Conference Session

Innovative K-12 Engineering Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

William Lee, University of South Florida; Linda Nook, Riverview High School; William Massolio, Riverview High School; Robert Liming, Riverview High School; Nancy Smith, Riverview High School; Susan Pantling, Riverview High School; Rodeny Jones, Riverview High School; Jan Davis, RIverview High School; Judy Meksraitis, Riverview High School; Effa Beauette, Riverview High School

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

can select from a wide list of liberal artsprograms). The University of South Florida has recently implemented an undergraduatecertificate program (ACertificate in the Arts@) designed specifically for engineering majors. Thisallows students to pursue the traditional engineering curriculum while simultaneously pursuingan interest in one of the VPA. Page 12.84.2In general, it has been our position that students with definite talents in both engineering and theVPA would benefit from an environment that is supportive of the development of both areas.We have focused on theVPA specifically rather than the broader liberal arts since the

Conference Session

Creating a Technology Incubator and Creating a Seed Fund

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jim Subach, Arizona State University; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University; John Magrane, Microchip Technology Inc.; Carol Popovich, Microchip Technology Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Entrepreneurship & Engineering Innovation

, marketing and promoting their designs, while guiding students to turn their Page 12.1518.2innovative ideas into a successful enterprise. Arizona State University’s (ASU’s)Polytechnic campus is uniquely situated to encourage students to participate inentrepreneurial activities, as an integral part of their degree program. Many of thestudents are already in industry. They have gathered some of the skills mentioned above,are interested in entrepreneurship, and are encouraged by many of their employers to beinnovative and entrepreneurial. This is combined with a unique mission, the creation ofbusiness-ready graduates as an integrated component of the entire

Conference Session

FPD8 -- Introductory Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George List, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

they would with traditional techniques.” Bowen 13 describes an introductory class incomputing that is focused on MATLAB as a replacement for FORTRAN. As Bowen observes,“Inclusion of computer programming early in the curricula has been seen by the CivilEngineering faculty as a way of improving the students' skills in logical reasoning, application oftechnical knowledge, and quantitative problem solving.” The students “write MATLABprograms as an integral part of a structural design project where groups of students competeagainst one another to produce a truss-style balsa wood bridge having the highest profit.Throughout the semester a series of homework assignments require students to write MATLABprograms that calculate separate bridge

Conference Session

New Models for Teaching and Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Llewellyn Mann, University of Queensland; Gloria Dall'Alba, University of Queensland; David Radcliffe, University of Queensland

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

practice5, as well as developing skills within the context of practice17.These combine to form a ‘professional way-of-being’.In the past, “changes in curricula initiated by educational institutions, have ranged from little, tocourse adaption, to a few bold efforts to equate education to the new situation [of sustainability]”19 (p90). Sustainable design education at university is often seen as an add-on to existingengineering courses and programs, rather than an integral part of the curriculum20-22. A reason forthis approach often cited is the belief that little could be left out of existing curricula to makeroom for new courses on sustainability and sustainable design19. While some universities inAustralia have made efforts at embedding

Conference Session

Environmental Engineering Curricula II

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elizabeth Eschenbach, Humboldt State University; Jami Montgomery, WATERS Network - CLEANER Project Office; James Johnson, Howard University; Chris Brus, University of Iowa; Dan Giammar, Washington University; Patricia Carlson, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Bette Grauer, McPherson High School; Liesl Hotaling, Stevens Institute of Technology; Gbekeloluwa Oguntimein, Morgan State University; Steven Safferman; Tim Wentling, National Center for Supercomputing Applications

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

) Program at the© American Society for Engineering Education, 2007 Christine Brus is Director of the Women in Science and Engineering (WISE) Program at the University of Iowa where she develops all program initiatives, supervises the staff and directs the activities of the WISE Advisory Board and Steering Committee. She teaches two undergraduate classes: Gender Issues in Science and Medicine and Nature vs. Nurture:Theory to Practice. She has served as a reviewer for a National Institute for Environmental Health Science (NIEHS) grant review panel evaluating K-12 education proposals for funding under the RFA Using Environmental Health as an Integrating Factor for K-12 Curriculum

Conference Session

Teaching Emerging Energy Technologies

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arunachala Nadar Mada Kannan; Lakshmi Munukutla, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Energy Conversion and Conservation

