Conference Session

Two-year College Potpourri

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dan G. Dimitriu, San Antonio College; Diana Carmen Dimitriu, University of Texas at San Antonio

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Two-Year College

or she can change the world and make a differenceforever, that mentor leaves an indelible mark on the mentee. Above all other professions,engineering has the power to change the world on a large scale. Since I started to take my mentorship duties seriously, and I started reading aboutmentoring and visiting websites dedicated to mentoring, I realized that my vision and myphilosophy are similar in some ways to other mentors, but in some ways, they also are quiteunique. Upon discussing them with other faculty, I could see that when people write aboutmentoring they make it appear more institutionalized and well regulated but when they talkabout it, mentors emphasize the personal touch and the relationships that they developindividually

Conference Session

Around the Water Cooler: Ideas and Issues in Civil Engineering Education

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Nicholas Tymvios, Bucknell University; Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University; Eliana Christou, University of North Carolina, Charlotte; Benjamin B. Wheatley, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

: Arts & Science Focus or Engineering Focus.The survey consisted of questions of identification and differentiation such as demographics,name of institution faculty is serving, their title, and time in current position. The surveyparticipants were also asked to identify if they were tenured or in tenure-track positions, thepercentage of time they dedicate to research/teaching/service/other activities, and state thatpercentage according to their departmental guidelines for their job description.Survey participants were asked to state if they were given guidelines of tenure requirements andto provide these guidelines in terms of “Teaching Work Load”, “Teaching Evaluation Metrics”,“Research Dollar Amount”, “Number of Peer Reviewed Journal

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computing and Information Technology Programs II

Collection

2014 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Norman Pestaina, Florida International University; Tiana Solis, Florida International University; Peter J. Clarke, Florida International Univeristy

Tagged Divisions

Computing & Information Technology

project may be used to assess the SOs of a computer scienceprogram. Farrell et al.8 describe an approach that attempts to develop a system for the fairallocation of course grades to the members of the senior project team. In grading our seniorprojects we use some of the ideas presented by Farrell et al.8, e.g., peer group assessment andevaluating meeting minutesAhmad et al.5 performed a study of the undergraduate software capstone project at 19 Pakistaniuniversities and provides generic support for quality assessment of capstone projects at theundergraduate level. The study investigated the current practices followed for assessment ofcomputer science and software engineering capstone projects and the formulation of genericrubrics for quality

Conference Session

Recruiting and Building Diversity

Collection

2004 Annual Conference

Authors

Nancy Horvath; Cecilia Lucero

professional colleagues, peer students, spouses or partners, children, friends, etc. Thus,the PI will focus on variables that participants may identify as significant to their life as graduatestudents.Timeline GEM proposes a three- to five-year study of graduate student socialization. This willallow for investigation of students’ experiences at critical periods during graduate school. Thus,students will be surveyed and interviewed 1) during the first year or two of coursework, 2)during the comprehensive examination period, 3) during the dissertation proposal phase, and 4)during the dissertation research and writing phase.Data Analysis Phenomenological data analysis involves imaginative variation, examining andinterpreting the different manifestations

Conference Session

Innovations in Design within BME Curricula

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard P. Davis, Washington State University; Denny C. Davis, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

end of the two weeks. Concurrently the students are assigned toenter personal data into the CATME Team-Maker online software (Available at:https://www.catme.org/login/request ). This software was utilized to generate potential teams.After listening to the mini feasibility reports from their peers, the students completed a projectpreference form which was used to display their interest. The inputs from Team-Maker andstudent interest were then used to create teams which the instructors felt had the best potential.The final team creation step was to allocate one class period for students to negotiate changes.Students could initiate a change of project group by conferencing with the instructors andgaining approval from the respective teams

Conference Session

Design in Freshman and Sophomore Courses

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yosef S. Allam, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Clifford A. Whitfield, Ohio State University; Jintana Nina Phanthanousy, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

notes taken from traditional lectureenvironments.Project-based learning activities featured in Cornerstone environments include:collaborative/cooperative/peer learning in that projects are typically team-based andparticipative; just-in-time instruction in the form of lectures and class interactions that addressissues instructors anticipate students will soon address; topic integration in that students mustcall upon many skills to diverge/converge towards their design solution; problem-based learningin the many smaller problems they encounter through the course of completing their project; anda context which mimics that of the professional environment in which most students willeventually find themselves. Students involved in these projects find

