Conference Session

Faculty and Course Evolution: Teaching With Technology, Online Delivery, and Addressing Emerging Student & Industry Needs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Sandra Bird, University of Georgia; Nadia N. Kellam, University of Georgia

Tagged Divisions

Continuing Professional Development

modeling is not direct mimicry but rather the individualtakes the essential elements of the observed behavior and performs a similar behavior.This paper explores the process by which faculty successfully transition from a traditionalteacher-centered lecture style to a learner-centered inquiry-based style of teaching as illustratedin Figure 1. The study used an in-depth interview approach with 3 exemplar faculty to elicit thestories of how they transformed their teaching style. Thematic narrative analysis was used toanalyze transcriptions of open-ended interviews with these engineering educators about theirpersonal teaching narratives. This study sought to identify how these individuals described theirtransition, the barriers they faced, their

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian J Skromme, Arizona State University; Qiao Wang, Arizona State University; Paul Rayes, Arizona State University; John M Quick, Arizona State University; Robert Kenneth Atkinson, Arizona State University; Tim Frank, South Mountain Community College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

been developed coveringidentification of series and parallel circuit elements, and writing of node and mesh equations. Alaboratory-based evaluation of two of these tutorials using paid student volunteers showed thatthey are about 10X as effective as conventional textbook exercises in promoting student learningof these topics when used for the same period of time, with a statistically significant difference.The effect size of the tutorial usage is found to be 1.21 pooled standard deviations (i.e., a Cohend-value of 1.21). This type of system is therefore expected to be a great improvement overconventional homework, when fully implemented.1. IntroductionIn a previous paper,1 we described the motivation and goals of our project to develop

Conference Session

Teaching - Best Practices

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Wayne P Hung, Texas A&M University; Wm Adam Farmer, Texas A&M University

Tagged Divisions

Manufacturing

traditional laboratory approach provides hard-skills to students, while group-cell laboratoryapproach provides both hard-skills and soft-skills to graduates. Group cell requires uniquemachines to fabricate similar products. Although it is more cost effective, group cell approachrequires lots of preparation and effective communication. The following table compares the twoapproaches.Table 1: Comparing laboratory approachesCriteria Traditional Laboratory Group-Cell LaboratoryEquipment Multiple numbers of identical Duplicate cells, each with unique machines. machines.Tooling More (due to number of machines) LessLab floor space More

Conference Session

Novel Teaching Methods In Engineering Technology

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward E. Osakue, Texas Southern University; Jonathan J. Lewis, Texas Southern University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

StatesNational Standards. The United States is the only industrialized nation where English or UnitedStates Customary units are in common usage though English units have been defined usingmetric standards since 1893[1].A system of units is a group of fundamental units and their combinations that constitute alanguage of measurement. The magnitude of a physical quantity is completely specified by anumber and a unit. The number gives the size of the quantity while the unit identifies the type ofquantity. The unit gives the number a context so that it can be properly understood andinterpreted. Lord Kelvin in 1883; captured the importance of measurement units when he said“…when you can measure what you are speaking about and express it in numbers, then

Conference Session

Engineering and Public Policy I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Rylan C. Chong, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Dennis R. Depew, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Ida B Ngambeki, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Melissa Jane Dark, Purdue University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering and Public Policy

population, the usage of a specific technology, or theextent of a particular law. As there are many examples, we will provide two: 1. One method for delimiting scope is around a particular actor(s), which aligns to the instructional goal of studying major policy actors. An example would be Franklin Roosevelt whose education in “the field of utility economics and regulation began at the Page 23.1149.7 turn of the century with course work at Harvard College and Columbia Law School” 7. In 1933 and the period of the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt became the 32nd President of the United States. During his 1932

Conference Session

Laboratory Experiences in Signal Processing and Controls

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jean Jiang, Purdue University, North Central; Li Tan, Purdue University, North Central

Tagged Divisions

Division Experimentation & Lab-Oriented Studies

for the first DSP course or the combined ASP and DSPcourse, it is not necessary that we list it as an additional prerequisite.C. Software RequirementTo design, analyze, and simulate the DSP algorithms, MATLAB programming is required; thisrequirement was enforced in the previous signal processing course. In addition, MultiSIM will beused to verify different filter design.As a summary, the DSP course needs the prerequisites as listed below: 1. Analog signal processing 2. MATLAB programming and MultiSIM simulation.III. Course Content and the Associated Real-Time ProjectWe have divided the course content into two portions. First, the DSP fundamentals were covered,such as the sampling theorem, the z-transform and z-transfer functions, the

