Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

John Ciezki; Steve Watkins

ethics emphasize theresponsibility of engineers to consider the “safety, health, and welfare of the public” [2,3].Regulations, standards, laboratory practices, etc. reflect the importance of safety in engineeringwork. Also, the negative consequences associated with safety-related failures such as accidentsand product defects make such issues a priority for industry. Creating a safety culture isdifficult. It involves the performance of proper actions and the avoidance of improper actions.Any definition of safety must specify what is considered proper, what is considered improper,and what is an acceptable degree of risk.In engineering education, practical safety concerns are necessarily part of laboratory courses andsafety concepts are often

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Nathan Hutchins; Kaveh Ashenayi

ideas and findings inan engineering environment. This style of course has been shown to display “a definite andmeasurable increase in student awareness and understanding of the engineering profession2.” Thisone day a week class is set up in a laboratory structure where there is a lecture followed by someexperimentation with software or hardware.The evolution of this class is based on the changes to the curriculum at the University of Tulsa aswell as faculty and student feedbacks, and will continue to change to reflect changes in the subjectsand engineering tools used.Software Tools © American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 2017 ASEE Midwest Section ConferenceThe software tools that

Collection

2017 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Nesreen Alsbou; Floyd Day; Daniel Oluebubechukwu

MicroSD card and uses only 20mA, around half thepower of other GPS devices. The HC-SR04 ping distance sensor emits an ultrasound wave at 40000 Hzwhich travels through the air and if there is an object or obstacle in its path it will reflect back to the module.Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound, the module can be programmed to calculate thedistance.The transmitter has a frequency range of 433.9 MHz, and input voltage of 3-12V. The transmitter usesAmplitude-shift keying (ASK) to modulate signals. ASK uses variations in the amplitude of the carrier waveto represent digital data which is considered an inexpensive solution for modulation. The receiver has afrequency range of 433.9 MHz and an input voltage of 5V. DC motors are found

Conference Session

Enrollment, Instruction and Pedagogy - Focus on Classroom Practices

Collection

2017 FYEE Conference

Authors

David M. Feinauer P.E., Norwich University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, FYEE Division - Paper Submission

motivating related to leadership) were mapped to it. Typical of outlinesprinciples behind the redesign involved integrally from older, introductory texts, the course was structured toconnecting the presentation and practice of both technical present a great breadth of topics. When reflecting andand professional engineering skills, introducing exercises commenting on the course, students expressed frustrationperceived as real-world and relevant, and refocusing the with a “lack of accomplishment” and “jumping around”—course on skills and principles common to engineers of all indicators of low self-efficacy beliefs. Further analysisdisciplines. This paper details a restructured curricular revealed that although many

Conference Session

Dimensions of Engineering Literacy and Engineering in General Education

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yuetong Lin, Indiana State University; A. Mehran Shahhosseini, Indiana State University; M. Affan Badar, University of Sharjah & Indiana State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Technological and Engineering Literacy/Philosophy of Engineering

concept-mapping approach both reduces the cognitive load, andimproves learning achievements of the students. Triplett et al. 18 propose Concept-in-Contextmaps (CCmaps) to link a wide array of different types of information that reflect the organizationof content within a topical area in an introductory materials course.While concept maps are deemed to be a good tool to portray knowledge structure and diagnoselearner’s misconception, we are more interested in their integration with generic learningparadigms and in this regard, our research shows the combination of active learning strategy withconcept mapping has led to plausible results for student oriented learning. Tembe and Kamble 19have studied 414 concept maps from 207 basic school students

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Monday Potpourri

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Amelia Chesley, Purdue University; Nathan Mentzer, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Dawn Laux, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Tejasvi Parupudi, Purdue University; Asefeh Kardgar, Purdue Polytechnic Institute, West Lafayette; Sarah Knapp, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

ways of thinking)” (p. 2). Theyimplemented a studio requirement each year, where project based learning, community service,and reflection are highlighted. Kellam et al.8 drew from student reflections and focus grouptranscripts in their evaluation of this long-term integration. Guthrie et al.6 used quantitativestudent self assessment and collected student comments to gauge the effectiveness of theirinterdisciplinary capstone design course. Rhee et al.9 in “A Case Study of a Co-instructedMultidisciplinary Senior Capstone Project in Sustainability” discussed a senior capstone coursewhere students engage together with specific shared projects, share classroom space and meetingtimes. Mentors from several engineering and non-engineering disciplines

