Conference Session

Systems Engineering Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mohammad Sadraey, Daniel Webster College; Nicholas Bertozzi, Daniel Webster College

Tagged Divisions

Systems Engineering

the participation of six fundamentaldisciplines: 1. Flight dynamics, 2. Aerodynamics, 3. Propulsion, 4. Aero-structure, 5. Managementskills, and 6. Engineering design techniques. The engagement of these disciplines indicates thetrue multidisciplinary face of the aircraft design education; which involves various challenges andmethodologies.Aircraft design is the culmination of all aerospace engineering activities, embodying engineeringoperations and analysis as tools to achieve design objectives. Aircraft design is the central activityof the aeronautical engineering profession, and it is concerned with approaches and managementas well as design techniques and tools. The customer needs have to be translated into designrequirements through goal

Conference Session

First-year Programs Division Technical Session 4: The Best of the All: FPD Best Papers

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mary A. Fraley, Michigan Technological University; A. J. Hamlin, Michigan Technological University; Amber Kemppainen, Michigan Technological University; Gretchen L. Hein, Michigan Technological University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

Page 26.1677.2learning. Blended learning has been defined as “the combination of traditional face-to-face andtechnology-mediated instruction”.1 With this broad definition, there is a plethora of ways thatblended learning can be incorporated into courses and programs. Students perceive blendedcourses more positively than either traditional or on-line ones. The main reason for this is thatstudents can manage how they allocate their time. They can choose to complete their courseworkaround their other commitments like sports, work and social commitments.2 Students have statedthat they value interactions with their faculty, but want those interactions to be useful to them.Additionally, engaging with other students is an important component of their

Conference Session

Aerospace Technical Session 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Masoud Rais-Rohani, Mississippi State University

Tagged Divisions

Aerospace

in the course, they are introduced to otherimportant aspects of engineering such as teamwork, communication skills, time management,personal responsibility and ethics. Details of the individual experiential learning activities andthe resulting outcomes are presented and discussed.1. IntroductionExperience shows that when students are engaged in activities that integrate both cognitive andsensory systems, they are more likely to maintain focus and have better retention of the subjectpresented. There is anecdotal and scientific evidence to support the positive impact ofexperiential learning that many experienced teachers know to be true through personalinteractions with students.The continuing interest in active, collaborative, cooperative

Conference Session

Assessment and Outcomes: ERM Roundtable

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Deborah M. Grzybowski, Ohio State University; John T. Demel, Ohio State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

at The Ohio State University to accomplish two major goals: (1) to providean inclusive learning environment in order to accommodate the learning styles of all studentsthrough the incorporation of online multimedia learning modules to be completed prior to class,and (2) to provide more in-class studio time with activities designed to increase active learning.The 15-week course covers a wide variety of fundamental engineering topics and laboratoryexercises but emphasizes problem solving and computer programming in MATLAB and C/C++.The class met for four 125-minute sessions per week in classrooms with studio-style seatingarrangements in groups of four with a desktop computer for each seat. In this research project,we asked the evidence-based

Conference Session

Computers in Education Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Abul K. M. Azad, Northern Illinois University; Syed Abdul Hadi Razvi, Northern Illinois University

Tagged Divisions

Computers in Education

server. The proposedsystem uses an Arduino board to reduce the implementation costs and design complicacy as wellas the physical size of the system. The development process has allow the group to understandthe capabilities and challenges of microcontrollers for remote laboratory applications.Considering this is a work-in-progress, this paper provides a development description of thesystem; full details will be reported at a later stage.1. IntroductionWith the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) we are not far from a time in which objects,animals, and people will be provided with a unique identifier, through which they cancommunicate from anywhere-anytime via a network connection.1,2,3 This philosophy is alreadybeing used in education