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade II

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edward F. Gehringer, North Carolina State University; Barry Wayne Peddycord III, North Carolina State University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

140 mostly engineering instructors on the approachesthey have taken to adapt to this new challenge. Some have changed the weighting of homework;others have made up their own questions or developed alternate approaches to finding questions.Some have created “stings” for students who illicitly submit answers from solution manuals It isclear that a variety of responses are possible; we discuss the advantages and disadvantages ofthe various approaches.Keywords: examinations, authentic assessment, Cramster, grade calculation, academic integrity1. IntroductionEver since the 1840s, textbooks have included exercises designed to deepen studentunderstanding of the material being taught.1 Early in the 21st century, however, this role oftextbooks has

Conference Session

Using graphics in the rest of the engineering courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Ananda Mani Paudel, Colorado State University, Pueblo; Jane M. Fraser, Colorado State University, Pueblo

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Design Graphics

in sustainability learning and an increase in interestin sustainability. A similar approach could be used in other engineering programs withmodifications depending upon the students’ learning styles and educational background.1. Sustainability, Design and Engineering EducationThe World Commission on Environment and Development defines sustainable development as:“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of futuregenerations to meet their own needs”1. The US Environmental Protection Agency proposed a P3Model: People, Planet and Prosperity2, which gives the engineering professionals a majorresponsibility in promoting the well being of the planet by maintaining the ecology andenvironment. David Orr

Conference Session

Real and Virtual - "New" Approaches to Teaching "Old" Courses

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

James P Abulencia, Manhattan College; Margot A Vigeant, Bucknell University; David L. Silverstein, University of Kentucky

Tagged Divisions

Chemical Engineering

the teaching of concepts in an introductory thermodynamics coursethrough video. This generation of students is technology savvy, and regularly communicates bymeans other than face-to-face interactions (e.g. texting). Additionally, the popularity of sites suchas Khan Academy makes the idea of teaching with video difficult to ignore. Thus, we assert thatthere is value in using this media for instruction, and that this media can be leveraged for use in achemical engineering course. During this study, students will be asked to 1) take a conceptdiscussed during class, and articulate it in video media using everyday examples that otherstudents can relate to (autodidactic learning) 2) watch peer-made videos that teach these concepts(peer-to-peer

Conference Session

Robotics, Mechatronics, and Control Systems - Multidisciplinary Perspectives

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jose Antonio Riofrio, Western New England University; Steven G Northrup, Western New England University

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

level.Introduction Mechatronics, a relatively new term – and field of study – deals with the set of practicalintersections between mechanics, electronics, computer science, and control theory. More Page 23.1154.2specifically, it focuses on engineering problem-solving via an integrated system approach ratherthan a sequential treatment by each isolated sub-field. Figure 1 shows one of many similar Venndiagrams which are commonly used to graphically represent the span of Mechatronics. Figure 1: Typical Mechatronics composition diagram1 The instruction of Mechatronics at the university level has seen a dramatic increase in the

Conference Session

Tricks of the Trade

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mahnas Jean Mohammadi-Aragh, Virginia Tech; Rachel Louis Kajfez, Virginia Tech

Tagged Divisions

Student

keep in mind that large and small lectures often have manysimilarities. Examples of potential commonalities that we have experienced include: 1. The course content and high-level learning objectives remain the same regardless of size. 2. Students in both sized classes are at the same place in their program (e.g., small or large, a first-year course often has first-year students). 3. Regardless of class size, an individual student’s initial interest in the course topic is usually the same. 4. There is only one instructor (you!) in both large and small classes. 5. Not everyone wants to be there (especially if it is a required class).While there are similarities between classes of varying size, there are also key

Conference Session

Design Teamwork

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen W. Laguette, University of California, Santa Barbara

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

may be reviewed in Tables 1 and 2. At the start of the process, about 50% of thestudent teams were student formed as compared with instructor-formed teams. This has nowgrown to over 90% of teams are now student-formed.Year Total Total Teams Total 1st Total 2nd Total 3rd Total Students preference preference preference preferred placement2009/10 73 15 49 (67%) 10 (14%) 12 (16%) 71 (97%)2010/11 68 14 52 (76%) 12 (18%) 1 (2%) 65 (96%)2011/12 78 16

Conference Session

Design in Engineering Education (DEED) Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Mario W. Gomes, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE); Elizabeth A. DeBartolo, Rochester Institute of Technology (COE)