) under the program called, AdvancedTechnology Education. One of the project goals is to develop curriculum in the field ofalternative energy technologies both for four-year and two-year degree seeking students whoare pursuing BS and AAS degrees respectively. The department of Electronic Systems atASU’s Polytechnic campus is in the process of launching a new degree concentrationbeginning fall 2007 within the existing TAC of ABET accredited BS degree program. Thispaper focuses on a new undergraduate course “Application of Nanotechnology forBatteries, Solar, and Fuel Cells”, one of the targeted courses that will be developed tohighlight the potential of nano-materials in the energy area. The Electronic Systems Department (ESD) recently

Conference Session

Experiential and Service Learning

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret Bailey, Rochester Institute of Technology; Elizabeth DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

impact of engineering solutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context (i) A recognition of the need for, and an ability to engage in life-long learning (j) A knowledge of contemporary issues (k) An ability to use the techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for engineering practice.In accordance with these criteria, there is a progression in the curriculum where fundamentalscientific and other knowledge acquired within the earlier years is applied in later engineeringcourses through a well integrated experience. Through the progression of courses within anintegrated curriculum, a student can ideally experience all stages of the experiential learningmodel described

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lionel Craddock, Bluefield State College; Daphne Rainey, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Susan Faulkner, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Frank Hart, Bluefield State College; Martha Eborall, Bluefield State College; Lewis Foster, Bluefield State College; Stephen Cammer, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Betsy Tretola, Virginia Tech; Bruno Sobral, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Oswald Crasta, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute; Bruce Mutter, Bluefield State College

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

to as the Atkins Report (Atkins et al., 2003) onCyberinfrastructure (CI), launched an NSF funded program towards the integration ofInformation technology (IT)-enabled systems, tools, and services to create a nationalcyberinfrastructure directorate. The premise was that integration of the multitude of tools andservices into a national cyberinfrastructure directorate would enable access to multidisciplinaryinformation for many individuals and groups that had previously been marginalized and therebyrevolutionize the way science is done. Specifically, the goals were to harness the full power ofcyberinfrastructure for discovery, learning, and innovation across and within all areas of scienceand engineering in the preparation of a workforce with

Conference Session

Distance, Remote, and Virtual Experiments

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Richard Chiou, Drexel University; Yongjin Kwon, Drexel University; Shreepud Rauniar, Drexel University; Horacio Sosa, Drexel University

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

mechatronics.Offering a laboratory course over the Internet as a part of a regular program is a uniqueinitiative. Such an advanced technological curriculum has offered a unique careerpathway to students interested in advanced engineering technology through the full-timeprogram at Drexel, dual degree programs with community colleges, and 2+2+2 programsincorporating also high schools in the Greater Philadelphia Region. Furthermore, theproject will reinforce the ongoing initiatives to revitalize the regional manufacturingsector by providing highly skilled graduates to meet the demands of new advancedtechnologies.Acknowledgement The authors would like to thank the National Science Foundation (Grant No.NSF-DUE-CCLI- 0410719) for its financial support of the

Conference Session

FPD12 -- Novel Approaches to First Year Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cecelia Wigal, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga; Ignatius Fomunung, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga; Edwin Foster, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga; Ronald Goulet, University of Tennessee-Chattanooga

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

. Page 12.1433.2This paper provides an overview of the UTC Design curriculum and the faculty supportedfreshmen projects and results. In addition, it discusses the additional learning the studentsexperience outside the expected course learning outcomes and the role this learning andexperience may have on student motivation. Also discussed is the benefit these projects have onthose participating in the upper level courses.Design at UTCThe elements of design are emphasized throughout UTC’s engineering curriculum, beginningwith the freshman year. At least ten credit hours are devoted to teaching (to all engineeringmajors) design concepts in an applied, interdisciplinary setting. At the freshmen level thestudents are introduced to the foundations of

Conference Session

Direct Measures of Student Performance

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fred Meyer, U.S. Military Academy; Stephen Bert, U. S. Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

the case of Outcome 15, this was a new additionbased on the onset of the new BOK. Additional coverage is necessary in the CE curriculum inorder to allow more reliable assessment of this outcome. In the case of Outcome 16, students atthe USMA receive extensive education on leadership and ethics outside of the academiccurriculum that must be captured and assessed separately then incorporated into the overallassessment. Also, the USMA’s automated grading system provides an option to use indicatorsfound in non-engineering courses such as Military Leadership to provide additional coverage forOutcome 16.Overall Weighted Average. The “Overall Weighted Average” column is the most important partof the table and provides a direct assessment of student

