Conference Session

Engineering Collaboration: Faculty & Student in K-12 Programs

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vikram Kapila, Polytechnic University; Magued Iskander, Polytechnic University; Noel Kriftcher, Polytechnic University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

-navigating whiskerrobot, and a line-following robot.4. Broadened Education and Training of Fellows Through effective performance of their teaching, mentoring, and collaboration activities,Fellows are developing (i) a deeper understanding of STEM concepts; (ii) an ability to exploreand recognize connections and relationships between different STEM concepts; (iii) an ability topractice and reflect on the process of knowledge building; (iv) an ability to review others’ workand provide constructive criticism; and (v) an ability to revise and enhance their own work basedon others’ feedback. Development of these various abilities assists Fellows in their own researchsince every successful engineering research enterprise relies on deep understanding

Conference Session

Design in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Noelle Comolli, Villanova University; William Kelly, Villanova University; Qianhong Wu, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

problems, which are open-ended, with more than one solution,to freshman[1]. Most freshman still learn by acquiring knowledge from the teacher, assumingthat all knowledge is a collection of facts that are right or wrong[2]. Therefore asking them toachieve the next leaving of learning that is required of engineering design is not an easy task. Felder and Silverman in their paper “Learning and Teaching Styles in EngineeringEducation” nicely laid out the need for a teaching style that benefits the majority of engineeringstudents involves some hands-on and reflective activity, not just lecture[3]. Active learning,especially problem based learning, has been shown effective at increasing student interest incourses, and improving their retention of

Conference Session

Sustainable Energy Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Blekhman; Jason Keith; Ahmad Sleiti; Eileen Cashman; Peter Lehman; Richard Engel; Michael Mann; Hossein Salehfar

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

if they are a part of a largerorder from these vendors. US Didactic also offers a briefcase sized AE 102 Hydrogen - Fuel CellTrainer for introductory activities.The main intent of the paper is to aid other institutions in developing their strategies andapproaches to introducing HFCT practicum presented in one publication. This is the very firsteffort of such kind in fuel cells. Those interested in obtaining materials are welcome to contactthe authors. The associated HFCT curriculum development summary is reflected in a companionpaper offered through the same forum1.California State University Los AngelesHFCT practicum at CSULA has been developing in several pathways combining traditionallaboratories, senior projects, graduate student

Conference Session

Gender and Minority Issues in K-12 Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeanne Christman, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth Dell, Rochester Institute of Technology; Robert Garrick, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

continually update and change the experiments to keep it interesting for themselves andto reflect the interest levels demonstrated by the Girl Scouts to the various activities. Each of thefour engineering technology departments has a core group of students who plan and organizetheir experiment with other volunteers from the department helping with facilitation of the event.Funding for the Girl Scouts in Technology Program was made available through a grant from theRochester Area Community Foundation. The grant money covered the cost of supplies, websitedevelopment, faculty stipend and pay for student volunteers.Program DetailsThe Girl Scouts in Technology program was designed such that it encompasses the essentialingredients for a successful outreach

Conference Session

Retaining Women Engineering Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Litzler, University of Washington; Stephanie Jaros, University of Washington; Suzanne Brainard, University of Washington; Susan Metz, Stevens Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

Americans and Whites. There are no gender differences inconfidence among African Americans. In addition, the results show race differences inconfidence among men; African American men report less confidence in their engineeringabilities than White men.In addition, this study also contributes to the knowledge base the finding that there are morerace/ethnicity differences among women than among men, specifically regarding professor-student interaction and student-student interaction. The expression “double bind” is usedparticularly for women of color in that they face two barriers in science and engineering, as awoman and as a minority. The finding that they feel they face greater bias from professors andfellow students is a reflection of the “double

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Dischino, Central Connecticut State University; James DeLaura, Central Connecticut State University; Patrick Foster, Central Connecticut State University; David Sianez, CCSU

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

activitiesPedagogy-based Strategies  Make personal connections with students and facilitate student connections with program staff and others  Emphasize and give students time for reflection on group process  Consider students’ learning styles  Structure opportunities for students to take leadership roles  Provide safety for students to take learning risks  Provide for group/team building activities from day one  Allow for flexible grouping, but also be vigilant for students falling into gender- stereotypical rolesThe strategies for recruitment and retention should be dynamic as research and practiceknowledge is both culturally and community specific and times and conditions change.Therefore, these approaches cannot be static