Tagged Divisions

Design in Engineering Education

will be team-based, in order to give students experience with teamdynamics, professional team behavior, and peer evaluation. The design project is the focus ofthis paper. While the concepts of creating integrative first year engineering courses [1-2] andfirst-year design-and-build projects [3-7] are not new, the constraints placed on the designproject posed an interesting challenge.Design Project Description After brainstorming a number of solutions, the chosen project was to have students build“Robochime”, or an automated system that plays a song on a set of chimes. Each student on ateam is responsible for a mechanism to strike at least a single chime, and the team is responsiblefor combining the individual notes to play a song of

Conference Session

Thermal Sciences

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Georg Pingen, Union University

Tagged Divisions

Mechanical Engineering

placing the focus of the majority of classtime on lower level knowledge skills (remembering and understanding).Following the team-based learning (TBL) approach, students are assigned to learning teamsduring the first day of classes and remain in those teams throughout the semester. While thetraditional TBL approach consists of Pre-Class Preparation (no in-class time), ReadinessAssurance (1-2 class periods), and Team-Application of Course Concepts (1-4 class periods), theapproach was adjusted to provide students with more guidance during the Preparation Phase (3-450 minute class periods), which in this work will also be referred to as the Basic KnowledgeAcquisition Phase due to its extended nature. Here the objective was to shift basic

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

John Krupczak, Hope College; Kate A Disney, Mission College

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

dependence upon technology, informed citizens shouldpossess an understanding of technology, how it is developed, how it works, how it affectssociety, and how society determines the path of technological developments. In TechnicallySpeaking: Why All Americans Need to Know More about Technology,1 the National Academyof Engineering (NAE) has made an effort to publicize and clarify the importance of technologyin our daily lives.Technological and engineering literacy are defined as a capacity to understand the broadertechnological world. Technology is defined as the many diverse products of engineering.Technology is not merely personal computers and information technology. Technology is anymodification made to the natural world to meet a human need or

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Frank V. Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Susan E. Kowalski, Colorado School of Mines; Patrick B. Kohl, Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines; Hsia-Po Vincent Kuo, Colorado School of Mines

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

the Engineer of 2020, the first sentence in chapter one (p. 7) is:“Engineering is a profoundly creative process.”1 Later in the report, creativity is targeted as oneof a handful of essential qualities that are indispensable for engineers, growing in importancewith the complexity of the challenges of the 21st century (p.55). Creativity manifests itself inengineering innovations that arise from it, and few would disagree with the desirability ofcreativity and innovation in engineering graduates. Furthermore, a meta-analysis of 70 studies ina variety of disciplines unequivocally concluded that well-designed creativity training can beeffective.2

Conference Session

Training and Support for NEEs

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Te-shun Chou, East Carolina University; John Barry DuVall, East Carolina University; Kamalesh Panthi, East Carolina University; Tijjani Mohammed, East Carolina University

Tagged Divisions

New Engineering Educators

of excellence and improve the quality of learning outcomesin both on campus and distance education courses. The foundation of the program is an onlinecourse that is continuously updated with anecdotes from faculty Mentees and introduction ofnew technology tools to enhance learning activities. TECS-TRAIN is a self-paced online trainingprogram for enhancing interaction, communication, and learning outcomes. The goal is to helpnew faculty teaching both online and blended courses offered by TECS.1. Introduction“TECS-TRAIN” is a faculty peer Mentoring program that was developed for the purpose ofadvancing standards of excellence and improving learning outcomes in courses offered in theTECS at ECU. The course was tested in a faculty pilot with

Conference Session

Project Based Learning In ET Program

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Vassilios Tzouanas, University of Houston - Downtown; Matthew Stevenson; Sanjo Peter, University of Houston Downtown

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Technology

acquisition and control using the DeltaVdistributed control system (DCS), process modeling, controller design, and evaluation of theperformance of tuning methodologies in a closed loop manner. This student work was submittedin partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Senior Project in Controls and Instrumentationcourse at the Engineering Technology department of the University of Houston - Downtown.1. IntroductionThe Control and Instrumentation program at the University of Houston - Downtown includes anumber of courses on process control, process modeling and simulation, electrical/electronicsystems, computer technologies, and communication systems. To meet graduation requirementsfor the degree of Bachelor of Science in Engineering Technology

Conference Session

Undergraduate Student Issues: Persistence

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Jennifer A. Skaggs, American University in Cairo

