Conference Session

Interdisciplinary Education

Collection

2005 Annual Conference

Authors

John Blake

be found in allengineering disciplines.The use of this sort of information can be generalized. Through the generalized form, atechnique useful across engineering disciplines can be taught to students. One must understandthe meaning of the value, relate this to a mathematical expression, and solve for the desiredunknown. This understanding may come from intuition, a formal definition, or fromexamination of the units. With experience, using this type of information becomes astraightforward task. Often, it is not straightforward for new students. Exposing student to thissort of problem helps to prepare them for other courses, projects, and for employment.For several years, the author has included an engineering computation module based on rates

Collection

2024 ASEE North Central Section Conference

Authors

Christopher Gioia, Slippery Rock University; Samantha (Sami Bortz

Paper ID #44643Sustainability-Focused Project-Based Learning in a Heat Transfer CourseDr. Christopher Gioia, Slippery Rock University Chris Gioia is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Engineering at Slippery Rock University. He is the faculty adviser for the Formula SAE team at SRU, and is a member of the Department curriculum committee. Dr. Gioia teaches courses in Heat Transfer, Dynamics, Machines and Mechanisms, Mechani- cal Control Systems, and Capstone Design. His research interests include control systems, cyber-physical systems, project-based learning pedagogy, heat exchangers, and biodiesel production. Dr

Conference Session

K-12 & Pre- College Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Paper ID #13210Teachers in Industry: Teaching Transformed through Authentic Work Expe-rienceDr. Bradley Bowen, North Dakota State University Bradley Bowen is an assistant professor at North Dakota State University. He has a duel appointment with the Teacher Education Department and the Department of Construction Management and Engineering. He has a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Virginia Tech and received a Master’s of Civil Engineering and an Ed.D. in Technology Education from N.C. State University. He specializes in developing and integrating project-based activities into the K-12 classroom that incorporate engineering and

Collection

1999 Annual Conference

Authors

Frank Franklin; Ed Espin; Christopher Viers; Lawrence Fryda

were involved in the initial discussions but the faculty and staff counterparts werealso involved. The administrative personnel were able to provide the respective institutionalcommitment to the project, and the faculty / staff were able to identify and address the manydiverse details. Of particular difficulty for the faculty and staff was the blending of two pre-existing programs, both of which already had students enrolled. Not withstanding thesechallenges, this time the project moved to the point of an agreed-upon program between CMUand HC. Unfortunately, we had not sufficiently involved the Malaysian counterparts into thediscussion to determine that the program had a fatal flaw. The Malaysians required a specific typeof program

Conference Session

Mechanical Engineering Technical Session: Potpourri

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Quamrul H. Mazumder, University of Michigan, Flint; Mingye Chen, University of Michigan, Flint; Sunzia Sultana, University of Michigan, Flint

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

the current state of technology byperforming research on an engineering topic, communication skills, lifelong learning, etc.A survey was conducted with participants of the workshop and students who did not participateas participation in the workshop were voluntary. The survey questions were carefully prepared todetermine whether there is a correlation between how students view the importance ofprofessional skills and if they are satisfied with how the current engineering curriculum ishelping them develop professional skills.Literature Review:The Tandon School of Engineering of New York University developed a series of workshopscalled Student to Scholar, to prepare students with professional skills [2]. A survey wasconducted after the workshop

Conference Session

STEM Issues in ET II

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Anne M. Lucietto, Purdue Polytechnic Institute; Meher Rusi Taleyarkhan, Purdue University at West Lafayette (PPI); Therese M. Azevedo, Sonoma State University; Natalie Hobson, Sonoma State University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

student earning her Master’s in Engineering Technology degree from Purdue University, West Lafayette Indiana. She received her Bachelor of Science degree from Purdue University and majored in Mechanical Engineering Technology. During her undergraduate she was an un- dergraduate research assistant studying renewable energy with an emphasis on solar energy for residential and utility use. Current research as a Master’s student is in curriculum development for engineering tech- nology programs, notably at Purdue University. Her thesis is on conducting an engineering and financial analysis for a local wastewater plant facility.Therese M. Azevedo Therese Azevedo is a third year student at Sonoma State University pursuing a

Conference Session

Faculty and Course Evolution: Teaching With Technology, Online Delivery, and Addressing Emerging Student & Industry Needs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Eric Paul Pearson, Northrop Grumman, Electronic Systems; Timothy Boyd, Northrop Grumman Corporation; Noah Miller, Northrop Grumman, Electronic Systems