Conference Session

Statics Online

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Paul S. Steif, Carnegie Mellon University; Anna Dollár, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

applied to intelligent tutoring systems. Namely, rather than look at performanceover an entire course, we consider successive opportunities to apply various concepts and skills,whether practice improves the likelihood of correct application.1. Summary of Past Studies of Effectiveness1.1 Studies of learning gainsStudents in a traditional statics courses were assigned to use OLI modules, each containing manyinteractive exercises. The goal was to isolate the effect of working through the modules settingany influence of lecture or written homework on the same topics. To that end paper and pencil Page 26.724.2diagnostic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Milo Koretsky, Oregon State University; Audrey Briggs Champagne, University at Albany. State University of New York; Laura Hirshfield, University of Michigan; Erick Jacob Nefcy, Oregon State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

poster will present the current findings of the investigationinto the nature of the feedback provided by the coach to the student teams, and the relationship ofthat feedback to the strategies students apply as they engage in the task, the models they develop,and their knowledge integration of material from previous courses. Specifically, the researchquestions for this stage of the study are: 1. What are the different types of feedback coaches provide and what characteristics distinguish the different types of feedback? 2. What is the relationship between coach feedback and the development of the experimental models and strategies students apply as they work to complete the assigned task?FeedbackFeedback is an essential tool used by

Conference Session

Sustainability and Hands-on Engineering Education

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rachel A Brennan P.E., Pennsylvania State University, University Park

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Environmental Engineering

andemerging global needs of society, while enabling research by faculty on topics with broadtechnical and scientific impact in the vital area of the water-energy nexus. This goal is directlyin line with the mission of our college, which is to “nurture and train world-class socially-aware,globally-connected, diverse engineers, educators and researchers….to develop innovativesolutions to the world’s most pressing challenges through transformational interdisciplinaryresearch”. The proposed program also aligns and supports several of the institutional thrust areasof our college, including: 1) Innovative Engineering Education through the provision of globalengineering education and experiences; and 2) Sustainable Water-Energy-Food Nexus throughwater

Conference Session

Project-based Learning in ET Programs

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John R Haughery, Iowa State University; Dave Raj Raman, Iowa State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

Biosystems Engineering at IowaState University of Science and Technology.MethodsThe main components of our methodology included Database and Search Term Selection, DataCollection, and Data Evaluation4-5, as depicted in Figure 1. As we moved through each phase,incongruous articles were excluded (removed) and relevant ones were included (retained). Thissystematic approach produced a final product comprised of literature germane to mechatronicprojects and the engagement of first-year engineering and technology students. Database and Search Term Selection Data Collection Screening Mapping

Conference Session

Using Technology and Research-based Instructional Practices in BME

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Renata Fortuna Ramos, Rice University

Tagged Divisions

Biomedical

relevant feedback in a timely manner is crucial to the learning process 1-5.Classroom assessment techniques are widely used to obtain information on the success of thelearning process. As instructors, we often make the mistake of assuming that students arelearning everything we teach them in the classroom. Assessment techniques help us determinehow well the students are actually learning the material, while at the same time provide us withthe information required to continuously make modifications that will help improve studentlearning and/or teaching effectiveness 6. Page 26.159.2There are several assessment techniques that can be used in the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 9

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Heather Annette Sustersic, Pennsylvania State University; Caroline June Klatman, Pennsylvania State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

practical advice into effective educational strategies. In May, 2015, Ms. Klatman will graduate with integrated Bachelor of Architectural Engineering/Master of Architectural Engineering degrees. Page 26.190.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2015 An Innovative Solution to Teaching the Principle of Virtual WorkFigure 1: Truss model used for virtual work interactive class demonstration (16" wide x 8" tall).Each truss member is capable of +/- 1” of elongation. The left support is idealized as a pin; theright support as a roller.IntroductionProviding a balance of abstract

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James J. Pembridge, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach; Yosef S. Allam, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach; Lisa K Davids, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Univ., Daytona Beach

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

system that encourages the adoption of research-basedinstructional practices. Based on prior studies, the project seeks to achieve the followingoutcomes:1. Practicing faculty will implement new research-based instructional practices in their post- secondary education.2. The number of participating faculty using research-based instructional practices in their post- secondary engineering classrooms will increase through participation in the annotated video peer feedback system.3. The use of each unique research-based instructional practice will increase as participating faculty both review and are reviewed by different peers each semester.4. Students of peer-reviewed participating faculty will be more satisfied with instruction.5

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Hua Li, Texas A&M University-Kingsville; Mohamed Abdelrahman, Texas A&M University-Kingsville

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

with a solid foundation in analytical, writing,and presentation skills and to enhance interactions between REU students and faculty mentors.The research, educational, and career mentorship provided by the program is envisioned tostimulate the students to look at their academic work in a new light and to provide a spark forpossible careers in academic research or industrial innovation. Participating students will tacklevarious topics of energy research, interact with faculty mentors and students from differentengineering departments, and develop a holistic perspective of energy research.1. IntroductionThe importance of sustainable energy research, and the impact of the current continuing path ofutilizing fossil fuel on the environment, dominate