Conference Session

Practices for Student Learning Engagement

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Paul Farris, Grand Valley State University; Wendy S. Reffeor, Grand Valley State University; Lisa Karen Kenyon, Grand Valley State University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering, wasfounded. This journal is exclusively devoted to publishing works on the impact of servicelearning in engineering education. One issue in particular, Special Issue: University EngineeringPrograms That Impact Communities: Critical Analyses and Reflection, focused on communityimpact. Schools such asThis increase in project based and service learning has led to a need for students engaged in theseprojects to understand and address stakeholders who do not have a technical background.Zoltowski and Oakes (Carla B. Zoltowski, 2014) discuss this need as well as the need to developand maintain relationships with community partners. Additionally, the difficulty ofunderstanding conflicting priorities of

Conference Session

Qualitative Research Methods

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elliot P. Douglas, University of Florida

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

; Douglas, 2008; Walther, 2014; Walther, Sochacka, & Kellam, 2013). There aredangers, however, that as qualitative research becomes more common the ways in which itis used fail to reflect quality approaches. One early work critiqued inconsistencies betweenespoused and practiced epistemologies in qualitative papers (Koro-Ljungberg & Douglas,2008). Other authors have critiqued interpretive methods, such as thematic analysis, forresulting in superficial descriptions of phenomena that do not provide meaningful insight(Jackson & Mazzei, 2012; St. Pierre, 2000; St. Pierre & Jackson, 2014) Another concern isthat the qualitative approaches described in papers and textbooks can become seen aschecklists that must be followed, rather than

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carl Nelson Blue, University of Southern Maine

Tagged Topics

Diversity, NSF Grantees Poster Session

scheduling S-STEM Scholar events where attendance to our S-STEM Scholars programs had to take into account that many of these students would haveexternal obligations that would conflict with organizing group activities.    Additionally, many of our S-STEM Scholar participants came from both an older part-timestudent population, and/or commuter student population that reflected the increasingly largerportion of the overall student body. It was understood that these students have a higher rate ofattrition from college than their more traditional (4-year) counterparts. However as documentedresearch has determined, the reasons for the drop-out rate is not as well understood unless wereview some of the potential causes [8]. According to the National

Conference Session

Make It!

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Waqas Latif; Richa Bagalkotkar - Khokhar; Shouling He, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Amir Elzawawy , Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Milana A. Natanova, Vaughn College of Aeronautics & Technology; Hugh Jack P. Eng. P.E., Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

reflected onto theobject in testing inside the wind tunnel with the help of a mirror placed in a 45° angle. As thesingle laser beam energy is distributed over a larger area, the light intensity is also distributednon-uniformly. This results in a variation in the intensity of the laser sheet in Gaussiandistribution. Therefore, the intensity is inversely proportional to the area of the laser sheetproduced. Figure 2: Particle Image VelocimetryThese techniques are modified using a new concept in this project to overcome the drawbacks,i.e. the lenses in the system shown in Figure 2 is replaced by an octagonal disc mounted withmirrors which creates laser sheets with uniform intensity throughout the area of the sheet. Thelaser

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Okere O. George, Washington State University; W. Max Kirk, Washington State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Receive and Review Last Minute Sub Quotes Adjust Bid to Reflect New Information Received Bid Day Activities Evaluate and Decide on Bid Strategy Add and Distribute Job Level Overhead

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sami Maalouf, California State University, Northridge; Anwar Alroomi, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

and capstone courses, this is doneby planning a feasible civil engineering design or construction project with a community-basedorganization, categorizing activities that students can achieve, and proposing a timeline for eachof these activities.To accomplish this, two CECM faculty members identified community partners, listened to theirneeds and established common areas of work within a few projects that students are able toachieve. The faculty worked with the community partners to clearly address the goal, desired valueand sustainability of each activity. Coupling valuable civic service projects along with classicalinstructional models proved to enhance the learning experience and enable students to reflect onhow their collective deeds may

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kirsten R. Basinet, Western Washington University; Andrew G. Klein, Western Washington University; Richard Martin, The Air Force Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

ofliterature by exploring the duality of collaboration and competition in particular. While there aremany allusions to learning via collaboration and competition in the literature — with a generalsense that both may be desirable in different contexts — there are very few studies which attemptto compare them directly, especially in the field of electrical engineering education. This work funded in part by The Office of Naval Research, Award Number N000141512442-P0001. The viewsexpressed in this paper are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy or position of the United StatesAir Force, Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This document has been approved for public release;distribution unlimited.For years, student