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions - Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Matthew Green, LeTourneau University; Carolyn Conner Seepersad, University of Texas, Austin; Katja Holtta-Otto, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

aredocumented in Table 9. As reflected in the table, customer needs were often expressed in muchmore detail in the extreme experience interviews; for example, customers often commented onthe spacing of buttons and the size and location of handles rather than simply summarizing theirthoughts with comments on good or poor ergonomics. Also, it was apparent that many of thecustomer needs were linked specifically to the impairments (oven mitts and one-handedoperation). These impairments made it very difficult to remove a jar/bowl from its base,remove/replace the lid, disassemble components for cleaning, and sometimes perform even basicoperations such as switching the unit on or off and selecting speeds

Conference Session

Launching Successful Academic Careers

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Engelken, Arkansas State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

standards and workloads, as iscommon with NEE fresh out of the rigor-intensive experience of graduate school andeager to disseminate advanced knowledge to less than fully motivated students.Although their motives and observations may be directly on-target, what NEE may fail torealize is that, by definition, the status quo is how senior faculty, and often director, chair,and dean, have defined and developed it. Attacks on the status quo reflect upon them,and they take it that way. An exception is when a deficiency is the fault of an externalentity (for example, administration or state) or circumstances (for example, a long-periodof inadequate budgets) on which the problem can be blamed. Even then, there is a veiledimplication that current faculty

Conference Session

Historical Perspectives for Engineering Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alice Pawley, Purdue University; Karen Tonso, Wayne State University

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

the Line: Academic Engineers Negotiating the Boundaries of Engineering.” Ph.D. Thesis, Industrial and Systems Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison.13. Holland, D. C., Lachicotte, W., Jr., Skinner, D., & Cain, C. (1998). Identity and agency in cultural worlds. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.14. Subramaniam, Banu. 2009. “The Aliens Have Landed! Reflections on the Rhetoric of Biological Invasions.” Pp. 133- 142 in Women, Science, and Technology, edited by M. Wyer, M. Barbercheck, D. Giesman, H. Orun Ozturk, and M. Wayne. New York: Routledge.15. Bix, Amy Sue. 2000. ““Engineeresses Invade Campus”: Four decades of debate over technical coeducation.” IEEE Technology and Society, Spring, pp. 20-26.16. Feb

Conference Session

Curriculum in Electrical Power Engineering Technology

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Robert Edwards, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College; Gerald Recktenwald, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

0633754. Anyopinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those ofthe author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Page 15.37.11Bibliography:1. G. Recktenwald, R.C. Edwards, “Using Simple Experiments to Teach Core Concepts in the Thermal and Fluid Sciences,” Proceedings of the 2007 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition, 2007.2. G. Recktenwald, R.C. Edwards, R.C. Howe, J. Faulkner, “A Simple Experiment to Expose Misconceptions About the Bernoulli Equation,” Proceedings, IMECE 2009, 2009 ASME

Conference Session

Pedagogy and Assessment in ECE II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Albert Liddicoat, California Polytechnic State University; Jianbiao Pan, California Polytechnic State University; James Harris, California Polytechnic State University; Gary Perks, California Polytechnic State University; Linda Shepherd, California Polytechnic State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

at Cal Poly both the electrical andcomputer engineering students take a basic electronics manufacturing course in their freshmanyear that includes the design and assembly of printed circuit boards before they begin theircircuit analysis courses. Therefore, the PCB module incorporated into the EE 242 lab is theirsecond experience with PCB design and assembly. The authors believe that this likely accountsfor the higher pre-test scores on Question 47 which may account for the large p-value on theinteraction of Question 47 for the EE 242 experimental group. Therefore, the results forQuestion 47 from EE 361 better reflect the experience of engineering students that have no priorexperience with PCB design and manufacturing.Table 6. Summary of the

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy II

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Zemke, Gonzaga University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

discussion and ask for comment. Second, after thetranscripts were completed, the researcher read and reread them to identify other recurringthemes.Results: student interaction and responses to focus questionsStudent interactions during the focus discussionsAs mentioned earlier, the students often elaborated on each other’s ideas to provide a multi-voiced understanding of their reflections. All discussions were relaxed and unusually balanced.In the transcript of the second session the two young men responded 30 and 33 timesrespectively and the two young women responded 34 and 44 times respectively. Though theyoung men would initially answer questions more quickly, the young women would addperspective after a conversation turn or two. At no time did

