Conference Session

Innovative Methods to Teach Engineering to URMs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wei Zheng, Jackson State University; Gordon Skelton, Jackson State University; HuiRu Shih, Jackson State University; Evelyn Leggette, Jackson State University; Tzusheng Pei, Jackson State University

Tagged Divisions

Minorities in Engineering

, there is an imperative need for engineering faculty to adapt newinstructional strategies that can help students to effectively regulate their learning motivation,strategies, and efforts, particularly at their early learning stages.Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) has been research subject and educational practice in the contextof Educational Psychology. SRL involves self-monitoring and self-correction of threecomponents of learning: motivation, behavior, and cognition. It refers to active learning guidedby three important aspects of learning: (1) motivation to learn; (2) metacognition (awareness ofone’s knowledge and beliefs); and (3) strategic action (planning, evaluating, and acting). Oneimportant aspect in SRL is to regulate the learners

Conference Session

New Trends in CHE Education I

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer Christensen, Texas A&M University; Lale Yurttas, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

this modern era, it is evident that the problems facing society bridge the traditional divisions ofacademia and require the collaboration between many independent academic sectors, as well asthe reform of traditional engineering curriculum. Coyle, Jamieson, and Oakes[1] formulated theEPICS (Engineering Projects in Community Service) program at Purdue University in order toaddress the changes facing the modern engineering student at the societal interface. Others, suchas Bauer, Moskal, and Gosink[2], have identified the lack of societal understanding andresponsibility as a problem within engineering disciplines that has lead to the potential decreasein enrollment rates, and therefore, have studied the effectiveness of service-learning

Conference Session

Developing New Instrumentation

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Gary Mullett, Springfield Technical Community College; Yakov Cherner, ATeL, LLC; Edward Bigos, Springfield Technical Community College; Ted Sussmann, Springfield Technical Community College

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

14.77.3health and safety. Applications are limitless!On a global level, the NSF has been calling this “grand convergence,” cyberinfrastructure. Onemay find many references to this concept, forecasts of potential future applications, reports on in-progress test projects such as HPWREN, NIMS, and ROADnet, and potential research fundingopportunities on the NSF’s Web site[1] . However, most of this current, enthusiastic attention andpromotion of cyberinfrastructure by the NSF is aimed at senior, graduate-level researchinstitutions. Not surprisingly, most of the NSF’s recent Requests for Proposals (RFPs) in thisarea have been targeted at basic research about wireless sensor networks and systems andapplications of these systems to infrastructure and

Conference Session

Measuring Success of Graduate Program Components

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wendy Crone, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Raelyn Rediske, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Steve Ackerman, University of Wisconsin, Madison; Sharon Dunwoody, University of Wisconsin, Madison

Tagged Divisions

Graduate Studies

. Responses were coded on a Likert scale of 1-5 ranging from “NoConfidence” to “Very High Confidence.” Students completed surveys four times throughout the course: atthe beginning of the class, right after the dry run, and following both Science Expeditions and theirmuseum experience at MSI.The largest gain in students’ self perceptions of skills, not surprisingly, occurred between the start of thecourse and after demonstrating their exhibit at the MSI. The experience of employing an iterative designapproach to practicing and refining their messages moved the students one full scale point, fromMedium/Good Confidence to Good/High Confidence, in perceptions of their own ability and theirinformal education product ’s ability to communicate to informal

Conference Session

Instrumentation and Controls Laboratories

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kayode P. Ayodele, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Olawale Akinwale, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; Lawrence Kehinde, Texas Southern University; Oladipo O. Osasona, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; E.O.B. ajayi, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria; O.O. Akinwunmi, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

station is an example of a sensor experiment.ADLab was developed based on the iLab Batched Architecture, which is the iLab softwarearchitecture that supports batched experiments(see Figure 1). It resembles the typical three-tier enterprise web application architecture with the following tiers: ≠ The first tier is the lab client. It is usually a rich internet application, running within a web browser. ≠ The middle tier is the service broker. It is a web application which provides the authentication and authorization and administrative functionality. The service broker is a freely available open source web application developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The lab

Conference Session

Recruitment and Retention in Engineering Technology Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Raju Dandu, Kansas State University, Salina

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

programs.ELITE Program Goals and Activities on Which the Current Project BuildsThe ELITE scholarship program builds upon prevailing departmental recruitment, retention, andjob placement philosophies and strategies. The following narrative outlines action items of the Page 14.634.2ELITE scholarship proposal to satisfy each of the four goals. 2 Goal 1: Improve educational opportunities for students. o Articulate seamless transfer of community college credits o Link with targeted high schools offering PLTW programs Goal 2. Increase