Conference Session

Software Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Walter W Schilling Jr., Milwaukee School of Engineering; Brad Dennis, Milwaukee School of Engineering

Tagged Divisions

Software Engineering Division

three applications. Studentresponses to the three questions were analyzed based on a four-point rubric. Responses andrubric entries are shown in Table 1. Figure 3: Sample JMeter outputVirtually all students performed acceptably on this aspect of the assignment. Few students had aperfect analysis, but most students could answer this set of simple graph interpretation questionscorrectly. This activity, however, reflects a very low-level activity on Bloom’s Taxonomy,simply applying graph interpretation skills to performance testing.Table 1: Analysis of the first three questions. - Which application is faster? - Which application delivers more throughput? - Discuss the performance differences between the three

Conference Session

Predicting Student Success

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristin L. K. Koskey, University of Akron; Nicholas G. Garafolo, University of Akron; Nidaa Makki, University of Akron ; Wondimu Ahmed, University of Akron; Donald P. Visco Jr., University of Akron; Uday Samreddy

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

reviews. The ECA-M8 will then beadministered to a larger sample of eighth grade students (~1800) to test for reliability andvalidity evidences for the revised instrument. The research team will engage in reflection on thedevelopment and validation process in Phase 10 to inform future research.Description of the ECA-M8The modified ECA consists of 13 multiple-choice items assessing basic understanding ofengineering design concepts and one design problem testing their ability to transfer the conceptsto a new design problem. Two design problem scenarios were developed, one for the pre-test andone for the post-test. Students were presented with five questions related to the design problem.Specifically, students identified the constraints of the

Conference Session

Technical Session 1c

Collection

2017 Pacific Southwest Section Meeting

Authors

Aldin Malkoc, Arizona State University ; Mackenzie Honikel, School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering at Arizona State University; Jeffrey Thomas La Belle, Arizona State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Pacific Southwest Section

? Did the company plan ahead for X success and future growth? What are the manufacturing costs for the game? (How do these costs compare to market X X average) What percentages of these costs are focused on the pieces, board, labor? (Do the costs adequately X X reflect the quality of the game?) What is the manufacturing

Conference Session

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation Division Poster Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rodney Boehm, Texas A&M University; Cameron Wesley Davis, Southern Methodist University; Laura A. Frazee, Southern Methodist University; Jennifer Diane Boehm, Southern Methodist University

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

Utilization of Resources Goals and Objectives Physical Space Figure 4 – Top Characteristics of TeamsSubjective AnalysisThe qualitative study for this IDE explored the unique interaction of team development over timeand its ability to predict team success. Through the utilization of the survey tool, three third partyobservers extrapolated significant themes found across the three observation points during theintensive weekend: 10:00 am Saturday, 5:00 pm Saturday, and 10:00 Sunday. Additionally, eachteam completed a team self-report on Sunday at 10:00 am as means to gather data and self-reflection from each team member.The third party observers found that the most significant positive and negative change

Conference Session

Technology for Faculty Development and Classroom Management

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rustin Deane Webster, Purdue University, New Albany

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

located his office in close proximity to the classrooms andlabs. He also made it a habit of personally getting to know each student, his or her first 6name as a bare minimum, and encouraged students to address him by his first name.The professor believes that this philosophy and fully communicating his expectationsfrom the students the first day of class contributes to the positive outcome of goingdigital.ResultsAfter the spring semester, the professor determined his success by determining if hisgoals had been met by creating a single self-reflection goal attainment scale. The scaleallowed the professor to subjectively measure qualitative goal impact and attainment(see Table 2

Conference Session

Teams, Teaching, Leadership, and Technical Communications in Mechanical Engineering

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Melnyk, U.S. Military Academy; Brian J. Novoselich, U.S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

experiences (category 2),inspiring a “need to know” (category 3). ASME explicitly states the need for engineering andengineering technologists to, “continually learn and sometimes reinvent themselves”9 pg. 13 and“develop new knowledge based on a research effort”9 pg. 32, which is a direct reflection ofcategory 1 and category 5 which describe andragogical learners as increasingly self-directed andself-motivated respectively. These categories describe the need for learning experiences to beorganized around competency based categories that will allow learners to live more effectively inthe future and acknowledging that knowledge gained through experiences are more meaningfulthan that which is abstracted from professional practice. Another