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

Paper ID #8136”The Bottom 3” – A New Revolution in Leadership DevelopmentMr. Eric Paul Pearson, Northrop Grumman, Electronic Systems Eric Pearson is the Director of Cross-Sector Program Initiatives for Northrop Grumman Corporation. His has responsibilities for relationship building and cross culture leadership development. Eric has a BS in Education from Bowie State University and an MS In Technical Management form the Johns Hopkins, Whiting School of Engineering. Eric is best known for his development and leadership of the Northrop Grumman Electronic Systems New Graduate Engineering Rotation Program and the Recent

Conference Session

First-Year Programs: Design in the First Year

Collection

2020 ASEE Virtual Annual Conference Content Access

Authors

Djedjiga Belfadel, Fairfield University; Michael Zabinski, Fairfield University; Ryan Munden, Fairfield University

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

preparing technical reports and PowerPoint andposter oral presentations. On the last day of the program, students presented their group projects.We report on a 9-year exercise conducted using the WOW project including detailed studentfeedback from the most recent year. 1. IntroductionEngineering design is defined as the communication of a set of rational decisions obtained withcreative problem solving for achieving certain stated objectives within prescribed constraints [1].The role of design in an engineering curriculum is a key factor contributing to its success [1]. 1Engineering design projects provide students with a broad view related to the material presentedin lectures. Through project-based

Conference Session

Equity, Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY) Technical Session 11

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Margaret E.B. Webb, Virginia Tech ; Marie C. Paretti, Virginia Tech

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

-making and agency in migration,and the ways in which their positive identity development rested on having access and thereforecontrol over paid, and both career- and professional identity-building work opportunities.According to authors in this review, the instability displaced students experience as they developtheir professional identities was even more threatening when students are enrolled inengineering. This was primarily due to the culture of engineering and its focus on efficiency andrigor in the curriculum [31], evidenced by an “efficient and cost-effective transfer of a certainamount of content in a lockstep process” [77] (p. 258). Engineering plans of study are designedfor students in inherently stable situations, and for students like

Conference Session

Work-in-Progress Oral Session

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Eric Wagner, Trine University; Amanda Portis Malefyt, Trine University; Jon D Koch, Trine University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

therapeutics.Dr. Jon D Koch, Trine University c American Society for Engineering Education, 2017IntroductionNumerical problems and exercises are foundational to the education of students in natural science,technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) and have been a central feature in the curriculum ofthose majors. The effort that students put forth in solving these problems is a prerequisite for the studentsunderstanding and problem solving ability. Learners can mislead themselves in thinking they havemastered a topic, if they look at the solution to a problem before they expend sufficient effort in solvingthat problem. This self-deception can have a negative impact on student learning4. The temptation tolook at the

Conference Session

Engineering Futures: Navigating the Pathways of Education, Inclusion, and Professional Growth

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rajita Singh, University of Oklahoma; Javeed Kittur, University of Oklahoma

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

Paper ID #42024Inclusive Teaching Practices in Engineering: A Systematic Review of Articlesfrom 2018 to 2023Rajita Singh, University of Oklahoma Rajita Singh is a junior at the University of Oklahoma, where they are pursuing an English major with a minor in Psychology. Passionate about the improvement of education in all fields, they are involved in multiple projects centered on researching pedagogy. Their most recent involvement has been in engineering pedagogy, where they bring their writing skills and synthesis abilities.Dr. Javeed Kittur, University of Oklahoma Dr. Kittur is an Assistant Professor in the Gallogly

Collection

2005 ASEE Midwest Section Conference

Authors

Lorin P. Maletsky; Charles E. Gabel

attached to neighboring letters to form a word by using interlockingfeatures that were hidden when viewed from the front. Additionally, each letter was comprised oftwo separate pieces that were connected using visible features. To provide an additionalchallenge for the students, each letter was machined from a different material and each piece wasfabricated three times to demonstrate the concepts of mass production and interchangeabilitywith other parts. Pairs of students were responsible for the design, tool path generation, andfabrication of each piece. The project has taken approximately one month and has beensuccessfully completed during two offerings of the course.IntroductionIn design and manufacturing courses in an engineering curriculum

Conference Session

Chemical Engineering Division Poster Session

Collection

2016 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Elif Miskioglu, Bucknell University

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

. Student confidence inmaking important decisions such as design selection may increase when discussed among andvalidated by a team.A better understanding of students’ self-efficacy maturation during the senior design experiencewill allow for development of an improved senior design course, and closer inspection ofprerequisite courses may allow for development of a more integrated and effective curriculum.Overview of Work and MethodsAt our institution, senior design is a one-semester course consisting of three projects: twoindividual and one team. This enables a unique opportunity to track student self-efficacy,described as belief in their own individual capability,1-5 and the potential influence of teamdynamics on that self-efficacy. That is, do