Conference Session

Innovations in ECE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eugene Ressler, United States Military Academy; Michael Miller, United States Military Academy; Christa Chewar, United States Military Academy; Jean Blair, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

traditional disciplines. Our methodology forformulating intracourses naturally provides measurement opportunities for assessment ofprogram outcomes. Thus, a single intracourse can be designed to accomplish more than the sumof its parts. We give examples of intracourses formulated over the last several years along withsuccesses and pitfalls encountered.1. Introduction—Change In Engineering ProgramsRelentless change characterizes undergraduate curricula in the engineering disciplines that aresubject to rapid technology advances. Entirely new technologies appear regularly. Moore’sLaw—the empirical observation that the number of transistors that fit in a given chip arearoughly doubles every two years —leads to dramatic shifts in basic assumptions. What

Conference Session

Faculty and Program Exchanges: Internationalizing, Collaborations and Interactions

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Fanyu Zeng, Indiana Wesleyan University; Chao Liu, Southeast University; Xiaodong Zhang, Southeast University

Tagged Divisions

International

. Although most of the junior/seniorcollege projects were considered as technically advanced, knowledge and experience gainedfrom them had not met their needs in the areas of critical thinking and problem solving, whichwere required in their professional work. Other interesting findings, based on the results ofevaluation and assessment in a number of surveys on existing engineering curriculum, aresummarized below:1. 80 percent of surveyors stated that their projects were difficult and challenging to a junior or a senior student. Page 14.9.22. 95 percent of projects solely focused on technical difficulty, and required students to devote most of

Conference Session

New Trends in CHE Education II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sundararajan Madihally, Oklahoma State University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

successful proposals. To perform these duties, theyshould have acquired soft skills such as management and writing skills. Hence, soft skills are asimportant as technical competencies for their success post-graduation. However, traininggraduate students in soft skills has been predominantly ignored with the expectation of acquiringthose skills on the job or the hard way [1, 2]. A common course that most graduate programs have is a seminar series. Many schoolshave the seminar series as a mandatory course for all the graduate students. This seminar isprimary used as a method of advancing their technical competencies. They are introduced tocutting edge research topics by inviting faculty members from their own institution, otherinstitutions or

Conference Session

Exploring Retention

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susan Freeman, Northeastern University; Beverly Jaeger, Beverly Jaeger, and Richard Whalen are members of Northeastern University’s; Richard Whalen, Northeastern University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

through the use of technology is the way to maintain the U.S. edge inthe global market place.1 An argument for the second perspective is the belief that the U.S. leadsin creativity and innovation and has the best universities in the world to pilot the way.2Regardless of the viewpoint taken, it is apparent that we must transition more high schoolstudents into engineering to be competitive; having a clear picture of the current state of themarket factors that may influence our youth as they make their career choice is imperative.According to the U.S. Department of Education5 it was estimated that in the fall of 2008 nearly49.8 million students attended public schools in the U.S. with an additional 6.2 million attendingprivate schools. Of those

Conference Session

ECE Pedagogy and Assessment II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ozdemir Gol; Jan Machotka; Zorica Nedic; Andrew Nafalski

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

plagiarism. Yet, it seems hard to deny that there is a disturbing trend indicating thatplagiarism is on the increase. Examples range from the use of circuit designs to adoptingcomputational code without giving any credit whatsoever to the source.What is plagiarism?Plagiarism is variously defined as “a piece of writing that has been copied from someone elseand is presented as being your own work” 1 . The on-line Encarta Dictionary: English (U.K.)unmistakably gives it as “stealing somebody’s work or idea: the process of copying anotherperson's idea or written work and claiming it as original” 2 .The University of South Australia defines plagiarism as “a specific form and serious act ofacademic misconduct”. Acts constituting plagiarism are declared to

Conference Session

Pedagogical Developments in BME

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Cawthorne, Purdue University; Osman Cekic, Purdue University; Monica Cox, Purdue University; Melissa Stacer, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

institutions (associateprofessor), and 21% were working in other areas, possibly out of the academe. The distributionof the participants by gender was about fifty-fifty. Sixty-six percent of respondents were white,10% were Asian, and 14% were African-American. Ninety percent of the respondents were UScitizens and permanent residents compared to 10% non-US citizens.Survey Construction The exploratory survey developed for the graduate students sought to glean insights fromrespondents about their experiences with HPL-oriented, or challenge-based instruction before,during, and after their participation in VaNTH. Participants were asked to (1) reflect and recalltheir understanding of the HPL framework and their concept of effective teaching, (2