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students' Beliefs, Motivation, and Self-efficacy

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Cameron Denson, North Carolina State University; Jennifer Buelin-Biesecker, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

creative self-efficacy. Results ofthe study found no association between students’ self-efficacy and their creativeoutcomes. This study also reported on the inter-rater reliability of the web-based versionof the CAT and its discriminant validity. Results proved that the web-based version of theCAT is a valid and reliable means of measuring student’s creative outcomes. The resultsand implications for K-12 technology and engineering education are discussed in thisreport. IntroductionNot only is creativity seen as an essential component of human cognition, its promotionis essential to a global economy and creating globally competitive citizens ([1]; [2]). Thecultivation of our high school students as innovative

Conference Session

Manufacturing and Machine Component Design

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

George Youssef, California State University, Northridge; J. Michael Kabo, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

have retained many of the traditional pedagogies used in teaching machine design andsupplement this educational experience with a significant project component based on currentcustomer-need or economical challenge. Through the project students learn to: 1) create thedesign envelop based on a provided statement or requirement document; 2) define specific,meaningful, and measurable goals; 3) synthesize creative ideas to solve the problem; 4) performa patent search to verify the innovative nature of their ideas; 5) produce a design matrix withevaluation criteria based on the goals and expected functionality; and 6) perform an in depthengineering analysis based on mechanics of materials, manufacturability, assembly, andpackaging. The inclusion of

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 5

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Goli Nossoni, Manhattan College; Nicole Leo Braxtan, Manhattan College

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

springand fall semesters. In 2014 the project was simplified slightly because it was too complex forsophomore students. However, the core content of the project related to green building designand civil engineering were kept intact and only the mechanical engineering aspect of the project(alternative green energy system for the building) was eliminated. The project was limited tosurveying of the parking lot and passive design, including: (1) exterior design of the building—e.g., redesigning the location, sizes and overhangs of the windows—to minimize interior heatingduring winters and cooling during summers; and (2) interior design such as locations of theoffices, labs and classrooms.Learning OutcomesThe desired learning outcomes should be

Conference Session

Fundamental: K-12 Students and Engineering Design Practices (Part 2)

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Michelle E Jordan , Arizona State University; Tonatiuh Munguia-Villanueva, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Design Process in a Collaborative Context (fundamental)Providing young learners a foundation in engineering design practices helps them aspire toaddress major challenges of the society and environment that they will face in the decades ahead,and to interest them in pursuing higher education in STEM fields. Such a foundation shouldinclude collaborative experiences because engineering practices are highly social andcommunication plays critical roles in design processes.1-5 In particular, communication amongteam members is a fundamental aspect of engineering design.6, 7 Yet, even undergraduatestudents often fail to recognize the inherently collaborative nature of engineering.8Preparing the next generation of engineers to meet the challenges and

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Charlotte De Vries, Penn State Erie, the Behrend College; Yi WU, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Melanie R. Ford, Pennsylvania State University, Erie; Oladipo Onipede Jr., Pennsylvania State University, Erie

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

facilitated a research experience forthe undergraduate students. This outreach activity was incorporated into a three-hourworkshop, which allowed high school students to explore the field of controls andsystems by programming the NXT brick. The kits were also the basis of a series of labsfor an undergraduate systems course. By providing students of multiple levels hands-onexperience, it is our hope to inspire future engineering students, and further develop theknowledge of future engineers. 1. IntroductionTeaching students about control systems is challenging, specifically due to the increasedmathematics necessary to fully understand the topic. The LEGO MINDSTORMS kits,due to their low-cost, simplicity, and great flexibility, have been widely

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sheng-Jen Hsieh, Texas A&M University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

future research careers.BackgroundNational surveys in 2011 and 2012 showed a continuous decline in the number of U.S. studentswho move on to attend graduate school [1]. In addition, there is a shortage of highly educatedskilled workers in the manufacturing sector [2]. With increased pressure for accountability inundergraduate education from stakeholders such as parents and state legislators, higher educationinstitutions are investigating avenues to improve the quality of education. Prior studies byBrownell and Swaner [3], Crowe and Brakke [4], Laursen [5], Lopatto[6], Taraban and Blanton[7], Russell et al [8], and Zydney et al [9] suggest that undergraduate research holds some of theanswers to increasing student learning, retention, graduation