Collection

2001 Annual Conference

Authors

Raymond Desrosiers; John Rivera; James Gregory; Don Baggert; Lloyd Heinze

curriculum flow sheet to select critical path (CH E, CHEM, PHYS, MATH) courses • Lists of courses that satisfy core curriculum requirements in the Humanities and associated areas • Links to the online university catalog to deal with any pre- or co-requisite questions • Links to the QUICK Scheduler to select course sections from open class listings • A frequently asked questions page to deal with issues specific to a particular semester • An email link to the advisor • And finally, a link to the university web registration systemThe average student can select courses, class sections, and be registered in twentyminutes or less and never have to leave the keyboard to access printed materials. Rapidresponse via

Conference Session

Novel Pedagogies 1

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Arthur C Heinricher, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Paula Quinn, Quinn Evaluation Consulting; Richard F. Vaz, Worcester Polytechnic Institute; Kent J Rissmiller, Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

statistically significant differences: Project work had stronger positive impacts onengineering majors when compared to non-engineering majors and on alumni who completedoff-campus projects when compared those who completed on-campus projects. Kruskal-Wallistests identified areas where impact either changed or remained stable over time. Findings providea unique perspective on the long-term impacts of project-based learning.IntroductionThis paper provides an overview of an evaluation study of the impact of formal project work forstudents who graduated from Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI) in science and engineeringmajors between 1974 and 2011. WPI has featured a project-based curriculum since the early1970’s. While there have been many studies of

Conference Session

Track: Special Topic - Computing & Technology Technical Session 3

Collection

2019 CoNECD - The Collaborative Network for Engineering and Computing Diversity

Authors

Elsa Q. Villa, University of Texas, El Paso; Sarah Hug, Colorado Evaluation & Research Consulting; Heather Thiry, Golden Evaluation ; David S. Knight, The University of Texas, El Paso; Elizabeth Fomby Hall, The University of Texas, El Paso; Andrea Tirres, University of Texas, El Paso

Tagged Topics

Diversity, Special Topic: Computing & Technology

apply the knowledge and skills required for researchand cooperative work, emphasizing the conscious and explicit development of skills. Designatedby the U.S. Department of Education (DoEd) as a promising and practical strategy to increasepost-secondary success, PLTL is a model of instruction for introductory STEM courses thatintroduces a peer-led workshop as an integral part of the course. In PLTL, a student who waspreviously successful in the course is recruited to lead students in weekly workshops to problemsolve and discuss course content. PLTL is known for its ability to help minority students succeed[14, 15, 16]. As a Signature Practice, PLTL is used in introductory CS courses [17, 18, 19].CAHSI’s Fellow-Net [7] is a powerful strategy to

Conference Session

Student Advancement in Mechanics of Materials

Collection

2018 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Johanna Paulette Doukakis, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

Tagged Divisions

Mechanics

[26], advises an alternative approach to validity and reliability. He believes theterms ‘reliability’ and ‘validity ’are too strict and restricted in the context of interviews. Inreplacement, he names four characteristics: Credibility, Confirmability, Transferability andDependability. He goes on to suggest that, ‘it can be helpful to minimize issues of legitimacy andcredibility by carefully collecting the same information from everyone who is interviewed’ [26].After the raw data from the interviews and problem-solving session has been collected, audioand video recordings will first be broadly explored and integrally (i.e. not modified from theoriginal recorded version) transcribed.Data AnalysisThematic analysis Transcriptions of the

Conference Session

College Industry Partnerships Division Technical Session 1

Collection

2015 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Timothy J. Jacobs, Texas A&M University; Charles E. Baukal Jr. P.E., John Zink Co. LLC

Tagged Divisions

College Industry Partnerships

Paper ID #12525Example of Academia / Industry Professional Organization Engagement inSTEM Outreach ActivitiesDr. Timothy J. Jacobs, Texas A&M University Associate Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering at Texas A&M UniversityDr. Charles E. Baukal Jr. P.E., John Zink Co. LLC Charles E. Baukal, Jr. has a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering, an Ed.D., and Professional Engineering License. He is the Director of the John Zink Institute which offers continuing professional development for engineers and technicians. He has nearly 35 years of industrial experience and 30 years of teaching experience as an adjunct. He

Conference Session

ECE Division Poster Session

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ramakrishnan Sundaram, Gannon University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