Conference Session

First-Year Programs Division Technical Session 7: Retention & Success

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey N. Phillips, Hanover College; Kathryn A. Lowe Schneider, Hanover College

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs Division (FYP)

improve the retentionof all undergraduate students.Several changes were made to improve retention, both in terms of retaining students inengineering and, failing that, at least retaining them as students at the college. These include theimplementation of a math placement exam, a modification of the engineering curriculum basedon best practices used at other engineering programs for improving retention, and the intentionalgrouping of first-year engineering students in a college success course that was led by anEngineering faculty member and a peer mentor who was a returning engineering student.All of these engineering-focused efforts were coupled with college-wide efforts at improvingretention which included an increase in staffing for the

Conference Session

SPECIAL SESSION: Interdisciplinary Course Design Opportunities for Chemical Engineers

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey A Nason, Oregon State University; Bill J. Brooks, Oregon State University; Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

) during class that probe for conceptual understanding. Students answer the questionsusing wireless laptops and responses are immediately available to the instructor. After an initialdeployment of a question, the instructor can proceed in several ways. Class responses can bedisplayed to the class and students can be asked to discuss the problem with a neighbor or group.Following the small group discussions, the question can be posed again10; it has been shown thatthis type of peer-instruction can increase conceptual understanding.11 At any point, the instructorcan interject with appropriate discussion or address misconceptions discovered when goingthrough the written explanations to multiple choice questions, for example. WISE activitiesserve as

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

Jason Puzniak; Flora McMartin; Alice Agogino

, 4depends upon interaction with peers and a shared community of practice, reflected through acommon language, set of methods, and perspectives.As learners, faculty interact with multiple learning communities, in multiple ways, and formultiple purposes. They attend conferences and meetings sponsored by professional societies,academic and government institutions, and industry. At these events they participate in formaland informal discussions — all of which are critical to their ability to meet their professionalobligations. Faculty as members of disciplinary professional societies focus on innovation intheir areas of expertise and research; they participate in organizations such as ASEE (AmericanSociety for Engineering Education) and the FIE

Collection

ASEE Mid-Atlantic Section Spring Conference

Authors

Pooja Thakkar Singh, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Debra Ann Pothier, Autodesk, Inc.; Anand Sethupathy, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Geraldine Gooding, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; David Soukup P.E., American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Jarrett Reich, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Morgan Lamarre, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; James Stewart Warrick

Tagged Topics

Diversity

instructional guides and textbooks. However, it is difficult tomeasure effectiveness. For example, Professor Masahiko Yamazaki from Nihon University inJapan created his own textbook and hands-on exercises. Having accessible material with ways totrack progress would be beneficial for faculty and for students.Furthermore, engineering professors are eager to see how their peers at other colleges anduniversities are progressing and how other engineering departments have implemented newerteaching approaches. Figure 6: Desired resources [8]Evaluation of Autodesk ProjectsRegarding how the interviewees view Autodesk projects, the feedback was extremely positive.All ten professors stated that they would like access to Autodesk

Conference Session

Student Performance and Learning & Open-ended problems

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Huihui Qi, University of California San Diego; Minju Kim, University of California San Diego; Yu Li, University of California San Diego; Carolyn L. Sandoval, University of California, San Diego; Curt Schurgers, University of California San Diego; Marko V. Lubarda, University of California San Diego; Xuan Emily Gedney; Saharnaz Baghdadchi, University of California San Diego; Alex Phan, University of California San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods Division (ERM)

homeworkassignments. Oral exams, due to their adaptive diagnostic nature, provide an opportunity to probestudents’ thought process behind their decision-making. In contrast, written exams are limited inthis capacity: when students write down an equation, it is difficult to tell whether they understandthe concept well or if they are trying to recall similar procedures from class examples andhomework assignments. Oral exams also allow students to receive feedback from a contentexpert who can clear up misconceptions. Group explanation activities offer the benefits offeedback exchange and social learning among students. The paper will present the details ofthese learning activities as well as the outcomes. Mixed research methods were used to study theimpact of

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Culture

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rosalyn S. Hobson, Virginia Commonwealth University; Cindy Jong, University of Kentucky; Donna Joy Dockery; Mary Hermann, Virginia Commonwealth University; Teresa Jones Carter, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

careers and career decision option, education, care giving and familial support. Support & Examples of support and encouragement friends provided for the Encouragement choices and decisions the subjects made.Friends/Peers Competitors & Examples of peer competition sometimes with males in particular Barriers and the barriers that arose because of peer influences Aspirations, Personal aspirations, interests, and predilections that motivated the Interests, & subjects to pursue or not pursue a STEM career . Career satisfaction Satisfaction and the factors

