMENTARY SCHOOLMichael Pelletier, Northern Essex Community CollegeLinda Desjardins, Northern Essex Community CollegePaul Chanley, Northern Essex Community CollegeLori Heymans, Northern Essex Community College Page 14.998.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Putting the 'E' into STEM Education in the Elementary SchoolAbstract:During the summer of 2008, in year one of a three-year project funded by theMassachusetts Pipeline Fund and entitled "STEM ROCKS," a cooperative effort began tointroduce Engineering is Elementary into the elementary schools of four public
Conference Session
Communication and Collaboration
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Julie Sharp, Vanderbilt University; Marilyn Dyrud, Oregon Institute of Technology
Tagged Divisions
Liberal Education
senior project at Oregon Institute of Technology combines communicationand engineering design in a group intensive, team-taught environment. Student teams, however,are not always serendipitous. The most common problem is conflict, usually the result of “socialloafing”: students who either ride the coattails of others or do not perform up to groupexpectations. Unresolved conflict can fester and result in group dysfunctionality. Peer review,as well as judicious faculty oversight, can help alleviate some of the more typical group Page 14.1287.2problems. This portion of the paper explains some common group problems, offers a peerreview instrument and
Conference Session
Multidisciplinary Curriculum Innovation
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Michael Ciaraldi, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Eben Cobb, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; David Cyganski, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Michael Demetriou; Greg Fischer; Michael Gennert, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Fred Looft, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; William Michalson, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Bradley Miller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Taskin Padir, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Yiming Rong, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kenneth Stafford, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Gretar Tryggvason, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; James Van de Ven, Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Tagged Divisions
Multidisciplinary Engineering
designs and the various technical topics are introduced as needed. Each ofthese courses includes elements of CS, ECE and ME. To add cohesion within courses, eachcourse in the unified sequence has its own focus, such as locomotion, sensing, manipulation, andnavigation. Students in the Robotics program also take other required and elective courses,selected from courses already offered by the various engineering departments. In addition, theprogram includes an entrepreneurship component to prepare future “entrepreneurial engineers.”6Like all majors at WPI, the program culminates in a capstone design experience wherein studentssynthesize their accumulated knowledge in a major project. The RBE program is designed sothat it can be accredited under the
Conference Session
Engineering Courses for Non-engineers
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Bradley Bishop, United States Naval Academy
Tagged Divisions
Technological Literacy Constituent Committee
aforementioned three fundamentalquestions: Page 14.1132.2Question 1: What is possible, based on our current understanding of the laws of the universe?This is projection, and is important in that it prevents the students from discussing their favoriteFaster-Than-Light travel methods and techniques for perpetual motion as part of the class, andalso makes them question closely the science behind current projects aimed at extremely esotericobjectives. Projection is rarely a negative, in that it is very difficult to say with certainty thatsomething is not possible. Rather, projection typically results in either a positive (a thing ispossible) or a neutral (it
Conference Session
Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Technology
communication tool. The AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers (ASCE) recognizes that the ability to communicate effectively is arequired outcome for civil engineering education, noting that in addition to written and oralcommunication skills, graphical communication is also important when interacting withtechnical and non-technical individuals.1Importance and Use of Hand-Drawn SketchesKivett2 notes free-hand sketching can quickly convey technical information to diverse audiences.At public meetings for proposed projects, clients often prefer free-hand architectural sketchesrather than CAD drawings since hand-drawn sketches imply the design is not set in stone,whereas the public may perceive the project as unalterable when CAD drawings are used.2According
Conference Session
Graduate Student Experiences
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Jin-Hwan Lee, Georgia Institute of Technology; Carla Purdy, University of Cincinnati; Ian Papautsky, University of Cincinnati
Tagged Divisions
Graduate Studies
. The UC PFF program consists ofthree one-hour courses and a mentored teaching component. The first course, in the WinterQuarter, provides information on basic effective teaching techniques for engineering, includingKolb learning styles, and how to organize a course. In addition, cultural differences anddiversity are discussed in the context of science and engineering classes. The advanced teachingclass in Spring Quarter emphasizes advanced pedagogical techniques including Bloom'staxonomy, concept maps, project and team management for developing leadership skills,teaching evaluations, proposal writing, and mentoring and being mentored. ABET engineeringcriteria a-k are applied to syllabus development, and students hold a mock NSF review
Conference Session
Engineering Courses for Non-engineers
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
William Loendorf, Eastern Washington University; Terence Geyer, Eastern Washington University
Tagged Divisions
Technological Literacy Constituent Committee
progressed in steps over timeto where we are today. Perhaps even early technologies were misunderstood by the people of thetime and today’s lack of understanding is just a continuance of that tendency. This may even bethe case for today’s engineering students. For the most part, current technologies are included inthe engineering and engineering technology curriculum. However, technologies from the past arenot. To remedy the situation, a project was initiated to enhance the engineering student’sknowledge of how past technologies were developed. The objective was to improve theirawareness of technology’s historical heritage and foundation. In order to accomplish this anactive learning hands-on component was added to a traditional lecture based course
Conference Session
Frontiers in Engineering Economy
Collection
2009 Annual Conference & Exposition
Authors
Neal Lewis, University of Bridgeport; Ted Eschenbach, TGE Consulting; Joseph Hartman, University of Florida
Tagged Divisions
Engineering Economy
call option.Real options analysis is based on the same mathematics, but a new set of definitions: C value of a deferral (or delay) option S0 present value of the future cash flows ф(dx) cumulative standard normal distribution of the variable dx X project cost r risk-free interest rate T time to option expiration σ volatility of the project’s rate of returnUnfortunately, the translation from financial options to real options adds several layers ofambiguity. In determining the present value of the future cash flows (S0), what interest rate andwhat compounding technique should be used? In determining volatility, what method should beused? The answers depend on where you