. Safety concerns form an integral part of electronic design andtest, and were enforced throughout this workshop. Upon placement of the fan blade on the motor(M1), and closure of the slide switch (S1), the fan spins and the lamp (L1) turns on. The light helpsprotect the motor from getting the full voltage when the slide switch is closed. A part of the voltagefrom the battery source drops across the lamp and the rest drops across the motor. The participantsremove the fan and notice how the lamp gets dimmer when the motor does not have to spin the fanblade. The parallel circuit using the lamp and fan is shown in Figure 14. In this connection, the lampdoes not change the current to the motor (M1). The motor starts a little faster than in the

Conference Session

Redefining Manufacturing Education Practices

Collection

2023 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Krzysztof Kamil Jarosz, Rochester Institute of Technology; Trisha Gard-Thompson, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Chao Peng, Rochester Institute of Technology; Rui Liu, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing Division (MFG)

Paper ID #39566Implementation of Actionable Gamification Design Framework in Machin-ingTrainingKrzysztof Kamil Jarosz, Rochester Institute of Technology Graduate Research Assistant at RIT SMRGTrisha Gard-Thompson, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)Chao Peng, Rochester Institute of Technology Dr. Chao Peng is an Associate Professor of the School of Interactive Games and Media in the Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences at Rochester Institute of Technology. His research areas include but are not limited to virtual reality, gamification, high-performance graphics, and 3D interaction.Dr. Rui Liu, Rochester

Conference Session

Innovative Learning, Comparative Learning Analysis, and Lessons Learned

Collection

2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edmundo Tovar, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Mercedes de la Cámara, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Javier Saenz, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; Manuel Castro, Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia

Tagged Divisions

International

learning of technical skills and cultural skills, and improved methods of blended learning and others. He works in the open educational resources area. He is Leader of an Innovation Group in Education in the UPM. He is Executive Director of OCW UPM Office and member elected of the Board of Directors of the OpenCourseWare Consortium. He is the author of many papers in engineering education, and he is a member of the Steering Committee and Co-chair for Europe of Frontiers Education Conference (FIE) and member of IEEE RITA Editorial Committee. He is IEEE Senior Member, Past Chairman of the Spanish Chapter and, as member of the Board of Governors of the IEEE Education Society, he is currently Chair of the Distinguished

Conference Session

Educational & Professional Issues of Strategic Importance to the Civil Engineering Profession – and ASCE

Collection

2017 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Janey Camp P.E., Vanderbilt University; Leslie Nolen, American Society of Civil Engineers; Carolyn Sofman, American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

could be incorporated into an engineering capstone or senior designcourse and some have potential for freshman introduction to engineering course work (e.g.,exploration of the infrastructure types as an introduction to careers in engineering or a review ofthe Game Changers to showcase engineers as problem solvers and innovators). Use of theFailure to Act studies as part of life cycle cost analysis in engineering mathematics, design,and/or economics courses within an engineering program provides hands-on, real-worldexposure to applications of these concepts. These can be used to help meet or enhance ABET-accredited curriculum goals to “prepare students for engineering practices while incorporatingappropriate engineering standards and multiple

Conference Session

FPD VI: Presenting "All the Best" of the First-Year Programs Division

Collection

2011 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Beverly Louie, University of Colorado, Boulder; Daniel Knight, University of Colorado, Boulder; Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Tagged Divisions

First-Year Programs

specialist at the Integrated Teaching and Learning Program (ITLL) and the Broadening Opportunity through Leadership and Diversity (BOLD) Center in CU’s College of Engineering and Applied Science. He holds a B.A. in psychology from the Louisiana State University, and an M.S. degree in industrial/organizational psychology and a Ph.D. degree in coun- seling psychology, both from the University of Tennessee. Dr. Knight’s research interests are in the areas of retention, program evaluation and teamwork practices in engineering education. His current duties in- clude assessment, evaluation and research for the ITL Program’s and BOLD Center’s hands-on initiatives.Dr. Jacquelyn F. Sullivan, University of Colorado, Boulder

Conference Session

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies Division Technical Session 2

Collection

2019 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Banafsheh Seyed-Aghazadeh, Miami University; Hamed Samandari, Miami University

Tagged Divisions

Experimentation and Laboratory-Oriented Studies

and software simulations. Along the same line, students inthe treatment groups were surveyed about the advantages of implementing design-project in theircourse. Figure 5(b) shows the students’ agreement percentages regarding the followingquestions:Q1: Working on the design project, it encouraged me to see and relate the course subject mattersto real-life examples.Q2: The design project gave me an opportunity to exercise creativity.Q3: The design-based project helped me to remember the design-process and decision makingtools learned in Freshman and Sophomore engineering courses.Q4: The design-based project enhanced the course curriculum. 100% 93% 85% 87% 80