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Malinda S Zarske, University of Colorado, Boulder; Dana E Schnee, University of Colorado, Boulder; Angela R Bielefeldt, University of Colorado, Boulder; Derek T Reamon, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

3.65 (0.61) 3.88 (0.57) 0.24* Theoretical Client 110 3.57 (0.53) 3.80 (0.55) 0.23* No Client 222 3.61 (0.55) 3.78 (0.58) 0.17* *Significant at the p<0.05 level, paired t-testThe pre- to post-mean scores of the overall FYEP students in Table 4 indicate a significant gainfrom the pre-assessment in self-rated technical skills and professional skills. There were alsosignificant gains in students’ perceived technical and professional skills for all types of FYEPprojects, with students engaged in local client-based projects slightly outgaining their peers inboth professional and technical skills. A repeated

Conference Session

Breaking barriers, building futures: Narratives of equity and inclusion in STEM education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elahe Vahidi, University of Cincinnati; Mark Okoth Onyango, University of Cincinnati; Kaitlyn Anne Thomas, University of Nevada, Reno; Kelly J Cross, Georgia Institute of Technology; Whitney Gaskins, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Students; Engineering1 IntroductionStudents undergo various experiences during their college years that influence and shape theiridentities. Negative interactions within those experiences can affect the mental functioning andwellbeing of the students. These negative experiences result in high levels of distress that maynot be clearly visible to peers or faculty but can have significant impacts within their collegiatechoices. Available research indicates that approximately 50% of students display alarming levelsof stress, anxiety, and depression [1], [2]. This statistic is an indicator of a mental health crisisthat could be ravaging higher education institutions. Recent engineering education research(EER

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED): Best of Works in Progress

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Grayson Rice, Duke University; Ann Saterbak, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

) apply mass and energyconservation laws; 2) perform kinetic analysis of reactions; 3) work collaboratively on a team todevelop and solve mathematical models; and 4) develop technical writing and oral presentationskills. The course uses a blend of lecture, in-class and homework problems, and open-endedPBL modules.PBL is based on a constructivist pedagogy, requiring students to work together to createsolutions to complex, open-ended challenges. Since BME 260 focuses on modeling, PBLchallenges were structured to engage teams to develop multi-compartment conceptual models.Teams also developed novel mass accounting and kinetic equations for important chemicalconstituents in their biological system, searched the peer-reviewed literature for

Conference Session

Community Engagement Division 5 - Nurturing Well-Being and Promoting Awareness

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Rossi, Penn State Behrend; Sarah Lengel

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division (COMMENG)

could use the app thenative development facilitated the use of assistive technologies found on both platforms.3.2. App Overview The resulting app, LionHELP, serves as a digital version of the school’s Red Folder. Theapp is divided into four sections: Recognize, Respond, Refer, and Resources. The app homescreen shown in figure one displays these four sections, each with a brief description of theinformation it contains. Note that for this writing the iOS version of the app was captured andthe Android version contains the same functionality. Figure 1: Home Screen for LionHELP The Recognize section was designed to be an interactive survey. Users select the symptomsthey are exhibiting or someone they are

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Technical Session - Best Diversity Paper

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jiayun Shen, Clemson University; LaToya McDonald, Clemson University; Marian Kennedy, Clemson University

skill development, and an overview of the researchprocess for enrolled students. Using prior published work on pre-research programs and the materialsdeveloped for the ‘Research Foundations’ program offered at Clemson, the authors included a series ofmodules within a Canvas portal for the enrolled students: (1) What is research, and who are researchers;(2) What can you expect to do as an undergraduate research assistant; (3) Basic safety training andResponsible Conduct of Research training; (4) Documenting your research in laboratory notebooks; (5)Finding research articles and building a reference library; (6) Reading research articles and understandingthe peer review process; (7) Writing an abstract for conference submission, (8) Disseminating