Conference Session

Issues Affecting Engineering Technology Program Development

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Howard Evans, National University; John Bugado, National University; Shekar Viswanathan, National University; Albert Cruz, National University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

scope of acquired capabilities. Our one-course-per-month format provides the students with an ideal way to prepare for these certificates. Courses provide the fundamental concepts of wireless network administration. The focus is on 802.11 standard wireless solutions including: Fundamentals of 802.11 WLANs; Radio Frequency Fundamentals; Antennas; RF Math and System Operating Margin; RF Power Output Regulations; Wireless LAN Operation; 802.11 Analysis and Troubleshooting; and Site Surveying. 2 The CWNA exam requires preparation in the following areas. Our IT curriculum prepares students by integrating these in with the fundamental educational elements of the program described above. In order

Conference Session

Assessment Methods

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Harpal Dhillon, Excelsior College; Sohail Anwar, Pennsylvania State University-Altoona College

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

a combination ofengineering, science, computer science, information systems, project management,telecommunications, electronics, and quality assurance topics. Every degree program requires acourse in Integrated Technology Assessment, which is equivalent to a “CAPSTONE” course.Where necessary, students are provided access to a “Virtual Laboratory” for gaining laboratoryexperience.Anwar et.al.3 provided an overview of the engineering technology programs at EC, in a paperpresented at the 2005 ASEE Annual Conference and Exposition. Anwar4 presents details of theBEET program at EC in an article to be published in the Journal of Pennsylvania Academy ofScience.2.2 Characteristics of EC Students As stated in Section 1.0, Excelsior College

Conference Session

Internet Delivery of Mechanics Courses

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kurt Gramoll, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

A Web-based Electronic Book (eBook) for Solid MechanicsAbstractThe use of electronic media has been widely recognized as an effective and efficient tool indelivering course materials. Through electronic media, interactive and visual appealing mediasuch as texts, animations, graphics, simulations and sounds can be incorporated in theillustrations of engineering theories and concepts. The motivation of developing such media isto promote students’ interest in engineering education and perhaps have a positive impact on thequality of education. This paper presents an eBook in solid mechanics that is delivered via theweb (www.ecourses.ou.edu). The online eBook is intended to cover materials for a typicalintroductory solid mechanics (i.e

Conference Session

Building Knowledge Based Economies: the Role of Industry-University-Government Partnerships

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Aaron Ball, Western Carolina University; Duane Dunlap, Western Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

International

engineeringtechnology curriculum and future engagement projects.The project helped to build stronger ties with industry, better community relations, andstronger relationships with government agencies. Both educational institutions look forwardto future engagement projects so that they may continue to serve the local community,students and industry. Partnerships among government agencies (ORNL), regional industryand regional educational institutions offer an excellent opportunity for advancingprofessional development, enhancing student learning and promoting economic development.The foundation for potential economic development in western North Carolina has beendemonstrated through collaboration with Sci-Cool, Incorporated and coordinated by ORNL.This paper

Conference Session

Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Temple, University of California-San Diego; Peter Chen, University of California-San Diego; Robert Sah, University of California-San Diego

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

AC 2007-2580: TEACHING BIOENGINEERING TO FRESHMEN AT UCSDMichele Temple, University of California-San Diego Michele M Temple is a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of Bioengineering at UC San Diego. Her educational research interests include teaching evaluation, assessments, and course and curriculum improvement. Her teaching interests include physiology, tissue engineering, and introductory biomechanics.Peter Chen, University of California-San Diego Peter Chen is a researcher and lecturer at UCSD and has been associated with the Bioengineering department since 1968 when he was an undergraduate. His research areas include human and animal microcirculation studies in health and

Conference Session

Preparing Engineering Students for International Practice

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Saeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina; Beverlee Kissick, Kansas State University-Salina

Tagged Divisions

International

AC 2007-1454: LINKING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION, INNOVATION,CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND GLOBAL THINKING: MOTIVATINGTECHNOLOGY STUDENTS TO BE ATTENTIVE TO CULTURAL ISSUESSaeed Khan, Kansas State University-Salina SAEED KHAN is an Associate Professor with the Electronic and Computer Engineering Technology program at Kansas State University at Salina. Dr. Khan received his Ph.D. and M.S. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Connecticut, in 1989 and 1994 respectively. He received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh in 1984. Khan, who joined KSU in 1998, teaches courses in telecommunications and digital systems