Conference Session

Outstanding Contributions to Mechanical Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dianne Pawluk, Virginia Commonwealth University; Curtis Taylor, University of Florida; Marcia Hoffman, Virginia Commonwealth University; Maria McClintock, Virginia Commonwealth University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

surfaces. Forsighted students, the corresponding visual graphics are also presented. For describing theinteraction forces, mathematical equations are used directly to describe a probe tip interactingwith a flat surface, with gravity and inertia dominating at the macroscale, and van der Waals andelectrostatic forces dominating at the nanoscale. The student is able to move the Falcon towardsand away from the surface, at the different scales, to feel the contribution of the different forces. Page 14.471.2They are also able to “turn-off” components of the net force to enable understanding of theeffects of individual types of forces.1

Conference Session

Design for Society and the Environment

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Melissa Bilec, University of Pittsburgh; David Torick, University of Pittsburgh; Joe Marriott, University of Pittsburgh; Amy Landis, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

. Page 14.467.4 3Our course also meets many learning outcomes from the ASCE BOK, Table 3. It is interesting tonote, if our course was delivered in a traditional format without a design problem the learner wasrequired to solve, the course would not meet many of these learning outcomes. These outcomesfurther validate the necessity of a realistic and relevant design component to any course.Table 1. Delivery Methods for Learning Goals of a Design for Environment Course Delivery Method Lecture Discussion/ Hands-on DesignLearning Goal

Conference Session

Bridging the Gap and Freshman Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Nelson Baker, Georgia Institute of Technology; Marion Usselman, Georgia Institute of Technology; Thomas Morley, Georgia Institute of Technology; Rick Clark, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Mathematics

movements have often promoted amath sequence in which the standard 8th grade math course is Algebra 1. If “on-grade-level”students are taking algebra in the 8th grade, then “advanced” and “gifted” students typically startthe course a year earlier, namely in 7th grade, and sometimes even earlier. By their senior year inhigh school, these students have exhausted the mathematics course offerings of the high school.Few school systems can reliably guarantee that they will have a teacher capable of teachingAdvanced Calculus, and even if they do, colleges and universities have no way to judge thecaliber of the course.In the fall of 2004, a conversation between a staff member from Georgia Tech’s Center forEducation Integrating Science, Mathematics and

Conference Session

Exemplary Outreach Programs in Engineering Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

L. Diane Hurtado, Texas A&M University; Andrew Conkey, Texas A&M University, Qatar; Thomas Blasingame, Texas A&M University; Christi Madsen, Texas A&M University; Cesar Malave, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

AC 2009-1226: ENGINEERING INSIGHTS SUMMER PROGRAML. Diane Hurtado, Texas A&M UniversityAndrew Conkey, Texas A&M University, QatarThomas Blasingame, Texas A&M UniversityChristi Madsen, Texas A&M UniversityCesar Malave, Texas A&M University Page 14.556.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Engineering Insights Summer ProgramAbstractEngineering insights (Ei) Summer Camp is a recruitment program for the College of Engineering(COE). This program is a 4 day, 3 night residential summer camp for high school juniors andseniors that has been operating for 4 years. The primary goals of the camp are: 1) introducingparticipants to engineering as

Conference Session

Assessment of K-12 Engineering Programs and Issues

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Austin Talley, University of Texas, Austin; Marilyn Fowler, Austin Children's Museum; Christina Soontornvat, Austin Children's Museum; Kathy Schmidt, University of Texas, Austin

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

unit (NXT brick) thathas four inputs and three outputs. Outputs for the NXT brick are motors and lamps (lights).Inputs for the NXT brick are light, sound, rotation, distance, touch and other custom sensors.The robots are built from LEGO Technic components and other craft materials. Programs tocontrol the robots are written on computers with the NXT software and then transferred to therobots. An example of an NXT robotics project is shown in Figure 1. Page 14.488.2 Figure 1: LEGO NXT Robotics Example In the robotics program the students explore concepts about automated devices withactive learning principles. The

Conference Session

Capstone Design II

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Susannah Howe, Smith College; Ron Lasser, Tufts University; Katie Su, Smith College; Sarah Pedicini, Smith College