Conference Session

Service Learning and Societal Issues in the First Year

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Carol Sevier, Boise State University; Seung Youn Chyung, Boise State University; Cheryl Schrader, Boise State University; Janet Callahan, Boise State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

develop a strong rapport with them. ≠ There are numerous opportunities for reflection including challenges working through the engineering design process and understanding their client and the challenges their disability creates for them.The engineering design process is new for most freshman engineering students. They often havelittle hands-on experience; many of their experiences have been textbook or computer-based.Students are required to brainstorm multiple design options and evaluate them as to which ismost likely to meet the project requirements, cost and schedule goals. They are encouraged todevelop prototypes using inexpensive, readily available materials including corrugatedcardboard, duct tape, PVC pipe and wire. These

Conference Session

International Initiatives, Partnerships,Teaching Strategies, and Collaborative Networks

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Joao Paiva, Politecnico de Viseu

Tagged Divisions

International

solving problems within their field of study; 3. have the ability to gather and interpret relevant data (usually within their field of study)to inform judgments that include reflection on relevant social, scientific or ethical issues; 4. can communicate information, ideas, problems and solutions to both specialist andnonspecialist audiences; 5. have developed those learning skills that are necessary for them to continue toundertake further study with a high degree of autonomy.” In 2005 the EU Commission introduced the EQF-LLL / European QualificationsFramework for Lifelong Learning, to provide a common reference to facilitate therecognition and the transferability of qualifications, based mainly on knowledge, skills and

Conference Session

Mentoring First Year Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Daina Briedis, Michigan State Univesity; Nathaniel Ehrlich, Michigan State University; Colleen McDonough, Michigan State University; Jon Sticklen, Michigan State University; Thomas Wolff, Michigan State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience Foundation (NSF). The authors also wish to thank Karen Clark, Research Assistant,Institute for Public Policy and Survey Research, Office for Survey Research at MSU for hertimely and efficient programming, survey administration, and data retrieval. We are alsoindebted to Mr. Timothy Hinds, the instructor of EGR 100, who has generously allowed us touse his class as a contact point for the CF program.Bibliography1. Seymour, Elaine and Nancy M. Hewitt (1997). Talking about Leaving: Why Undergraduates Leave the Sciences. Boulder, CO, Westview Press.2. Keller, J.M. (1983). Motivational design of instruction. Instructional-design theories and models: An

Conference Session

Importance of Technical & Professional Writing in Engineering Technology Curriculum

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beth Richards, University of Hartford; Ivana Milanovic, University of Hartford

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

instructional team for the MET SDP wasbased first and foremost on the quality of reports and presentations that were being submitted. Ingeneral, despite their instruction in Technical Communication classes, students tended to revertto old habits and treated the “write up” as an add-on to the engineering work, and thus somethingto be left for the last minute. Not surprising, report and presentation quality reflected thoseperceptions. These reports were, in the words of the engineering faculty members, “Unreadable,unprofessional, and unacceptable.” The writing consultant’s assessment of the unmentoredreports noted: • Lack of appropriate formatting: students wrote “one big document” without definitive sections, headings, or other visual

Conference Session

Technological Literacy and the Educated Person

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

R. William Graff, LeTourneau University; Paul Leiffer, LeTouneau University; Martin Batts, Le Tourneau University; Maria J. Leiffer, LeTouneau University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

ifyou developed a matter transmitter and the soul did not follow? What if Spock wasbeamed down to a planet and he simply ceased to exist (if BWC#1 is true), and anotherbeing with his memory appeared on the planet? Or, he might find himself in an animal,or being born as a baby somewhere, with no memory of his previous existence (if BWC#2 is true). If BWC#3 turns out to be true, he might either be standing before God to bejudged, or have gone on, in a soul-less body, to do whatever soul-less things do.If Sagan’s book reflects his conclusions, he believes that the “rapture of the Geeks” ispossible, that the universe is teeming with life, and that many species have been“raptured“ in this way, and have been living for perhaps billions of years, so

Conference Session

Innovative Courses/Pedagogies in Liberal Education I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ari Epstein, MIT; Joellen Easton, American Public Media; Rekha Murthy, Public Radio Exchange; Emily Davidson, MIT; Jennifer de Bruijn, MIT; Tracey Hayse, MIT; Elise Hens, MIT; Margaret Lloyd