Conference Session

Freshman Design and Other Novel Programs

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachael Schmedlen, University of Michigan; Mimi (Miriam) Adam; Robert Sulewski; Matthew O'Donnell, University of Washington

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

key conceptsin systems biology, with special emphasis on metrics and quantification. The control feedbackloop is an example of a key concept underlying systems biology that we tackle at a very earlystage in the curriculum. Moreover, we wanted students to become sensitive to the role ofstakeholders, identifying stakeholders as well as prioritizing their needs and demands in thedesign process. Finally, we wanted students to learn to exploit resources, including their ownand those of their team mates, through effective research, brainstorming, and problem solvingstrategies.Business OrganizationIn order to provide the students with a strong sense of what it means to be an engineer, we haveorganized the course as a company, Blue Genes Research and

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Engineering Students

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Byron Newberry, Baylor University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

as officer and committee member within the Technology & Society Division of that organization. He is also a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and is a committee member within the IEEE Society for Social Implications of Technology. He is also an active member of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), the Society for Philosophy and Technology (SPT), and the Society for History of Technology (SHOT). Dr. Newberry is a registered Professional Engineer in Texas, and spends his summers working as an aircraft structural engineer at L3 Communications, Integrated Systems, an aerospace company located in Waco, TX. He earned a B.S. in

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Johannes Strobel

of problem solving in the workplace. Forinstance the SCANS Report “What Work Requires of Schools” [1], states that problem solving isan essential thinking skill for workers. Engineers, physicians, managers, etc. are hired, retained,and rewarded for their abilities to solve workplace problems. For engineering education, thismeans a challenge to integrate workplace real-world problems into the curriculum and stayingabreast with new challenges and changing roles of engineers in the workplace.If education programs are to fulfill these challenges, a better understanding of the nature ofworkplace problem solving is necessary. This holds especially true for instructional andeducational strategies that heavily utilize problems, like ‘problem-based

Collection

2007 Spring ASEE Middle Atlantic Section Conference

Authors

Stephanie Farrell

-relevantproblems, gain exposure to company culture, and build a foundation which helps providemotivation for future learning in an academic environment. While these “real-world”experiences are highly valuable to students, they are still separate from the engineeringcurriculum and academic experience. It would be desirable to integrate more “real-world”experiences into the undergraduate curriculum at universities; however, industry-academicrelations have not, in general, been developed to their full potential. Rowan University hasdeveloped an Engineering Clinic Program which fosters collaboration between academia andindustry and provides “real-world” project experiences to undergraduate students. At Rowan University, all engineering students participate

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Course Innovation

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeff Frolik, University of Vermont; Frederic Sansoz, University of Vermont; Donna Rizzo, University of Vermont; Adel Sadek, University of Vermont

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

classroom is still in development (one Page 12.69.6notable exception being University of Washington’s “Flock of Birds” [7]). Herein, we havepresented an ongoing program at the University of Vermont in which wireless sensors networksare not only studied as a course topic but also utilized to enable new laboratory and fieldexperiences in a wide variety of courses which support multiple engineering disciplines. Weview our implementation of wireless sensors in the curriculum to be readily repeatable at otherinstitutions; this being especially true for the low-cost CricketSat platform ($15/node).Investigators however should be aware that commercial

Conference Session

Two Year Colleges

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kathleen Alfano, College of the Canyons; Sharlene Katz, California State University-Northridge; Robert Alldredge, Allan Hancock College

Tagged Divisions

Two Year College Division

enrollment in their creditelectronics programs and a high demand from employers for highly skilled engineeringtechnicians. At that time, an analysis using a modified DACUM procedure was used toassess the gap between industry skills needed and existing curricula in engineeringtechnology. Each college then developed new or adapted courses and programs to reflectthe emerging industry needs. This careful integration of industry skills into new andadapted community college curricula resulted in an increase in students for those collegesand their engineering technology departments of over 350%. Since then, yearly regionaland college-specific industry advisory committee meetings have been held to continuethe close working relationship with industry and