Collection

ASEE Zone 1 Conference - Spring 2023

Authors

Andrew ONeill, Pennsylvania State University Electrical Engineering Department; Tim Kane, Pennsylvania State University

level course are part of the program and duallyutilize experiential learning and peer instruction to facilitate greater student involvement andretention. Both course are in active development during the semester. This arrangement allowsmodifications to be made during the class that better suit the educational goals of the students. Inaddition to better education the course is designed to help address the need for optics andphotonics technicians across industry as addressed in Wanted: Optics and PhotonicsTechnicians 1 .MethodsBoth courses use a combination of the Lab-Based Studio and Mini-Lecture Studio classroomparadigms as defined by DeLyser and Thompson et al 2 . The lab-based studio paradigm is builtaround the presentation of a new topic

Conference Session

Energy Conversion and Conservation Technical Session 1: Innovative Approaches to Teaching Energy-Related Concepts

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Mativo, University of Georgia; Jacob Lancaster, University of Georgia

configurations made toimprove air flow is presented. The perspectives for students and faculty from the University ofGeorgia are presented. The student main engineer took the lead to formulate this paper. Fiveother students that worked on the project were unable to engage in writing the paper.Introduction The Formula SAE activities at the University of Georgia are recognized as a platform thatprovides experiential learning to its undergraduate students. Most of the students in the FormulaSAE program come from engineering disciplines. Students range from Freshmen to Seniors.Freshmen, Sophomores, and Juniors participate as non-capstone members. Senior studentsmostly participate as cap-stone members. Regardless of one’s category, the students design

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Oenardi Lawanto, Utah State University; Wade Goodridge, Utah State University; Assad Iqbal, Utah State University

during the Week 9 to further support the participants’ writing skill. Moreover, each participant submitted a final report that described lessons learned during the 10-week program. This online ten-week REUFigure 1. REU 2021 Front Canvas Page program was conducted at the

Conference Session

Bringing Engineering Leadership Pedagogy to Life!

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Emily Moore, University of Toronto; Cindy Rottmann, University of Toronto; Patricia Sheridan, University of Toronto; Samina Hashmi, University of Toronto

their own leadershipidentities through a variety of lectures, discussions, case studies and experiential exercises.Students write weekly reflections on their learning using a Describe-Analyze-Evaluate format[5]. At the end of the term, they submit a summative reflection on the course in which they areasked how their understanding of leadership has evolved, and which concepts, frameworks orexercises have had a strong impact.We have used the ELO inventory for a number of years in our classroom as a self-assessmentactivity. Students are introduced to the ELO framework through a lecture and course reading.After completing the inventory in class, they gather in groups by orientation with large posterboards that characterize each of the orientations

Conference Session

Cooperative and Experiential Education Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sabia Abidi, Rice University; Javier Lasa; Parag Jain; Kirsten Ostherr, Rice University; Austin Hwang, Northwestern University; Nellie Chen

: A B ICU Physician Briefing Core Lecture Topics: - Engineering Design Core Lectures Process - Needs Finding Virtual Round - Storyboarding Observation - Family Engagement - Communication Challenges Individual Reflection - Technology in Pediatrics Writing Time

Conference Session

International Division Technical Session 5: COVID-19 Pandemic Lessons and Best Practices

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gloria Kim, University of Florida; Yong Yoon; Jin-woo Choi, Louisiana State University and A&M College

Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA in 2004. He held a postdoctoral position at the Georgia Institute of Technology from 2004 to 2006. He was an Assistant Professor of the Department of Electrical Engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo between 2006 and 2010. Currently, he is a Professor and the Graduate Coordinator of the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. He spent his sabbatical in ECE at the Seoul National University from July and Dec. 2017. He received the NSF Early Career Development Award (CAREER) and SUNY Young Investigator Award. He has more than 250 peer reviewed publications. He is a

Collection

2023 Rocky Mountain Section Conference

Authors

Pinar Omur-Ozbek; Ketul Popat; DaeSeok Chai; Christie Peebles; Abdulkhakim Salokhiddinov

. compare and contrast available technologies around the globe for water resource management and sanitation 6. illustrate and critique the equity, diversity, social and environmental justice, sustainability applications across countries related to access to clean waterCourse outcomes are for the students to:  recognize the water challenges we are facing globally  articulate the cultural differences in the approaches to solve water challenges, including discussion of regulations and other constraints that govern the actions  collaborate with peers from various countries to develop a solution to a water related issue  adapt to changing cultural expectations, set of challenges, and