Conference Session

Dynamics

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Scott Bevill, Colorado Mesa University; Kelly Bevill, Colorado Mesa University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

asmartphone.The purpose of this communication is to describe the development and implementation of a laboratoryexercise to allow students to (1) use smartphones to collect kinematic data during a routine activity(driving an automobile), and (2) compare acceleration values measured using the on-board accelerometerwith acceleration values calculated from position and velocity data collected using the on-board assistedglobal positioning system (A-GPS).Materials and Methods - Smartphone Application Development and Data CollectionThe smartphone application was developed using the XCode 5 integrated development environment forApple mobile devices. When the application is activated, the smartphone’s built-in A-GPS is used toobtain position and velocity data

Conference Session

Persistence and Retention

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Yu-Yun Liu, University of Louisville; Kate E. Snyder, University of Louisville; Patricia A Ralston, University of Louisville

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

hypothesized that increases ininterest and attainment value, and decreases in perceived psychological cost value, would beassociated with higher academic achievement among undergraduates in engineering and withretention (maintaining enrollment in the college of engineering the following year).Participants in the current study included first-year students from an urban metropolitanuniversity enrolled in a school of engineering (n = 376, 21.8% female) in Fall 2013. Participantscompleted a self-report survey assessing their motivational beliefs twice during the first semester(Time 1 [T1]: first week of the semester; Time 2 [T2]: thirteenth week of the semester). Interestin engineering was measured by a single item. A five-item scale was used to measure

Conference Session

Circuits and Systems Education 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shiny Abraham, Tuskegee University; Naga Korivi, Tuskegee University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

, stimulate their curiosity, and engage them in hands-on activities that are notlimited to the laboratory 1. This paper proposes the integration of an activity-based learning approach in the EEcurriculum with the use of Analog Discovery Boards (ADB) by Digilent Inc. This enhancementallows students to build, analyze and visualize circuits using the USB-powered AnalogDiscovery platform, a personal computer, and a basic analog parts kit. This opens the door for avariety of learning activities that include in-class experimentation, take-home exercises, groupactivity sessions, and design-and-learn projects among many others. Our work aims to create anenvironment for a student that is conducive to innovation and creative thinking; while providingan

Conference Session

Instrumentation Division Technical Session 4

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Baha Jassemnejad, Federal Aviation Administration-CNI Airway Syatems Engineering Organization; Igor Ilic, University of Central Oklahoma; Jonathan Ryan Adams; Neil Peery, CNI Aviation

Tagged Divisions

Instrumentation

successfullyaccomplished via a wide array of university-industry interactions [1] and [2]. While thesecollaboration efforts do open up new opportunities, the afore-mentioned "costs" and "benefits" tothese collaborations need to be taken in to consideration in order to optimize the interaction [3].While there might be some apprehension over acquiring student help for time-sensitive andcritical projects, there should be more confidence about approaching an educational institutionfor help on smaller, lower priority projects. Such projects might not be able to command theresources needed to get them off the ground. In those cases, using an existing universityconnection can gather a group of students to investigate the issue at hand. Additionally, this isbeing

Conference Session

International Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Maria Claudia Alves , Texas A&M University; Meghan M. Alexander, Texas A&M University; Victor Manuel Camara-Poot, Yucatán Ministry of Education; Martha Elena Ortega, CANIETI

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

International

Education, 2015 Increasing the Number of Sponsored Mexican Graduate Students in Engineering Colleges in the United StatesIntroductionThe presence of international students in graduate degree programs in American universitiesbrings a variety of benefits to those institutions including developing international ties, securingfinancial resources, adding diversity to the intellectual pool of students and fulfilling a shortageof engineering talent in the US [1]. However, competition for recruiting these students hasincreased in the past few years with Australia, the UK and Germany attracting a large number oftalented students [1]. Several approaches have been reported to ensure the number of internationalstudents on campuses does

Conference Session

Models and Practices of Community Engagement for Engineering Faculty

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jeffrey Paul Walters, University of Colorado, Boulder; Kaitlin Litchfield, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