Conference Session

Current Issues in Information Technology

Collection

2003 Annual Conference

Authors

Michael Brzoska; Atsushi Inoue; Min-Sung Koh; William Loendorf

department, school and college, • A final list of proposed SET courses including course descriptions based on the research, • Recommendations for integrating new learning strategies and problem-solving Page 8.395.8 techniques in the curriculum, Proceedings of the 2003 American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference & Exposition Copyright © 2003, American Society for Engineering Education • An identification of potential industry mentors, internships, and industry-originated classroom projects, • A final list of laboratory needs including

Collection

2000 Annual Conference

Authors

David R. Haws

. Under these circumstances,it would be unlikely that we as a professoriate would respond to the voiced desire for a non-elitist application of higher education. Page 5.576.10Perhaps we could never seem to bring ourselves to accept self-pacing for students (includingthose who take too long), because the claim of our expertise was always open to potentialembarrassment if someone were to finish our course too quickly (like Jack London, and hisagreement with the Oakland school district). However, the efficacy of self-regulation is also animportant goal in many PSI courses and in our undergraduate curriculum in general. This,however, carries an

Conference Session

Breaking barriers, building futures: Narratives of equity and inclusion in STEM education

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sage Maul, Purdue University; Kirsten A. Davis, Purdue University; Senay Purzer, Purdue University; Ruth Wertz, Purdue University

Tagged Topics

Diversity

Tagged Divisions

Culture & Social Justice in Education Division (EQUITY), Equity

none ofthe students would be familiar with a medication because they were not pharmacists. The studentfelt this meant the instructor did not think anyone taking that medication would be in college.Ehlinger & Ropers’ [33] findings show ways for instructors to make disabled students feel morewelcome in their courses and improve learning. Instructors can make a space for many differenttypes of students as part of making their classrooms more accessible to disabled students.Instructors should avoid conveying that they expect only certain kinds of people to be in theircourses.Universal Design (UD) is frequently recommended as an approach to integrate accommodationsinherently into courses [38], [40], [42]. UD is “[t]he design of products and

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED) Poster Session

Collection

2024 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ann Saterbak, Duke University; Eric Stephen Richardson, Duke University; Harris Solomon, Duke University

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education Division (DEED)

if used in sequence. These produced materials are currently usedin several courses across the curriculum at Duke University including first-year design and agraduate design course; to date, direct assessment on the modules is limited. Most createdmaterials are used during a summer internship when teams are tasked to identify problems andwrite cogent needs statements. To date, feedback has been positive, especially on the exerciseswhere students practice observing and interviewing to identify unmet needs.IntroductionAs discussed by Howe and Goldberg, design-focused education can cover topics ranging fromproject management, design constraints and requirements, prototyping, search for prior art, andidentification of customer needs [1

Conference Session

Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Branimir Pejcinovic, Portland State University

Tagged Divisions

Electrical and Computer

this is typically done through grading after they submit their lab reports. • Students are not given an opportunity to fail. If we want them to be creative and try out Page 23.198.3 different solutions then failure should be allowed and not be disproportionately penalized. • In general, we felt that over the years we have erected artificial barriers between lecture and lab, while in reality we should strive to integrate the labs and lectures. • Many of our past labs were hands-on in the name only. We should strive to make lab experience as authentic as is practicable.II. Active learning in classroom and

Conference Session

Unique Laboratory Experiments and Programs

Collection

2006 Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Shuvra Das, University of Detroit Mercy

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

Raju, P.K., "Impact of Della Steam Plant CD-ROM in Integrating Research and Practice", 1998 North American Case Research Association, p. 118.9. Sankar, C.S., Raju, P.K., Kler, M. (1999), "Crist Power Plant: Planning for a Maintenance Outage", Business Case Journal, 5(1&2): 122-145.10. Raju, P.K., Sankar, C.S., Halpin, G., and Halpin, G., “Dissemination of Innovations from an EducationResearch Project through Focused Workshops,” Journal of SMET Education and Research, 3(3&4): 39-51,July-Dec. 2002.’11. Raju, P.K., Sankar, C.S., Halpin, G., Halpin, G., and Good, J. “Evaluation of an Engineering Education Courseware Across Different Campuses,” Frontiers in Education 2000 Conference, Kansas City, MO, 2000