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

and developmentand b) the disconnect between perceived and expected proficiency for capstone graduates. Thiseffort adds to a growing body of work to understand and ultimately improve capstone education.1. Introduction and MotivationCapstone engineering design course program instantiations are based upon academic institution,department, and instructor. Each brings a unique perspective to the course and the learningenvironment. Capstone engineering design projects are each unique in their own right sinceindividuals or teams may select a project that has never been done before. In this context ofvariations of uniqueness, if that can be used as a means to define an educational environment, isit possible to evaluate a capstone engineering design

Conference Session

Project-Based Learning in ECE Education

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ed Doering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology; Sam Shearman, National Instruments

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

LabVIEW communication systemsprojects with the toolkit.ExamplesExample 1: Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and the Eye DiagramRectangular pulses familiar to students from earlier digital logic courses seem intuitively obviousfor the signaling waveform of a digital communications system. However, finite channelbandwidth smears the pulses into adjacent time slots, a phenomenon known as intersymbolinterference (ISI). This interference reduces noise margin and increases the bit error rate (BER)in the received message. An eye diagram plot visualizes the time-domain signaling waveform atthe receiver; it illustrates the ISI effect and also facilitates direct measurement of optimum

Conference Session

Implementation of the Civil Engineering Body of Knowledge and Recent ABET Experiences

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrea Welker, Villanova University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

college, and our department are well ranked by US News and World report. For example, lastyear, amongst master’s level universities, Villanova was ranked #1 in the Northeast, the collegeof engineering was ranked #10, and the Civil Engineering program was ranked #81.The university is located approximately 10 miles west of Philadelphia in what is often referred toas “The Main Line.” The University offers a wide variety of degree programs through fourcolleges: the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, the School of Business, the College ofEngineering, and the College of Nursing. There are approximately 6,000 undergraduates atVillanova; nearly 900 of those major in engineering.All engineering students take the same courses freshman year and they are

Conference Session

International Study Abroad Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Kristine Lalley, Univerity of Pittsburgh; Josephine Olson, University of Pittsburgh; Brant Hawk, University of Pittsburgh

Tagged Divisions

International

, who during their first year of studies had participated in a short term study abroad program in2005 or 2006. The intent of the study is twofold: 1) to determine if the program is meeting its goals ofinfluencing participants to pursue additional study abroad opportunities later in their college career, inspiringstudents to further study foreign language and culture, and encouraging students to become involved inadditional international activities; and 2) to assess learning outcomes of the participants two to three yearsafter the time of participation in the short term education abroad program.Quantitative and qualitative data were collected in the study, and are presented in this paper. The researchersprovide an analysis of both the

Conference Session

ERM Potpourri

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michele Miller, Michigan Technological University; Leonard Bohmann, Michigan Technological University; William Helton, Michigan Technological University; Anna Pereira, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

thermal systems and engineering education. Page 14.438.1© American Society for Engineering Education, 2009 Determining the Importance of Hands-On Ability for EngineersKeywords: hands-on, attributes, industryIntroductionTwo challenges facing engineering educators today are: (1) to provide a curriculum that preparesgraduates for the work of the twenty-first century; (2) to recruit more students to the field ofengineering. A number of reports cite the shortcomings of current curricula1-4. For example, thetraditional engineering curriculum does not prepare graduates to adapt quickly to new jobrequirements or to work effectively

Conference Session

Topics in Engineering Ethics IV

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Catalano, State University of New York, Binghamton; Caroline Baillie, Queens University, Kingston

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Ethics

known to other people. The value must also be translated into behaviors that areconsistent with the chosen value and integrated into the life style.Accordingly if some concept is to be considered valued then: (1) It was chosen fromalternatives; (2) It was chosen freely; (3) It is prized; (4) It is affirmed; (5)It is actedupon; and (6) It is acted upon repeatedly, over time.The last category of love, philia, challenges us to see the world in a different way, in thewords of Thomas Berry20 as a collection of subjects. Berry’s most famous quotation is: The Universe and thus the Earth is a communion of subjects, not a collection of objects.By communion, Berry was referring to intimacy or a feeling of emotional closeness, aconnection

Conference Session

Tree-huggers, Diggers, and Queers--Oh my!