Community Engagement Division

. Based on the students’ growth in understanding ofthe factors and complexities in their project, we believe that this research provides valuableevidence and support for the future use of GMB as a tool for applying systems thinking ininternational infrastructure development projects.INTRODUCTIONLeaders in both engineering education and industry agree that engineers must increasinglydevelop skills in systems thinking to be effective. In education, the emphasis on systemsthinking can be witnessed from leaders like ABET with their student learning outcomes a-k: forexample, outcome h, “the broad education necessary to understand the impact of engineeringsolutions in a global, economic, environmental, and societal context.” 1 For decades, the

Conference Session

Civil Engineering Division Technical Session 6

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

M. A. Karim, Kennesaw State University

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

nine weeks for a 16-week semester. The students wererequired to prepare professional reports and present them in the class at the end of each project.At the end of the semester, a survey with seven questions, as shown in Figure 1, was conductedto gather the data for the evaluation of PBL for environmental engineering. PBL inclusion inengineering curriculum may be well established, but the inclusion of PBL in environmentalengineering design courses is a kind of new. This study explores the students’ perception andattitude of PBL inclusion in environmental engineering design courses that influence the learningenvironment.End of Semester Survey and Data AnalysisThere are a total of 55 students that participated in the survey. The analysis of

Conference Session

Computer Tutors, Simulation, and Videos

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Moe Tajvidi P.E., Utah State University; Ning Fang, Utah State University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

Animation (CSA) in Teaching and Learning Engineering MechanicsAbstractUse of computer simulation and animation (CSA) in higher education is growing rapidly and hasbecome a major trend in undergraduate engineering education. This paper conducts acomprehensive and critical literature review regarding the use of CSA as a learning aid to teachengineering mechanics courses. The paper addresses two main topics: (1) pedagogicalinnovations in the instruction of engineering mechanics, and (2) using CSA as a learning tool inengineering mechanics education. Representative pedagogical innovations are clustered intothree categories: (1) altering the engineering mechanics curriculum, (2) active learning strategies,and (3) the application of

Conference Session

NSF Grantees’ Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rob Henry Kinzel; Deborah K. Nykanen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rebecca A Bates, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Winston Sealy, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Rachel E Cohen, Minnesota State University, Mankato; Jennifer Veltsos, Minnesota State University, Mankato

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

, and family structure. Our program has demonstrated past success in addressingissues important to the field and accreditation boards, such as functioning on multidisciplinaryteams, understanding ethical responsibilities, developing a sense of the global and societalcontext of STEM work, and supporting the idea of life-long learning.1-4In the eight years since the program was founded, it has grown and developed considerably.Structural changes throughout these years include adding distance students in an off-campusprogram 280 miles away, broadening the program to include multiple science majors, funding ahalf-time graduate assistant, and staffing changes in the faculty mentors. Program improvementshave included annual retreats for scholars

Conference Session

Teaching and Learning Strategies II

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David Reeping, Ohio Northern University; Kenneth J Reid, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

bemeasured.Moreover, the ability to evaluate one’s course in the context of curriculum development can alsobe daunting. The task is made more streamlined using the First-Year Introduction to EngineeringCourse Classification Scheme, but this tool only quantifies the content (the objectives) of thecourse.1 Assessment and any associated performance metrics are not captured directly using thismethodology, so while the tool is useful for quantifying course objectives, its use as anassessment tool is limited – especially in the context of a curriculum review. Thus, byconstruction, the opportunity to remind the users to consider a one to one correspondencebetween the performance objectives and assessment is lost. Ensuring the balance of assessmentand objectives is

Conference Session

Practical Teaching in Manufacturing – 2

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jenifer Blacklock, Colorado School of Mines; Derrick Rodriguez P.E., Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

 and  understand  basic  manufacturing  topics  in  the  classroom.1  For  this  reason,  it  is  essential  for  ME  undergraduates  to  understand  how  parts  and  components  are  manufactured,  with  the  goal  of  developing  better  engineers  and  designers.      With  the  incorporation  of  several  open-­‐ended  design  challenges  and  hands-­‐on  projects  throughout  Field  Session,  specifically  related  to  manufacturing  topics,  students  begin  to  learn  the  following  concepts  early  on  in  the  undergraduate  curriculum:  1)  proper  dimensioning  and  tolerancing,  2)  manufacturing  tolerances,  3)  material  selection  4)  automated  manufacturing  techniques,  5)  manual  manufacturing  techniques,  6)  CAD-­‐CAM