Conference Session

Architectural Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2022 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Kwak, State University of New York, College of Technology at Farmingdale

expand the problem-solving approaches, and identifying peer-review opportunities for examining the design solutions. This method of Inquiry-BasedLearning began with identifying problems and questions to be answered. [6] Based on theirinitial analysis, location, and common interest, the students defined environmental design andurban agriculture as the main research topic. The students’ interest in the urban agriculture topicderived from the previous pilot project on campus. In the past year, this design project waslaunched collaboratively with a local food bank to provide solutions for regional food insecurity.[7] This collaboration offered the students the opportunity to evaluate and assess the existingstructure and served to catalyze their

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Anthony E. Felder, University of Illinois at Chicago; Michael Gordon Browne, University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Biomedical Engineering; Miiri Kotche, University of Illinois Chicago

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

todemonstrate alignment between design inputs and outputs. The device consisted of anelectromechanical suction mechanism paired with flexible tubing to collect tear film samples.Project development was continued by two IMED students who originally helped identify theproblem in CIP. The students, through further clinical observation and testing, identifiedunintended usage of the device and were able to develop a subsequent design to better meetclinical need. A provisional patent has been filed and IRB approval for clinical data collectionand longitudinal development has been obtained.Implementation of the pipeline began in Summer of 2022 with CIP, and continued into the Fallwith the prototyping course and SD. At the time of writing, three projects from

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter C Lee, Virginia Tech; Malini Josiam, Virginia Tech; Taylor Y Johnson, Virginia Tech; Janice Leshay Hall, Florida International University; Artre Reginald Turner, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

incoming first-year engineering students participating in a Summer Bridge Program (SBP)[11]. During the workshop, we presented students with scenarios (i.e. Your first round of tests didnot go well and your usual studying habits are not working) to respond to through individualwritten response, small group written response and discussion, and a facilitated large groupdiscussion. The scenarios spanned six domains: academic performance, faculty and staffinteractions, extracurricular involvement, peer-group interactions, professional development, andspecial circumstances. We prompted the students to write down how they thought they wouldrespond to the four scenarios they were given. For example, one student’s individual writtenresponse to the

Conference Session

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED) Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wujie Zhang, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Lauren M Beverung, Milwaukee School of Engineering; Rebecca McKeown; Tammy J. Rice-Bailey

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical Engineering Division (BED)

engineering, drug delivery, and cancer treatment. With numerous exter- nal and internal funding sources, he is actively engaged in research involving undergraduate students in various areas, including engineered red blood cells for oxygen therapeutics development. Dr. Zhang has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal articles, authored the book Nanotechnology for Bioengi- neers, and holds multiple patents. When it comes to engineering and chemical sciences education, he is especially interested in integrating the entrepreneurial mindset into a wide range of courses. Dr. Zhang has been recognized by the ASEE’s Prism magazine as one of 20 high-achieving researchers and educa- tors under 40 (2018), the Milwaukee Business

Conference Session

Materials Division (MATS) Technical Session 2

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jayanta K. Banerjee, Purdue University at West Lafayette (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Materials Division (MATS)

the areas of Mechanics of Materials as well as in Engineering Education. As hobbies, he travels extensively and writes stories and poems in English, Spanish and Bengali. ©American Society for Engineering Education, 20232023 ASEE Annual Convention, Baltimore MDEngineering Materials Related Courses at the University of Puerto Rico in Mayagüez (UPRM) Beforeand After Hurricane Fiona Crossed the Island in September 2022ASEE Life MemberUndergraduate StudentABSTRACTOn September 18, 2022, a Sunday afternoon, hurricane Fiona entered Mayagüez with a tangential speedof 150 mph and dwelled for longer than five hours since she moved with a linear velocity of only about 5mph. Our campus was totally devastated and there

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hannah D Budinoff, The University of Arizona; Vignesh Subbian, The University of Arizona; Ann Shivers-McNair; Francesa Lopez

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

instructors’ department heads and peerreview committees summarizing their innovations to ensure their efforts were recognized; andwe tried to offer co-design of instructional innovations with peer mentorship to offset thelimitations with instructors’ limited time.In Spring 2023, we worked with two instructors from our initial cohort who were interested inimplementing ABP into their current courses. In the poster that will accompany this paper, wewill summarize additional data which will be collected throughout the Spring 2023 semester,including feedback from instructor check-ins.Future work and conclusionsGiven this paper was written during the first year of a three-year project, we have focused ondescribing our piloting efforts and preliminary