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

break. Upperclassmen continue to bepart of the Terrascope community, both formally (by serving as teaching fellows for the classesand on the field trip) and informally (by continuing to use the Terrascope facilities and to attendevents).In the fall Terrascope class, Solving Complex Problems (also known as Mission 20xx, where“20xx” changes annually to reflect the students’ expected graduation year), the students arepresented with a real-world problem, one that involves not only scientific and technical issues,but also social, economic and political considerations. They are given one semester to come upwith a detailed solution to the problem; at the end of the semester they present and defend thatsolution for a panel of experts. The problem

Conference Session

Early Engineering Design Experiences

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Douglas Oppliger, Michigan Technological University; Jean Kampe, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

supported a cyclic model as matching with what their teams hadexperienced. An important advantage of HSE over other learning environments is that the long-term nature of HSE projects (at least one school-year in duration, often longer) allows studentstime to reflect on “where they are” in a model such as that in Figure 8. With coaches that arefluent in the elementary language and tools of design, and thus able to navigate a more complexmodel of the design process, there will be many more opportunities to teach real aspects ofdesign than in programs with very tight time schedules.After this introduction, there was a group activity that compared three very different types ofstaple removers in a systematic way.13 The three staple removers and sheets

Conference Session

Integrating Mathematics, Science, and Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Heublein, Kansas State University, Salina; Kenneth Barnard, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

getting instant responses totheir e-mails, voice mails, etc.4  Even though possessing these desired characteristics, “some researchers also fear that millennialstudents, being over-reliant on communications technology, will have stunted interpersonal(face-to-face) skills. Others have expressed similar concerns that the ease with which millennialstudents routinely engage in multitasking behaviors, enabled in part using technology, hasshortened their collective attention span. Finally, having completed primary and secondarycurricula that may unintentionally encourage rote learning, these students may lack the skillsnecessary to be critical thinkers or demonstrate introspection and self-reflection.”5“Millennial students are inclined to be more

Conference Session

Capstone Design Pedagogy I

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Alan Cheville, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

have been developed for capstoneprojects which fall at different points on the technological readiness level scale. These rubricsare currently in use in the program discussed in this paper and are provided in the appendix forthose who may wish to give projects which fall at different points on the TRL spectrum.AcknowledgementsThe author acknowledges support from the National Science Foundation through award Page 15.371.11NSF0530588. Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NationalScience FoundationBibliography1

Conference Session

Technological Literacy for K-12 and for Community College Students: Concepts, Assessment, and Courses

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

can reflect on and evaluate present and past D&T, its uses and effects. (Design and Technology Association, ¶1, 2010) As summarized in Developing Industrial Design Education: A British perspectivea paper by David Weightman, Professor/Director & Deana McDonagh, AssociateProfessor of Industrial Design of the School of Art and Design, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign: After establishing the context of design and design education in the UK, the authors describe emerging themes in industrial-design education. These themes can be classified into three types. The first theme involves enabling students to utilize a variety of research approaches at different levels. The design process

Conference Session

Developing Systems Engineering Curricula

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wolter Fabrycky, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering Constituent Committee

establish an initial presence inacademia by selecting, recognizing, and honoring graduate professors and mentors with trulyoutstanding records, together with superb doctoral students.VIII. Systems Engineering Status and MaturityEngineering education has been subjected to in-depth study every decade or so, beginning withthe Mann Report in 1918.14 The most recent and authoritative study was conducted by theNational Academy of Engineering (NAE) and published in 2005 under the title, Educating theEngineer of 2020.15Engineering in the 21st Century. Although acknowledging that certain basics of engineeringwill not change, this NAE report concluded that the explosion of knowledge, the globaleconomy, and the way engineers will work will reflect an ongoing

Conference Session

Engineering Ethics Outside the Classroom

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dominic Halsmer, Oral Roberts University; Elliott Butay, Oral Roberts University; Ben Hase, Oral Roberts University; Sean McDonough, Oral Roberts University; Taylor Tryon, Oral Roberts University; Joshua Weed, Oral Roberts University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

typically enriches the students’ perspectives bymotivating them to search for answers to challenging questions, or even causing them to Page 15.563.7reconsider currently-held views.The following article summaries admittedly deal with the narrow focus of “origins”,which seemed like a good place to start. There are many other areas to investigate inexploring the connections between engineering and spirituality, and we plan to continueand expand this work. In addition, this research was conducted at a faith-basedinstitution, and therefore reflects a faith-based perspective. Never-the-less, it is hoped thatthis material will be helpful for all those who are