Tagged Divisions

Women in Engineering

developed. Gender and technology are ina symbiotic process constantly being reconstructed in a dynamic and relational manner with theindividual and the environment. The culture of technological work and its environment areassociated with masculinity and power, both on a personal and societal level,1 leaving femalesout of the equation and without influence, control or authority. Schooling, includingundergraduate engineering education, also reproduces gender divisions within educationalinstitutions, thereby reproducing these imbalances within the professional workforce.2By asking distinctive questions regarding how female undergraduate engineering studentsperceive and negotiate their gender identities in the male gendered environment of

Conference Session

K-12 and Pre-College Engineering Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Peter Thomas Malcolm, University of Virginia

Tagged Divisions

K-12 & Pre-College Engineering

Education, 2013 The 3D Estimator: Introducing Middle-School Students to Back of the Envelope Estimation InteractivelyIntroduction There has been recent concern among post-secondary engineering educators thatengineering majors arrive from high school underprepared to assess the reasonableness ofestimates, instead relying too heavily on the output of calculators 1. This echoes research in theeducation community identifying the theme of the reasonableness of estimates as an importantand underutilized concept in K-12 education 2. In response to these concerns, a new assessmenttool, the 3D Estimator, was developed to introduce students to multi-step estimation. This skillis a pre-requisite to the kind of multi-step

Conference Session

NSF Grantees' Poster Session

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Steven W Villachica, Boise State University; Anthony Wayne Marker, Boise State University; Donald Plumlee, Boise State University; Linda Huglin; Amy Chegash, Boise State University

Tagged Topics

NSF Grantees Poster Session

addressesthe question: How can successes in engineering education research translate into widespreadinstructional practice?This poster session will describe hard-won lessons the E2R2P team has learned as it begins itsthird year attempting such curricular change.Lesson 1: “Wonder workshops” and visible course redesigns don’t produce curricular change.Lesson 2: Focus on the larger engineering education system, rather than its isolated parts.Lesson 3: Insurmountable time barriers prevent faculty from adopting RBIS.Lesson 4: Universities, industry, and other stakeholders working in isolation can't do much more to help engineering faculty address these problems.Lesson 5: Changing the curriculum requires a larger community of shared concern

Conference Session

Preparation of Professional Engineers Outside of the USA. What are the Education, Experience, and Exam Requirements?

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Stephen Hundley, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Lynn G Brown, The Boeing Company; Patricia Fox, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis; Catherine Didion, National Academy of Engineering; Daniel R. Sayre, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

Behavior, and Professional Competence o Understand and Applies Good Personal JudgmentAt the ASEE Annual Conference in 2010, SIG stakeholders attempted to translate the attributesinto specific competencies that could be identified by levels of importance and proficiency atcertain intervals of an individual’s education and professional development. The initial listtotaled 48; however, through in-person meetings at the Conference, and through bi-weeklytelephone conference calls and other electronic communication, the list was ultimatelysynthesized and consolidated. After further review and validation from CMC members, a totalof 20 competencies associated with the attributes of a global engineer emerged. These are:1. Demonstrates an

Conference Session

Collaborative Projects in Architectural Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Graham C. Archer P.Eng, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo; Cole C McDaniel, California Polytechnic State University; Pablo D. Ramos

Tagged Divisions

Architectural

Dyynamics LaboratoryyIn 1965, a class of un ndergraduatee students3 laaunched a prroject to utiliize the roughh terrainsurroundding their loccal campus. Their T solutioon was to spaan a ravine with w a bridgee-like structuure(Figure 1) 1 similar to that of Miess Van Der Roohe’s Glass House. Oveer the years, the buildingg hasmostly beeen forgotten n and has faallen into a sttate of disreppair. Fortunnately, in 20111 another teeam 8of studennts took on thet task of reevitalizing thhe building anda has creaated a living structuraldynamicss laboratory.. The relatively small buuilding has a clearly visibble

Conference Session

Innovations in Teaching and Research in Physics or Engineering Physics I

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas Mark Scaife, University of Wisconsin-Platteville; Andrew F Heckler, Ohio State University

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Physics & Physics

difficulties in learning materials science. Page 23.1169.1 c American Society for Engineering Education, 2013 The case for individualized-instruction: Preconception-Instruction-InteractionIntroductionThere has been much debate about the need for and the effectiveness of planning instruction arounddiffering learning styles (e.g., visual, auditory, kinesthetic). For example, when studied in controlledenvironments, it has been shown repeatedly that instruction aligned with learning styles does appreciablycorrelate with increased understanding 1

Conference Session

Engineering Management In The Classroom

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Brian E. White, CAU-SES; S. Jimmy Gandhi, California State University, Northridge