Conference Session

Curricular Innovations 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

DeLean Tolbert, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering); Monica E. Cardella, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

references n=3 references Figure 7 Sieta’s Tree map for the Design steps C. Mathematical thinkingThe following Schoenfeld-inspired plots illustrate which mathematical thinking aspects eachparticipant engaged in during segments 10-17. This same period examined in section above fordesign steps. The tree maps illustrate the subcategories of the mathematical thinking aspects andtheir frequency throughout the entire session. Refer to figures 8 and 9 for the tree maps.The plots as in figures 6 and 7 appear (at least for this excerpt) to reflect that Casey the engineerengages

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fethiye Ozis P.E., Northern Arizona University; Meliksah Demir, Northern Arizona University

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

the content, drive conclusions and suggest solutions as part of their education.After all, “the four-year degree is not to provide industrial training for technicians” (Moran, 2016).Nonetheless, content-based classes, where students are expected to learn skills including readingfact-based texts, participating in discussions, and writing reflective pieces about the content areslim, and generally in the freshmen year of the progression, where students become disenchantedand drop out before they even get a chance to take heavy math and science oriented engineeringcourses (Bernold, 2005).When faculty are teaching content based classes, it is imperative that they rely on the Chickeringand Gamson’s (1987) seven principles for good practice in

Conference Session

Pre-College: Teacher Impact on Student Mastery

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kerry Dixon, Ohio State University; Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University; Jenny Vi Le, Ohio State University; Carlos E. Castro, Ohio State University; Madith Barton, Ohio State University; Olivia R. Richardson, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

. FindingsAnna’s View: Designing Possibilities and Confronting Constraints 8 Conversations with Anna, whether they took place in curriculum planningsessions or in the context of reflecting on the smART project, were characterized byoverflowing ideas. She often responded to planning questions by offering new ideas, andwhen students undertook many of the art-infused engineering projects, she would proposenew, related projects or ask for advice on how she could implement similar activities inher science classroom. She was often interested in how origami, an art form with whichshe had prior experience, could be used to teach other content, such as mathematics

Conference Session

Enhancing Instruction in Statics, Dynamics, Mechanics

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rania Al-Hammoud P.Eng., University of Waterloo

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

session in-class).Towards the end of the term, students were given an online survey to reflect on the effectivenessof the flipped classroom model. The survey was done in both years F15 and F16. On average thesurvey response rate was 42% in F15 and 75% in F16. In both years, students listed thefollowing as the most helpful factors for their learning in the flipped classroom model:  In-class problem solving: covering the material before class allowed them to better participate in the in class problem solving sessions.  Learn at own pace: Having the video resources online allowed some students to learn the material at their own pace.  Students were happy that they had the ability to rewatch the videos whenever they

Conference Session

Tips and Tricks for Actively Engaging Students

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Samuel J. Dickerson, University of Pittsburgh; Renee M. Clark, University of Pittsburgh; Anita Jain

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

techniques to be helpful to their learning, with most citing the ability to talk to andwork with their classmates to solve problems. In addition, the classroom was observed using theCOPUS observation protocol to describe it and determine the level of activity and interaction.The instructor’s main takeaway from his first use of these techniques is that they lead to largegains with little-to-no extra time or preparation. Although he had previously not used them dueto a perceived lack of time, his advice to new faculty is to try these techniques in their courses.Additional instructor insights and reflections will also be discussed.1. IntroductionActive learning has been defined as anything that students “do” in class beyond listening tolecture and

Conference Session

Professionalism and Preparations Developed by Graduate Study Programs—Graduate Studies Division Technical Session 7

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michael W. Keller, The University of Tulsa; Bradley J. Brummel, University of Tulsa; Valerie N. Streets, University of Tulsa; Alison J. Kerr, University of Tulsa; Rami M. Younis, The University of Tulsa; Leah Tecle, University of Tulsa; Daniel W. Crunkleton, University of Tulsa

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

finalized list of competencies is shown in Table 2 These competencies werebroadly similar to our initial list shown in Table 1, but combined some of the competenciestogether and reflects specific emphases in graduate engineering education.Behaviorally Anchored Rating ScaleWhile the competency model described above is the core structure of the assessment protocol,there is a distinct need to create a framework for students, advisors, and peers to provide morespecific, behavioral feedback. Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) were adopted in thecurrent study to rate performance. Typically, BARS are presented as a scale with several pointsand the rater chooses a level to indicate an individual’s current performance. One of the criticalaspects of