Conference Session

Engaging Students

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junko Munakata-Marr, Colorado School of Mines; Jennifer Schneider, Colorado School of Mines; Barbara Moskal, Colorado School of Mines; Carl Mitcham, Colorado School of Mines; Jon Leydens, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

regarding various sanitation options. If a student identified that political stakeholders influence sanitation options, this was considered an advanced response.≠ Basic: Basic responses reflect course concepts from either the prerequisite course, the wastewater course or both. For example, “regulations” and “treatment processes” were covered in the prerequisite class.≠ Incorrect: An inaccurate technical or non-viable nontechnical response was considered incorrect. For example, students suggested that “time” and “cleanliness” are sanitation issues in developed countries.For both scoring schemes, responses were double scored and averaged for subsequent analysis.The first scoring was completed by the course instructor, the second by

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steve Macho, Buffalo State College

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

can reflect on and evaluate present and past D&T, its uses and effects. (Design and Technology Association, ¶1, 2010) As summarized in Developing Industrial Design Education: A British perspectivea paper by David Weightman, Professor/Director & Deana McDonagh, AssociateProfessor of Industrial Design of the School of Art and Design, University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign: After establishing the context of design and design education in the UK, the authors describe emerging themes in industrial-design education. These themes can be classified into three types. The first theme involves enabling students to utilize a variety of research approaches at different levels. The design process

Conference Session

Design in BME Education

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Kennedy, Bucknell University; Donna Ebenstein, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

a chance to inspect thecube and observe any particular manufacturing errors or basic differences between differentmaterials. Each group or team is asked to explain any challenges they faced in manufacturingtheir side of the Cube and discuss the source of any flaws in the final produced piece or the fitwithin the assembly. The discussion about the evolution of the project from concept to prototypeto manufactured assembly also gives the students a sense of accomplishment and serves as anopportunity to reflect on what it took to bring this admittedly simple part to fruition.9. Research and Write Material MemoThe final written portion of the project serves to disseminate information learned by each teamregarding their particular assigned

Conference Session

Enhancing K-12 STEM Education with Engineering

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Virginia Westheider, University of Cincinnati; Patrick Brown, University of Cincinnati

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

their male counterparts, the chances for success in these types of projects will be proof toboth genders that many girls are very skillful in these areas. It may take a while to graduallychange the perceptions that both genders have about their relative abilities, but if project basedlearning is a regular part of the science curriculum, we will have produced students who aremore experienced, more confident and more informed about the everyday activities of STEMcareers. This has the potential to gradually erase the disparity between the genders in scientificand technical arenas. The exploration of their own questions, the satisfaction of creating andtesting their own designs, and the experience of working in cooperative groups reflects the

Conference Session

DEED Potpourri

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Farrokh Attarzadeh, University of Houston; Enrique Barbieri, University of Houston; Miguel Ramos, University of Houston

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

senior project, it was decided that the senior capstone course would providethe best opportunity to assess these skills. Using a set of comprehensive rubric-basedtools, students are assessed on various dimensions of their performance including theareas described by the general learning outcomes. These in turn reflect the majority ofskills listed in the self-assessment survey. Figure 3 illustrates the basic links between thelearning outcomes and skills in the self-assessment. Skills Presentation skills Learning outcomes Assessments  Writing skills Ability to

Conference Session

Teaching Mechanical Systems: What's New

Collection

2010 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arun Chintalapati, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Hong Sheng, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Richard Hall, Missouri University of Science and Technology; Robert Landers, Missouri University of Science and Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

information: actively (engagement in discussion or physical activity) or reflectively (introspection) 4. Their progress towards understanding: sequential (step by step incrementally) or globally (large jumps)Learning outcomesLearning outcome refers to the perceived knowledge gained by the students through the use ofdifferent methods of teaching or studying. Methods of teaching or studying typically includereading of textbooks, performing experiments in laboratory setting, and using informationtechnologies. Assessment of learning outcomes often include quantitative measures for notionssuch as motivation to learn, real world applicability, and knowledge or learning awareness 13.IV. Research TechniquesEye tracking and its role in usability