Collection

2007 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Larry A. Glasgow

. She noted that the activity was well-suited to visual and active learning styles.Developing an Appropriate Field Experience Our objective is to provide experiential opportunities of somatically relevant scale thatemploy contextual learning to accomplish the reconnection of chemical engineering students tothe physical world. The significance of this approach was noted in 1995 in the NSF Report 95-659, “Restructuring Engineering Education: A Focus on Change.” The panel members observedthat “…the learning experience must move from the lecture..” and that “…contextualexperiential learning must be integrated within the classroom.” The advantages offered bycontextual instruction (CI) have been recognized by education professionals everywhere

Conference Session

How to Effectively Teach Using Teams

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven Burian, University of Utah; Pedro Romero, University of Utah; Steven Bartlett, University of Utah

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

negativereinforcement. We have decided to test the use of a formal list of expectations for team membersand a commitment from the students to meet those expectations. Page 12.856.9References 1. Brown, J. (2005). “Wanted: Civil Engineerins.” ASCE Civil Engineering, July 2005, 46-49. 2. Palazolo, P., Camp, C., Lambert, A., Lambert, E., and Dennis, N. (2004). “Changing the paradigm of power in the classroom to teach, promote, and evaluate leadership training within an existing civil engineering curriculum.” ASEE Annual Conference Proceedings, Engineering Education Reaches New Heights, 20-23 June 2004, Salt Lake City, UT, 1767-1775. 3

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary and Liberal Education

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

incorporated with just this end in mind. The prerequisite for the course was set attwo years of high school Spanish, a level that would not intimidate prospective students.This proficiency allowed the course to be taught at the intermediate level. Wirelesslaptop technology was integrated throughout the course, appealing to engineers’ interestin and love of technology. To make the course even more attractive to engineers, it wasdesigned to satisfy the science, technology, and society (STS) requirement of curricula inthe College of Engineering. This was crucial, as the engineering curriculum is Page 12.53.3particularly tight. If the class didn’t satisfy a

Conference Session

Manufacturing Capstone and Design Projects

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Rajadas, Arizona State University; Bradley Rogers, Arizona State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

addition to the wind tunnel course, this laboratory is also utilized to some extent in five othercourses in the curriculum, including AET 210, Measurement & Testing, AET 300, AircraftDesign, AET 432, Applied Heat Transfer, MET 434, Applied Fluid Mechanics and MET460/461, Capstone Project. This facility has become an essential element of the MMETdepartment curricula not only for students within the aeronautical concentration, but within othermechanical concentrations and the Manufacturing Engineering Technology program. Inaddition, students from all MMET department programs are involved in applied projects ofinterest to the engineering industry.Facility DevelopmentA perfectly funded engineering or engineering technology program that focuses on

Conference Session

Implementing the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge into Courses and Curricula

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Hoadley, Professor @ VMI

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Marshall write that theengineering community has a responsibility to produce individuals “with strong moral fiber, adedication to professional integrity, and the ability to reason soundly.”20 César Quádernas,director of the Electronics Program at ITESM (Institute Tecnólogico y de Estudios Superiores deMonterey) writes that certain values, attitudes and abilities are a priority in the academic trainingof their students. Essential attitudes include honesty, commitment, a healthy work ethic andrespect for others.21Other professions define attitudes for effective practice. In the human resource profession,Markman and Beron note that job performance is a function of how well an individual’sattitudes, values, knowledge, skills, abilities, and

Conference Session

Technology Literacy for Non-Engineers

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Ollis, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

Technological Literacy Constituent Committee

7 8 0 0settings encountered in ourtechnological societyUnderstand guides tocultural and engineering sites; 8 4 2 1understand cultural and historicimportance of artifacts in Hispanicworld: Roman aqueducts, cathedrals,castles, paintings, and basicprinciples of architectureInteract in a more formal setting such as presentation 5 9 1 0of an engineering project________________________________________________________________________These results demonstrate that students believed the integration of a laboratory

Conference Session

Engineering Economy: Beyond the Classroom

Collection

2007 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeannette Russ, Union University; Doanh Van, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Economy

still relatively new EngineeringCriteria 2000 (EC 2000). While no one suggests that the criteria are perfect, we have found thatthey do indeed allow flexibility to “focus on what is learned rather than what is taught,” asABET asserts in its organizational history.1 The use of current events in the engineeringeconomy course has been one of our direct attempts to encourage student learning, but wereadily admit that using current events is not a particularly novel idea. In fact, others haveintroduced more formalized methods of integrating current events throughout the engineeringeconomy course.2 The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate how this common-senseelement of teaching engineering economy can be implemented, measured, and