Conference Session

Mathematics Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hui Ma, University of Virginia; Gianluca Guadagni, University of Virginia; Stacie N. Pisano, University of Virginia, School of Engineering and Applied Science; Bernard Fulgham, University of Virginia; Monika Abramenko, University of Virginia; Diana D Morris, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

Engaging Student’s Perspective (ESP) was conducted at the mid-semester point. It wasfacilitated by a trained teaching consultant, who is a professor from the school of education atour institution. ESP asked students to reflect on what helped and hindered their learning, andadditionally solicited their suggestions for improvement.Question 1: Are the common gaps identified for advanced students being addressed by thiscourse?The five topics identified by the instructor team includes: Newton’s Method, IntegrationTechniques (including partial fractions), Simpson’s Rule, Applications of Integration, and Taylorseries and Taylor polynomial applications. There were two topics that over 60% of studentsmentioned that they had little or no knowledge of; the

Conference Session

Pre-College: Perceptions and Attitudes on the Pathway to Engineering (1)

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Tony McClary, New Mexico State University, College of Engineering; Patricia A. Sullivan, New Mexico State University; Steven J. Stochaj, New Mexico State University; Luis Antonio Vazquez Ph.D., New Mexico State University; Karen Trujillo, New Mexico State University ; John Kulpa, New Mexico State University; Germain Degardin, New Mexico State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Pre-College Engineering Education Division

. – 9:00 p.m. Reflective/Down Time 9:00 p.m. Lights out/ Bed TimeCurriculumThe NM PREP high school curriculum was designed by the Engineering New Mexico ResourceNetwork (ENGR-NM) staff utilizing feedback provided by the participating engineering facultymembers. The ENGR-NM leadership team met with members of the engineering faculty toidentify activities and to discuss the science behind them as a means of introducing students tothe various engineering disciplines offered by the college. Each department provided an activitythey thought would best engage students, while providing them with some of the technical skillsneeded to be successful future engineering students. A dry-run of the activities

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

J. Craig Prather, Auburn University; Michael Trent Bolt, Auburn University; Brent Bottenfield, Auburn University; Thaddeus A. Roppel, Auburn University; Stuart M. Wentworth, Auburn University; Mark Lee Adams, Auburn University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, biotechnology, micro/nano fab- rication and computer modeling. c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017 Robotic Outreach to Attract Primary and Secondary Students to EngineeringAbstractGraduate students and faculty at Auburn University’s Department of ECE developed an automatedNerfTM launcher for STEM outreach. This robot was created by the authors as a final designproject for a robotics course. The robot detects a reflective target using infrared light and tosses aNerfTM ball at the target. The robot was initially demonstrated to a Title 1 middle school roboticsgroup working on a competition robot at the university. This opportunity allowed for a preliminaryoutreach event

Conference Session

International Research Experiences

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lauren Michelle Hatfield, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Catherine T. Amelink, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Nicole P. Sanderlin, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Heather Elizabeth Lyne, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Brent K. Jesiek, Purdue University, West Lafayette (College of Engineering)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

internationalresearch activities that might help them to be successful if presented with future opportunities.From the quantitative data, it also appears that participants may have identified areas ofweakness or research skills on which they needed to continue to work. For instance, participantsdecreased in their self-rating of their ability to create and deliver effective academicpresentations and ability to find and synthesize relevant sources for their research projects; thiscould possibly indicate that students originally overestimated their abilities and corrected theirestimation as they reflected on their actual research experiences.One particular finding deserves further exploration. When asked to rate whether their“Understanding of how cultural

Conference Session

Insights and Practices for Engineering Leadership Development

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan R. Parkinson, Brigham Young University; Gregg Morris Warnick, Brigham Young University; Randall Davies, Brigham Young University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Leadership Development Division

approximately 650 B.S., 100M.S. and 20 Ph.D. degrees annually. These degree totals reflect the direction of the Board ofTrustees that BYU remain predominantly an undergraduate institution. About half of the B.S.graduates go on to graduate school at BYU or other schools around the country.Profile of 2015 Freshman ClassIn order to understand why the college elected to require leadership training for all students, it ishelpful to go into some detail regarding the profile of the freshman class. The average ACT scorefor incoming freshmen in Fall 2015 was 29.0 This represents approximately the 92nd percentilefor the exam. Thus, in terms of this criterion at least, the students have good academicpreparation. But perhaps just as significant, relative to