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Dean Nieusma, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education

to both the constraints to and the opportunities for innovation in each ofthe systems under consideration, which arguably cannot be accomplished effectively entirelywithin any of the existing disciplinary domains but must be addressed between or among them.In the terminology of sustainable design scholar Ezio Manzini, sustainability requires both a“strategy of efficiency,” or doing things better, and a “strategy of sufficiency,” or simply doingless, at least in terms of production and consumption of material goods. According to Manzini’sapproach, “ecological quality will emerge from compound strategies and compoundinterventions in different areas.” 1 In each of these ways, the concept of sustainability serves toreinforce efforts to promote

Conference Session

Improving Mechanics & Structural Modeling Courses

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James Ledlie Klosky, United States Military Academy; Elizabeth Bristow, United States Military Academy

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

.Measuring Student Retention; The Evaluative InstrumentFor this study, the authors set out to make a quantitative rather than qualitative measure of term-to-term student retention rather than gathering anecdotal or qualitative data. To accomplish this,students’ medium-term retention of the material covered in Video AI clips was measured using ashort quiz given the first day of the Mechanics class, which most students take one semester afterthe Statics-Strengths class. This quiz, presented as Figure 1, contained three simple applicationproblems that are essential to Mechanics and for which Video AI clips had been available in theprevious semester. The problems required students to find the centroid of a compound shape,solve a two-dimensional

Conference Session

NSF Grantees Poster Session

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thashika Rupasinghe, Clemson University; Mary Beth Kurz, Clemson University; Carl Washburn, Greenville Tech; Anand Gramopadhye, Clemson University; Deepak Vembar, Clemson University; Sajay Sadasivan, Clemson University

simulators are expected to beintegrated in the AMT curriculum to improve the learning outcomes. A thorough statisticalanalysis will be carried out to evaluate the student outcomes through the enhanced curriculum. Anovel Excel based decision support system, which will be used for the curriculum design and asan assessment tool/template using Visual Basic for Application (VBA) is proposed as futurework.1. IntroductionThe Aircraft Maintenance Technology (AMT) curriculum is the backbone of training andeducating maintenance technicians for the aviation industry to function in safe operatingconditions. In complex environmental conditions due to growth in air traffic, economy andpopulation, the competencies and skills required by the aircraft technicians is

Conference Session

Computational Tools and Simulation III

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Lok PASUPULETI, Northern Illinois University; Omar Ghrayeb, Northern Illinois University; Hubert Ley, Argonne National Laboratory; Clifford Mirman, Northern Illinois University; Young Park, Argonne National Laboratory

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Conference Session

Curriculum in Civil Engineering Technology

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Andrew Rose, University of Pittsburgh, Johnstown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

visualize the problem, consider design options andidentify questions and uncertainties where more information is needed. Figure 1 shows a sketchby a structural engineer considering a repair option for a damaged load bearing wall in a parkinggarage structure. Before the proposed repair option could be analyzed and designed, theengineer needed to envision how the load transfer would occur. In other cases engineers arecalled on to graphically communicate ideas to clients or the public in a more formal but lessplanned way. Engineers may need to quickly explain a concept or address a question for aclient or construction representatives. This could be during a meeting or in a field situation.Here the engineer may need to sketch on paper, a chalkboard or

Conference Session

Curricular Issues in Computer-Oriented Programs

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Akram Al-Rawi, McKendree University; Azzedine Lansari, Zayed University

Tagged Divisions

Information Systems

Networking Academy.The new ACM model curriculum in Computer Science4 includes 27 hours in networkcommunication (core) and 6 hours in network security (core). The proposed curriculum for anetwork course should take the learning objectives of these thirty three hours into consideration.However, the IT 2008 curriculum6 includes 22 hours in networking (core) and all the topics arecovered in the CCNA curriculum. In general small institutions in the US which offer majors inCS, IS, and IT do not have a separate course in Networking for each major. Instead, oneNetworking course is offered for the three majors. Table 1 give some details about thenetworking component of the core curriculum in the ACM model curriculum CS 2008, IT 2008,and IS 20025

Conference Session

Computer Education Innovations

Collection

2009 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charles Lesko, East Carolina University; John Pickard, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

Life in the fallof 2008, a short series of course assignments were developed to present and demonstrate the newvirtual spaces to a sampling of students. Two courses, one a Technology Management graduate-level course and the second a Network Technologies undergraduate course were presented withthe assignments and then surveyed. There were a total of twenty-nine graduate and twenty-oneundergraduate students that were surveyed for this initial effort (see Table 1). The survey resultsand analysis presented here will focus on the collective responses of the total populationsurveyed. Although there were some noted differences between the two populations, it was notthe goal of this exercise to evaluate those differences. The data is presented however