Tagged Divisions

Engineering Management

free) alternatives that lead to either a certificate or degree. With today’sinternet technology and social networking capabilities, it seems feasible to provide superior edu-cational opportunities for a much larger and more diverse population of people. The online me-dium is not only a venue for educational innovation through experimental teaching methods, butalso a source of new information (e.g., through online surveys and tracking of student progress).Online experiences should lead to further improvements in modern educational techniques andmethods. This and subsequent papers will explore the viability of these notions while concentrat-ing on several online education scenarios through: 1) further elaboration (particularly, within

Conference Session

Trends in Engineering Education

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Junaid A. Siddiqui, Purdue University, West Lafayette; Robin Adams, Purdue University, West Lafayette

Tagged Divisions

Educational Research and Methods

the degree towhich an early someone adopts an innovation. Five categories of innovativeness are (1)innovators (2) early adopters (3) early majority (4) late majority and (5) laggard. Diffusionresearch indicates that people within one category have considerable similarity with each other.Rate of adoption is another concept of the theory related to time. According to the model, theadoption of an innovation within a population is typically normally distributed such that the plotof adoption rates is S-shaped.A social system is another important element associated with the theory of diffusion ofinnovations. The theory assumes that diffusion occurs within a social system which is boundedby shared common objectives. A structure or hierarchy within

Conference Session

The Civil Engineering Technologist and the Civil Engineer – What’s the Difference?

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Thomas A. Lenox, Dist.M.ASCE, American Society of Civil Engineers; James J O'Brien Jr., American Society of Civil Engineers

Tagged Divisions

Civil Engineering

– including five years as the director of the Civil Engineering Division. As di- rector of the Civil Engineering Division at USMA, Dr. Lenox supervised nineteen faculty in the ABET- accredited civil engineering program. He was the USMA nominee for the 1997 Carnegie Foundation Professor of the Year Award. He served as chair of both the Civil Engineering Division and the Middle- Atlantic Section of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), and as a member of ASCE’s Educational Activities Committee. Dr. Lenox also served as co-principal instructor of the NSF-supported Teaching Teachers to Teach Engineering (T4E) workshops at West Point in 1996, 1997, and 1998. Upon his retirement from the U.S. Army on October 1

Conference Session

Rethinking Engineering Writing

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

David M. Beams P.E., University of Texas, Tyler; Luke Niiler, University of Alabama; Beth Todd, University of Alabama; Marcus Brown, University of Alabama; Garry W. Warren, University of Alabama

Tagged Divisions

Liberal Education/Engineering & Society

engineering curriculum.1 The immediate genesis of The Coach can be tracedto the Engineering Writing Initiative (EWI), a four-year (2004-2008) longitudinal study ofthe development of writing skills of a cohort of engineering students at UT-Tyler. Reports ofwork-in-progress and a summary report were made to the Annual Conference of ASEE. 2-4EWI, in its turn, was conceived as a response to curricular use of the Electrical EngineeringLaboratory Style Guide at UT-Tyler. 5 The chief deficiencies identified by EWI were in Page 23.1173.2rhetoric (awareness of audience, purpose, and message) and in graphical communication.Experience at UT-Tyler with the Style Guide

Conference Session

Multidisciplinary Learning, Evaluation, and Assessment

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Narayanan M. Komerath, Georgia Institute of Technology

Tagged Divisions

Multidisciplinary Engineering

students in upperdivision courses are asked to deal with mathematical logic and derivations.1. In our experience, tracing a continuous institutional memory over the past 27 years and over 2600 students, there has been a drastic increase in the percentage of students who will simply leave all questions blank where derivations are sought, even when those are straight from notes and homework. Of those who do derivations, a significant fraction will simply jump across several steps of logic and miraculously arrive at the (known) final result. This appears to stem from their experiences in high school and college, where they learn to look for a final “formula” to “plug in numbers” as the sum total of their expectation of engineering

Conference Session

Crossing Boundaries - Service Learning and Interdisciplinary Teams

Collection

2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition

Authors

Edwin R. Schmeckpeper, Norwich University; Michael Puddicombe, Norwich University

Tagged Divisions

Construction

linear process (Figure 1). An iterative processbased on learning was required. Page 23.1175.2 Figure 1. Learning Knowledge Feedback LoopThe reality of an academic environment places constraints on the amount of learning that canresult from the actual execution of the plan. However, an interdisciplinary academicenvironment can readily support learning that results from the planning process itself. In thatcontext the researchers have started developing a model for the design of a collaborative learningenvironment. Their focus is designing a knowledge creation process that results in a superiorphysical (built) product.The